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	Holden Roberto - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Álvaro Holden Roberto (born 12 January 1923 in São Salvador do Congo) is the leader of the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA).
		Roberto was related, by marriage, to Mobutu Sese Seko, the dictator of neighbouring Zaire, who provided military assistance to Roberto's forces.
		Experts agree that, like Mobutu, Roberto was on the CIA payroll for a number of years.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Holden_Roberto (127 words)

	National Liberation Front of Angola - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The FNLA is today led by Holden Roberto, who founded the movement in the 1950s.
		Another fatal error was Roberto's long-held insistence on leading the resistance from the exile in the Congo-Zaire capital Leopoldville.
		The Zairean dictator Mobutu Sese Seko was Roberto's closest ally among African leaders, due to his anti-colonial and anti-communist stances.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/FNLA (714 words)

	Angola is 'mismanaged' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Roberto, who heads the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), was speaking late on Friday at a conference of his movement, which is preparing to contest presidential and parliamentary elections.
		Roberto blamed what he said was mismanagement on the ruling Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), which has ruled the resource-rich country since shortly after its independence from Portugal in 1975.
		At the FNLA congress, Roberto was re-elected to head the movement until a special conference which is to be convened in August next year to prepare for the elections.
	www.news24.com /News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_1609749,00.html (271 words)

	IPRI—Instituto Português de Relações Internacionais
		In speeches, Holden Roberto, tended not to refer to the United States directly or to the assistance it was providing to his movement.
		Earlier, in a statement delivered in Libreville in 1962,[xxxi][v] Roberto had drawn attention to the conclusions of the UN Special Committee on Territories under Portuguese Administration, according to which NATO countries supplied a large part of the arms and equipment used by the Portuguese in Africa.
		It was based around one man, Holden Roberto, and had originally been developed to defend the interests of one ethnic group — the bakongo — to which he belonged.
	www.ipri.pt /artigos/artigo.php?ida=5 (6618 words)

	[No title]
		Roberto's straightforward style may be the result of the long and \hich\af1\dbch\af20\loch\f1 hard haul as Angola's first modern liberation leader.
		Roberto is considered more of an\hich\af1\dbch\af20\loch\f1 administrator than a military commander, despite the increase in time spent on the northern front in recent weeks.
		Roberto negotiated the merger of UPA with the Partido Democratico de Angola for the birth of the FNLA, over which he reigned supreme until an attempted overthrow in 1965-66\hich\af1\dbch\af20\loch\f1 prompted him to turn temporarily to business and property interests in Kinshasa.
	www.aliciapatterson.org /APF001975/Wright/Wright15/Wright15.rtf (3613 words)

	Documents 347-373
		He was also instructed to say that Holden Roberto had a U.S. visa because he was not regarded as inadmissible, and to point out that it was traditional U.S. practice not to refuse interviews with political oppositionists when they requested them.
		Dept increasingly concerned by number of reports from intelligence sources indicating that Holden Roberto leader UPA is at the end of his rope and seriously in danger of losing control of Angolan Nationalist Movement to more radical elements who are unfriendly to West.
		The recent decision that Holden Roberto should not be received at USUN or the Department has moved me to place before you once again the AF view of the critical importance to long-range U.S. interests of maintaining effective contact with nationalist leaders in the remaining African dependent territories.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ho/frus/kennedyjf/50765.htm (14789 words)

	Men at War: Angola's Liberation Leaders
		Roberto's straightforward style may be the result of the long and hard haul as Angola's first modern liberation leader.
		Roberto is considered more of an administrator than a military commander, despite the increase in time spent on the northern front in recent weeks.
		Roberto negotiated the merger of UPA with the Partido Democratico de Angola for the birth of the FNLA, over which he reigned supreme until an attempted overthrow in 1965-66 prompted him to turn temporarily to business and property interests in Kinshasa.
	www.aliciapatterson.org /APF001975/Wright/Wright15/Wright15.html (3535 words)

	Search Results for "Holden"
		Holden, Oliver, (hol´dn) (KEY), 1765-1844, American composer and compiler of hymns, b.
		His novels, chiefly concerned with early American life, include Eben Holden (1900), D'ri and I (1901), and A Man for the Ages (1919).
		In November, Democrat Bob Holden was elected to the office.
	www.bartleby.com /cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?FILTER=col65&query=Holden (241 words)

	IPRI—Instituto Português de Relações Internacionais
		The choice made by the Kennedy administration in 1960 of Holden Roberto as a recipient of covert American aid was a bold measure placing Washington’s support behind an armed insurrection against the government of one of its NATO allies.
		Like the MPLA, Holden Roberto’s FNLA had not yet agreed to a cease-fire, and in terms of the military struggle, the FNLA was by far the most formidable opponent of the Portuguese army.
		UNITA, rooted in the two million Ovimbundu of the central Berguela plateau, was led by a former Roberto aide, Jonas Savimbi, the charismatic, Swiss-educated son of a Benguela railroad worker.
	www.ipri.pt /artigos/artigo.php?ida=2 (9614 words)

	The Harvard Crimson :: News :: Three Armies, Fighting for Angola
		Led by Holden Roberto, it also began among the European-educated, but was originally connected quite closely to Bakongo nationalism and then to Pan-Africanism.
		The Bakongo, former residents of the Kingdom of the Kongo destroyed in the nineteenth century, are a populous nation divided among Zaire, Congo, and northwestern Angola, whose bitter experience with forced labor on the Portugese coffee plantations provoked them to a bloody revolt in 1961 and to energetic resistance ever since.
		While the FNLA's precursors sought to reconstitute the Kingdom of the Kongo, whose last king died in 1962, Roberto's contacts with African nationalists and socialists such as Fanon and Lumumba enabled him to convince his compatriots to broaden their scope to the liberation of the whole of Angola and to renounce tribalism officially.
	www.thecrimson.com /article.aspx?ref=144277 (1427 words)

	Angola’s Dogs of War
		The legend of these soldiers of fortune — widely publicized for their activities in the Congo, Biafra, Yemen, Algeria and other hot spots — was recently revived in Angola where mercenary forces joined the bitter civil war on behalf of the two pro-western liberation factions: the National Liberation Front and the Union for Total Independence.
		Robin Wright went into northern Angola with FNLA President Holden Roberto and spent four days with the British "dogs of war" who made a last-ditch effort to save the FNLA from the rapidly advancing columns of the Russian and Cuban-backed Popular Liberation Movement.
		And it was common to hear them referring to Roberto Holden instead of Holden Roberto, the FNLA president.
	www.aliciapatterson.org /APF001975/Wright/Wright20/Wright20.html (2471 words)

	The New York Review of Books: THE CIA IN ANGOLA
		For example, it is also frequently stated in print that Holden Roberto, the FNLA president, was on a CIA retainer of $10,000 throughout this period.
		Holden Roberto accepted personal financial support from the CIA in the early sixties, but contact with him was sporadic and payments to him were suspended for a number of years, from the mid-sixties until 1974.
		It is entirely possible, however, that the CIA preferred not to deal with Roberto through its Zaire station because it feared detection by the Portuguese secret police (PIDE) who were very active in Zaire at the time.
	www.nybooks.com /articles/7809 (965 words)

	Angola - ANGOLAN INSURGENCY
		The president of the FNLA/GRAE, Holden Roberto, declared his organization to be the sole authority in charge of anti-Portuguese military operations inside Angola.
		The rebuilding of the MPLA was substantially aided in 1962 by the arrival of Agostinho Neto, an assimilated Mbundu physician who had spent several years in jail for expressing his political views and had recently escaped from detention in Portugal.
		Neto attempted to bring together the MPLA and Roberto's FNLA/GRAE, but his efforts were thwarted by Roberto's insistence that his organization represented all Angolans.
	countrystudies.us /angola/29.htm (505 words)

	SADOCC - News - Opposition FNLA near reunification (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Angola's opposition FNLA party secretary general Ngola Kabango said Thursday, January 20, in Luanda that political leaders from the two factions led by Holden Roberto and Lucas Ngonda respectively are busy working for reunification.
		Holden Roberto's faction's secretary general said as well that the negotiation that started in 2002, is currenty under mediation by the Angola's Inter-Ecclesiastic Commission for Peace (COIEPA), represented by its chairman, Rev. Toni Nzinga.
		The Ngonda-led faction justified the reforms saying they are aimed at ridding the party from the idleness it was in since 1998, owed to Holden Roberto's apathy, and return his (Roberto) historic height in the national and international politics.
	www.sadocc.at /news/2003-077.shtml (279 words)

	NamibWeb.com - The online guide to Namibia: Death in the Desert: The Namibian Tragedy: The Bush War Heats Up
		Under the leadership of Holden Roberto and based in Zaire, the FNLA had over the years built up, at least on paper, a formidable military force numbering about 10,000 men.
		Roberto hoped to capitalize on the presence of Bokongo tribesmen in the capital as his base of support.
		Since the Bakongo comprised five to ten percent of Luanda's population, Roberto was counting on his tribal ties to strengthen his political hold on the capital.
	www.namibweb.com /chap21.htm (6185 words)

	granma.cu -
		On the other hand, the Zairian regular troops, well trained and equipped, had penetrated Angola on March 25 and had proclaimed in Carmona a de facto government headed by Holden Roberto, the FNLA leader and brother-in-law of Mobutu and whose links with the CIA were in the public domain.
		By then Holden Roberto’s forces were so close to Luanda that when one Cuban artillery instructor was giving the first lessons to his pupils from Delantando they could see the armored tanks of the mercenaries advancing.
		On the other hand, Holden Roberto’s columns were so close that, a few hours earlier, they had fired on and killed an old woman trying to reach the Gran Farni garrison where the Cubans were gathered.
	www.granma.cu /ingles/2005/noviembre/juev3/45carlota-i.html (7386 words)

	INTERVIEW WITH DAVE TOMKINS
		Can you just say "Holden Roberto was very charming"...
		Holden Roberto I found to be a very charming man, right from the very beginning.
		He was quiet, and quietly spoken, very pleasant, a pleasant man to look at.
	www.gwu.edu /~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-17/tomkins3.html (1079 words)

	ReliefWeb » Document Preview » Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Office in Angola
		Holden Roberto, leader of the Frente Nacional para a Libertação de Angola (FNLA), in an opening address to the second congress of his party on 15 May, also appealed for dialogue to end the conflict.
		Roberto also called for a population census and the establishment of an independent electoral commission.
		The President of Mozambique, Joaquim Chissano, in his capacity as the current Chairman of the Southern African Development Community, announced his intention in April to call for an urgent meeting of the ruling political parties of the 14-member organization to explore ways and means of putting an end to the war.
	www.reliefweb.int /rw/rwb.nsf/AllDocsByUNID/4005f3f0d058c61ac125691f004c4a2f (4652 words)

	Angola Erstwhile Opposition: FLEC and the FNLA - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current ...
		Holden Roberto's FNLA was also defunct by 1988.
		However, in 1978 Zaire withdrew its support of the FNLA as part of the Angolan-Zairian accord signed in the wake of the second invasion of Shaba Province.
		Ousted by his own commanders, Roberto was exiled to Paris in 1979.
	www.photius.com /countries/angola/national_security/angola_national_security_erstwhile_opposition~137.html (449 words)

	Secret Third World Wars Stockwell
		In fact, Roberto was close to the Zairian President Mobutu Sese Seku, whom the CIA had installed and maintained in power since 1961.
		I found that Roberto's forces were disorganized and numbered one-hundredth as many as he told us.
		There were three competing factions in each: the leaders in the north, Holden Roberto of the FNLA (in Angola) and Adolfo Calero of UNO (in Nicaragua) were rebarbative characters, while the leaders of the southern movements in each country, Jonas Savimbi (in Angola) and Eden Pastora (in Nicaragua) were remarkably charismatic.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /Stockwell/SecretWars_Stockwell.html (5997 words)

	Angola HISTORY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Within six weeks, the war had been spread throughout the north by the rural guerrillas of another organization, the Union of Angolan Peoples, which later became the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA).
		The FNLA, headed by Holden Roberto, set up a revolutionary government-in-exile in Zaire on 3 April 1962.
		A third movement, the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), headed by Jonas Savimbi, came into being as the consequence of a split in the government-in-exile, of which Savimbi had been foreign minister.
	www.nationsencyclopedia.com /Africa/Angola-HISTORY.html (1813 words)

	Swansea 3-1 Peterborough. FT - Live Football Text Commentary from this is football (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Foul by Roberto Martinez (Swansea) on Shane Huke (Peterborough).
		Outswinging corner from right by-line taken right-footed by Paul Carden (Peterborough) to centre, header by Dean Holden (Peterborough) from centre of penalty area (12 yards), blocked by Paul Connor (Swansea).
		Foul by Dean Holden (Peterborough) on Samuel Ricketts (Swansea).
	www.thisisfootball.co.uk /Display.aspx?MatchId=2594733 (2138 words)

	Angola
		Neto, for example, went to Washington in December 1962 to put his case before the American government and press and to emphasize the fallacy of categorizing the MPLA as communist.
		Accordingly, the Zairian leader committed his US-equipped armed forces into combat in Angola, on the side of the FNLA, for Holden Roberto happened to be a relation of his, although Roberto and the FNLA had little else going for them.
		He replied, "I'll be damned if I know; I have never seen a single report or memo which suggests that the FNLA has any organization, solid leaders, or an ideology which we could count on." Even foreign leaders who have supported Holden Roberto, such as General Mobutu, agree with that assessment.
	www.venusproject.com /William_Blum/angola.htm (3740 words)

	Foreign Policy In Focus \| Global Affairs Commentary \| Jonas Savimbi: Washington’s "Freedom Fighter," ...
		Feeling rebuffed, Savimbi aligned with rebel commander Holden Roberto’s anti-colonial group, the Union of Peoples of Angola (UPA), as it offered him a more prestigious rank as minister in its government in exile.
		By 1964, Savimbi decided to resign from the UPA, claiming that Roberto (who was related to and backed by Zaire’s pro-American dictator Mobutu Sese Seko) was a stooge for the “American imperialists.” In 1966, Savimbi launched a third movement, the United Front for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA).
		Roberto soon fell by the wayside, but Savimbi, as Washington’s favorite, received in the early 1980s over $15 million in covert military aid from the Reagan administration, and, in the late 1980s, another $15 million from the Bush Sr.
	www.fpif.org /commentary/2002/0202savimbi_body.html (2111 words)

	MAR \| Data \| Chronology for Bakongo in Angola (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Holden Roberto founds the first political party whose goal is to reunify the Bakongo people who were spread over three countries as a result of colonization.
		The party's goal is modified in 1958 to a nationalist orientation.
		FNLA had essentially become a non-actor, though its exiled leader (Holden Roberto) returned when parties were legalized and was a candidate for president in 1992.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=54001 (2011 words)

	Sobaka :: Savage or Savior? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Savimbi joined what was then the UPA movement, under Holden Roberto.
		Holden Roberto later created the FNLA movement, and for a while Savimbi stayed in it, but felt it too narrowly tribal as well as corrupt, so he resigned.
		The same year Savimbi called on Roberto of the FNLA and Neto of the MPLA to unite in the struggle to defeat the Portuguese, who had been improving their counter-insurgency methods, as well as bringing in more soldiers.
	www.diacritica.com /sobaka/2002/savimbi.html (3891 words)

	Angola 1975-1980s KH
		For reasons lost in the mists of history, the United States, or at least someone in the CIA, decided that Roberto was their man and around 1961 or 1962 onto the Agency payroll he went.
		At the same time, and during the ensuing years, Washington provided their NATO ally, the Salazar dictatorship in Lisbon, with the military aid and counter-insurgency training needed to suppress the rebellion.
		However, Holden Roberto was using CIA money, with the Agency's tacit approval to recruit many other mercenaries-over 100 British plus a scattering of French and Portuguese.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /Blum/Angola_KH.html (2276 words)

	1975
		In 1974, when the Portuguese army rebelled in a coup, the former colony of Angola, was granted its freedom.
		The U.S. maintained its support for Holden Roberto and the Front for the National Liberation of Angola (FNLA).
		Roberto was close to Zairian President Mobutu, whom the CIA had installed in 1960.
	coat.ncf.ca /our_magazine/links/issue43/articles/1975_angola.htm (842 words)

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