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Topic: Holocene Climatic Optimum

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	CO2 Science
		Davis, M.B., Spear, R.W. and Shane, L.C.K. Holocene climate of New England.
		Lutaenko, K.A. Climatic optimum during the Holocene and the distribution of warm-water mollusks in the Sea of Japan.
		Ritchie, J.C. and Haynes, C.V. Holocene vegetation zonation in the eastern Sahara.
	www.co2science.org /scripts/CO2ScienceB2C/subject/other/clim_hist_tenthousand.jsp (640 words)

	Holocene climatic optimum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Holocene Climate Optimum was a warm period during roughly the interval 9,000 to 5,000 years B.P. This event has also been known by many other names, including: Hypisthermal, Altithermal, Climatic Optimum, Holocene Optimum, Holocene Thermal Maximum, and Holocene Megathermal.
		By 6,000 years ago, the time normally associated with the Holocene Climatic Optimum in the Northern Hemisphere, these regions had reached temperatures similar to those existing in the modern era, and did not participate in the temperature changes of the North.
		This climatic event was probably a result of predictable changes in the Earth's orbit (Milankovitch cycles) and a continuation of changes that caused the end of the last glacial period.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Holocene_Climatic_Optimum (888 words)

	Holocene Definition / Holocene Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Holocene is the name given to the last 10,000 years of the Earth's history.
		Holocene is a warm time, which began at the end of the last glaciation.
		Holocene is the name given to the last 11,000 years of the Earth's history -- the time since the end of the last major glacial epoch, or "ice age.
	www.elresearch.com /Holocene (149 words)

	7(x) Earth's Climatic History
		Fluctuations in climate can be determined by the analysis of gas bubbles trapped in the ice which reflect the state of the atmosphere at the time they were deposited, the chemistry of the ice (concentration or ratio of major ions and isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen), and the physical properties of the ice.
		Climate change can be evaluated by the analysis of temporal changes in fossilized marine fauna and flora abundance, morpological changes in preserved organisms, coral deposits, and the oxygen isotopic concentration of marine organisms.
		Variations in climate can be determined by the analysis of biological data like annual tree rings, fossilized pollen and other plant macrofossils, the abundance and distribution of insects and other organisms, and the biota in lake sediments.
	www.physicalgeography.net /fundamentals/7x.html (1477 words)

	Medieval Warm Period - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) or Medieval Climate Optimum was a time of unusually warm climate in Europe, lasting from about the 10th century to about the 14th century.
		The drier climate took place during the Medieval Warm Period (~AD An ice core from the eastern Bransfield Basin, Antarctic Peninsula, clearly identifies events of the Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period.
		The core clearly shows a distinctly cold period about AD 1000–1100, nicely illustrating the fact that "MWP" is a moveable term, and that during the "warm" period there were, regionally, periods of both warmth and cold.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Medieval_climate_optimum (910 words)

	ES 331/767 Lecture 19
		For Pacific Islands, the period AD 750 to 1300 was a climatic optimum marked by warm temperature, high sea level, and probable aridity (Nunn and Britton 2001; Nunn 2003).
		The harsh climate after 1300 was undoubtedly a factor in the demise of the Norse settlements.
		Cold climate and glacier expansion during the Little Ice Age are documented from all continents (except Antarctica) and on major islands from New Zealand to Svalbard (Grove 1988).
	academic.emporia.edu /aberjame/ice/lec19/lec19.htm (2222 words)

	The Holocene Climatic Optimum
		The Holocene Epoch includes about the preceding 11550 years of the Quaternary Period.
		The beginning of the Holocene -around 9543 BC- was marked by the end of glaciations of the Pleistocene and by the occurrence of multiple climate changes that affected the distribution of the vegetation causing the extinction of many mammals that flourished during the Pleistocene; for example, the mammoth, deinotherius, the fleecy rhino (
		Since then, we have not registered anomalies that indicate a continuous warming, given that from 1999 to 2007, the anomalies in the temperature have been far smaller than the anomaly registered in 1998.
	www.biocab.org /Holocene.html (618 words)

	Lecture 28 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Continued sea-level rise during the Holocene flooded river valleys that had formed during the glacial lowstand of the sea.
		The warming trend of the last deglaciation also peaked about 5000 to 6000 years ago during the Holocene climatic optimum (or hypsithermal) when average global temperatures were 1 to 2° C higher than today.
		In the Middle East, the Climatic Optimum was followed by a period of long droughts punctuated by annual flooding of the rivers.
	www.unc.edu /courses/2001spring/geol/018/001/SLecture28.html (620 words)

	CHAPTER 12 Review Questions
		Evidence of climate change at this time is seen in various parts of the world but the main effects of the Younger Dryas event appear to be centered in the North Atlantic region.
		Volcanoes affect climate by releasing gasses to the atmosphere.
		The degree to which it will affect climate depends on location of the eruption, extent that the aerosol is transported, and the amount of gases that are emitted.
	karws.gso.uri.edu /OCG123/Spring_2002/Lab_materials/HW11ans.html (729 words)

	State Water Resources Research Institute Program
		Global climate simulations indicate that one of the possible effects of the ongoing global warming may be increased variability of climate causing more frequent extreme droughts or high-rainfall conditions (Conway, 1998).
		Karst terrains are very promising for paleoclimatic and paleohydrologic studies of the climatic optimum because they frequently contain secondary calcite deposits, e.g., cave speleothems or spring tufas (White, 1976).
		The underlying assumption is that the warm "Holocene climatic optimum" may be used as an analog of the future global warming (Conway, 1998).
	water.usgs.gov /wrri/99projects/state/Kentucky.htm (2064 words)

	Quaternary Stratigraphy II, Department of Geography, University of Otago, New Zealand (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The logical means of dividing the Quaternary is on the basis of climate change.
		Climatic sense - A climatic episode during which glaciers developed, attained a maximum extent and receded.
		An episode during which the climate was not compatible with the wide extent of glaciers that characterises a glaciation
	geography.otago.ac.nz /Courses/283_389/Lectures/283lect07.html (538 words)

	Next lecture
		The enhanced seasonal cycle of the early Holocene, its causes and consequences.
		In the latter half of the Holocene the climatic conditions have not been as warm as in the first half.
		The climate was warming so the next attempt in 874 AD fared better and led to the establishment of a permanent settlement.
	www.vedur.is /~halldor/HB/205Bold/Lecture10.html (923 words)

	A Few Things Ill Considered: It was Warmer During the Holocene Climatic Optimum
		I have lately read some comments from the NAS panel that some of the climate scientists there agree that it is not possible to make very good statistics on the temperature data from 2000 years ago and further...
		There is little relevance from 'temperature' of the last 200 years as regards to 'climate', the irregular periodicity of the climate oscillations is of orders in thousands, and millions, of years.
		Climate is defined as an average of weather over a period of time, usually 30 years sometimes shorter.
	illconsidered.blogspot.com /2006/02/it-was-warmer-during-holocene-climatic.html (927 words)

	RealClimate » Mid-Holocene Climatic Optimum
		— group @ 11:06 AM This is a somewhat outdated term used to refer to a sub-interval of the Holocene period from 5000-7000 years ago during which it was once thought that the earth was warmer than today.
		The best available evidence from recent peer-reviewed studies suggests that annual, global mean warmth was probably similar to pre-20th century warmth, but less than late 20th century warmth, at this time (see Kitoh and Murakami, 2002).
		Kitoh, A., and S. Murakami, Tropical Pacific Climate at the mid-Holocene and the Last Glacial Maximum simulated by a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model, Paleoceanography, 17, 1-13, 2002.
	www.realclimate.org /index.php/archives/2004/11/mid-holocene-climatic-optimum (323 words)

	STRATIGRAPHIC SUCCESSION
		The climatic reversal recognized between 11.5 and 9.07 ka is characterized by lower diatom abundance and an assemblage characteristic of more persistent sea ice (Taylor and Sjunneskog, 2002; and Sjunneskog and Taylor, in press).
		Nevertheless, high-resolution studies on the diatom floras indicate that the early part of the Holocene Climatic Optimum was characterized by the advection of subpolar surface water conditions across Palmer Deep (Leventer et al., 2002).
		A remaining puzzle is the observation that regional insolation during the Holocene seems to be out of phase with the inferred climatic interpretations of a middle Holocene warm period and a late Holocene neoglacial (Taylor et al, 2001; Shevenell and Kennett, 2002).
	www-odp.tamu.edu /publications/178_SR/chap_34/c34_3.htm (2036 words)

	Holocene
		The Holocene is the name given to the last 11,000 years of the Earth’s history since the last glacial retreat.
		Another name for the Holocene is the Anthropogene, the “Age of Man” and has witnessed humanity’s history as well as the rise and fall of its civilizations.
		It is not only the climate that has changed during the Holocene, but also ecological changes.
	www.atmos.washington.edu /2001Q2/211/groupD/page3.html (821 words)

	8000 BP
		The enormous climatic changes are well documented in marine pollen profiles off West Africa.
		From the climatic viewpoint, the conditions were probably more humid.
		A strong summer monsoon was developped because of the maximal summerly insolation on the northern hemisphere during the Early Holocene.
	www.uni-mannheim.de /phygeo/8000BP.htm (884 words)

	climate
		The period known as the Hypsithermal - or Holocene Climatic Optimum - during which global temperatures were higher than today- came to an end.
		In short, the global climate was in chaos.
		Changes in insolation (the amount of sunlight the Earth receives, determined in part by small variations in our orbit and axial tilt) in the Northern Hemisphere are believed to be the ultimate cause of this, initiating feedback mechanisms which caused changes in global ocean circulation and the locations of predominant weather systems.
	www.geocities.com /dolph322000/climate.html (476 words)

	ABSTRACT: Aspects of the permafrost geomorphology of southwest Banks Island western Canadian Arctic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Particular attention is focused upon the history of permafrost and ground ice aggradation, the development of thaw lake terrain, and the influence of permafrost on rates and processes of coastal change.
		Stratigraphic analysis of coastal sections suggests that permafrost aggradation has been continuous in late-Quaternary times, with the exception of a short period of deeper seasonal thaw during the Holocene climatic optimum.
		In the Sachs River lowlands, basins at least 3 m in depth probably formed by thaw subsidence, initiated during the Holocene climatic optimum.
	cgrg.geog.uvic.ca /abstracts/HarryAspectsThis1992.html (413 words)

	5000BP
		The climatic conditions of the Middle Holocene (5,000 yr BP) can be derived quite realistically through numerous proxy-data from different sources (sea-level changes, lake sediments, etc.).
		Although the climatic optimum phase persisted since 9,000 BP, the 5,000 yr BP time-slice shows a regional differentiated situation.
		On the basis of pollen analysis no changes to a more humid vegetation type can be stated, but a slow transition to the today's conditions (Schulz 1991a).
	www.uni-mannheim.de /phygeo/5000BP.htm (864 words)

	Glacier extent past and present in the Tanggula Shan of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region, China
		Samples from the core, retrieved in March 2003, were analyzed for water content, %LOI, clay mineralogy (through XRD), and grain size distribution.
		The convergence of evidence indicates that the lower part of the core was deposited during the Holocene Climatic Optimum, when warm, dry, conditions lowered the water level in the closed basin, allowing dolomite precipitation or diagenesis.
		Clastic input was higher, coarser, and more variable, suggesting a decrease of vegetation on surrounding slopes, and dust inputs were increased.
	community.middlebury.edu /~jmunroe/abstr16.htm (379 words)

	A relationship between dunes, fire and climate recorded in the Holocene deposits of Quebec
		In contrast the onset and subsequent development of post-Hypsithermal climates in northern latitudes were primarily conducive to global cooling.
		This study establishes the Holocene chronology of sand dunes near the outer forest limit in northern Quebec (Fig.
		On this basis, a palaeoclimatic reconstruction since the climatic optimum is proposed.
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v309/n5968/abs/309543a0.html (257 words)

	SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL PATTERNS OF QUATERNARY DUNE ACTIVITY IN THE ARID AND SEMIARID CHINA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Spatial scale studies on desert evolution indicate that the last two extreme scenarios of a glacial maximum and a Holocene climatic optimum marked extreme ecosystems in China.
		Historical desertification in the semiarid China is not a response to climate drought but largely associated with the human impacts (mainly over-cultivation) since about 2300 years ago.
		Over-cultivation combined with the high wind energy leads to the quick deflation of the 'protection layer' of the Holocene sandy loam soil and ultimately results in the reworking of the underlying LGM sands.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/inqu/finalprogram/abstract_53532.htm (469 words)

	'It was warmer during the Holocene Climatic Optimum' \| Gristmill: The environmental news blog \| Grist
		More over, we clearly know the cause of this natural warming, and know without doubt that this proven "astronomical" climate forcing mechanism cannot be responsible for the warming over the last 100 years.
		As an aside, it's worth noting that even if the Holocene had been as warm as or warmer than today, it would do nothing to undermine the theories and data that indicate today's warming is rapid and anthropogenic.
		For story: 'It was warmer during the Holocene Climatic Optimum'
	gristmill.grist.org /story/2006/12/13/215043/37 (623 words)

	ePIC: Paleolimnological reconstructions of Holocene Environments and Climate from Lake Lyadhej-To, Ural Mountains, ...
		Deterioration of climatic conditions commenced in Episode III (~8650-7000 cal. yrs BP) as indicated by distinctly lower bioproductivity and longer persistence of winter ice on the lake.
		During Episode IV (~7000-2500 cal. yrs BP) the diatom and pollen records indicate that temperatures were cool and the growing season was short.
		The pollen stratigraphy from Lake Lyadhej-To is consistent with other paleoclimatic records from northern Eurasia, confirming rapid postglacial warming, the presence of dense tree forests during the climatic optimum and finally a gradual southward retreat of the treeline towards its modern location.
	www.awi-bremerhaven.de /Publications/Cre2002a_abstract.html (270 words)

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		ABC News - Optimum Online, the broadband service from Cablevision, which serves many parts of the tristate region, averaged 235 Kbps on the SurfSpeed test, giving it a 12 percent speed advantage over Cox Cable, the second-place cable-modem finisher, and is 40...
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	ANT3153-15 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		It is subdivided into three periods which roughly coincide with major climatic regimes of the Holocene and are defined archaeologically by changes in hafted biface design, among other things:
		Further culture-historical divisions of the Archaic are based on variations in material culture, primarily hafted biface forms, and pottery in the Late Archaic period of limited areas.
		Piedmont of the Carolinas and Georgia apparently little affected by climatic change, so we find persistence of established populations, with possible exception of influx of Morrow Mountain groups from the west at about 7000 B.P. Eastward expansion of the Prairie (i.e., Prairie Peninsula) and associated upland desiccation in lower
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/sassaman/pages/classes/ant3153/ANT3153-15.htm (980 words)

	CHANGES data submission
		The aim of this exercise was to provide a structure for data input to a CHANGES database.
		We also identified three key timeslices to provide focus to the project – the Last Glacial Maximum, the Holocene Climatic Optimum and 1000 years before present.
		We are looking for robust, datable palaeoenvironmental or palaeoclimatic data, from any of the above-mentioned branches of Quaternary studies, that cover some or all of the key timeslices (LGM, HCO and 1000 BP).
	www.uis-karst.kiev.ua /Info_Board/CHANGES.htm (477 words)

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