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Topic: Holothuroidea

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	VEN: Publications K-Z
		Regeneration of digestive tract in the pentactulae of the fareastern holothurian Eupentacta fraudatrix (Holothuroidea, Dendrochirota).
		Tentacle sheaths in the deep-sea holothurian Ceraplectana trachyderma (Holothuroidea: Molpadiida).
		The deep-sea synaptid Protankyra brychia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) and its near-surface-dwelling planktotrophic larva, Auricularia nudibranchiata.
	www.nmnh.si.edu /iz/echinoderm/body_publkz.htm (2352 words)

	Holothuroidea
		The Holothuroidea, or sea cucumbers, are an abundant and diverse group of worm-like and usually soft-bodied echinoderms.
		Alternatively, these living forms have retained their ancient armour and Holothuroidea has had a long and repeated history of losing a plated morphology.
		Kerr, A. Evolution and Systematics of Holothuroidea (Echinodermata).
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Holothuroidea&contgroup=Echinodermata (2122 words)

	Echinoderm Publications
		CONAND C. 1998 Asexual reproduction by fission in indo-pacific tropical holothurian populations (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) : characteristics of the phenomenon and consequences on populations.
		Mucus as a mediator of gametogenic synchrony in the sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa (Holothuroidea: Echinodermata).
		Feeding in eviscerated specimens of Holothuria (Semperothuria) cinerascens (Brandt) (Echinodermata :Holothuroidea: Aspidochirotida:Holothuriidae).
	www2.nrm.se /ev/echinoderms/echinopub.html.en (10250 words)

	The Torres Strait beche-de-mer (sea cucumber) fishery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Assessing the applicability of the TRM for Holothuroidea, Sewell et al.
		Morphology of the ovotestis of Synaptula hydriformis (Holothuroidea: Apoda): an evolutionary model of oogenesis and the origin of egg polarity in echinoderms.
		Reichenbach, N. Ecology and fishery biology of Holothuria fuscogilva (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in the Maldives.
	www.spc.org.nc /coastfish/News/BDM/15/BDM15-03.htm (1570 words)

	Africamuseum -
		Shallow-water Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) from Kenya and Pemba Island, Tanzania
		Holothuroidea, commonly known as sea cucumbers, make up one of the five extant classes of echinoderms.
		The motive for this extension is to promote further studies on causal zoogeography; studies that should direct the conservation of this (over)exploited group.
	www.africamuseum.be /publications/Newpubs2/newpub_Shallowwater (334 words)

	Aquarium Invertebrates
		Sea cucumbers are all members of the Class Holothuroidea, but members of this Class can be surprisingly different from one another.
		Within the Class Holothuroidea, there are three sub-classes: the Dendrochirotacea (largely suspension-feeding sea cucumbers such as the popular sea apple, Pseudocolochirus spp.), the Aspidochirotacea (largely deposit-feeding sea cucumbers such as the popular tiger-tail cucumber, Holthuria spp.), and the Apodacea (the unusual group of legless cucumbers to which the medusa worms belong).
		Structure of synaptogenin B, the artifact aglycone of the glycosides of the sea cucumber Synapta maculata.
	www.advancedaquarist.com /issues/nov2002/invert.htm (4376 words)

	Search results for research title
		Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) from Kenya (with Pemba Island, Tanzania).
		Faunistics as an impetus for conservation of sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in the littoral waters of Kenya.
		The use of databases for conservation of sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in the littoral waters of Kenya.
	www.br.fgov.be /cgi-bin/BIODIV/research.pl?res_id=979 (423 words)

	Echinodermata
		They have attracted much attention due to their extensive fossil record, ecological importance in the marine realm, intriguing adult morphology, unusual biomechanical properties, and experimentally manipulable embryos.
		Sensory neurons are located primarily within the ectoderm of podia, and send axons to the radial nerves.
		It is generally agreed that the lineage leading to the Crinoidea branched most basally, and that the Echinoidea and Holothuroidea are extant sister clades.
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Echinodermata&contgroup=Metazoa (2168 words)

	Holothuroidea
		<==o HOLOTHUROIDEA (Sea cucumbers; merimakkarat) ?- Gephyrothuriidae Koehler and Vaney, 1905 [has been treated as Molpadiid (Parker, 1982, Kerr and Kim, 2001)] ?- Eupyrgidae Deichmann, 1940 [has been treated as Molpadiid (Parker, 1982, Kerr and Kim, 2001)] --o †Arthrochirotida Seilacher, 1961
		Kerr, A. M., 2000: Holothuroidea - Sea cucumbers.
		Kerr, A. and Kim, J., 2001: Phylogeny of Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) inferred from morphology.
	www.fmnh.helsinki.fi /users/haaramo/Metazoa/Deuterostoma/Echinodermata/Holothuroidea.htm (167 words)

	Aquarium Invertebrates
		I say that echinoderms are one of the most familiar groups of marine invertebrates because some members, in particular the sea stars (Class Asteroidea), have become common symbols of life in the sea throughout popular culture.
		In contrast to the sea stars, their less attractive and well-known cousins, the sea cucumbers (Class Holothuroidea) are largely unknown in popular culture.
		The Class Holothuroidea is further divided into three main groups, although only the first two are commonly sold in the pet trade: the Dendrochirotacea (or filter-feeding sea cucumbers), the Aspidochirotiacea (or deposit feeding sea cucumbers), and the apodacea (or medusa worms).
	www.advancedaquarist.com /issues/jan2003/invert.htm (5151 words)

	Science Biology Flora and Fauna Animalia Echinodermata Holothuroidea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Cucumber Sand Creatures - "It's the quiet ones you have to watch." Short article from Diver, 1997, on the defense mechanisms and anal cavities of sea cucumbers.
		Holothuroidea - Sea Cucumbers - Overview, including characteristics, taxonomy, phylogenetic relationships, and fossil history.
		Sea Cucumbers - Class Holothuroidea - Description and interesting facts.
	www.iper1.com /iper1-odp/scat/id/Science/Biology/Flora_and_Fauna/Animalia/Echinodermata/Holothuroidea (234 words)

	holothuroidea
		The 1,100 organisms in the class holothuroidea are commonly know as sea cucmubers.
		They have long worm-like cylindrical bodies with five rows of tube feet on one side that are used to move with.
		In parts of Asia sea cucumbers and certain organs are smoked and eaten as a delicacy.
	www.fcps.k12.va.us /westspringfieldhs/academic/science/1project/zoo00/zoo00/zooech/holothur.shtml (171 words)

	Zoology \| On-line Quizzing
		______ are a pair of tubes that attach to the rectum and branch throughout the body cavity of members of the class Holothuroidea.
		Sea stars are monoecious, and external fertilization results in the formation of Bipinnaria and brachiolaria larvae, both of which crawl on the ocean floor.
		The ophiopluteus is a planktonic larval stage produced by members of the class Holothuroidea.
	highered.mcgraw-hill.com /sites/0070294119/student_view0/chapter_16/online_quizzing.html (440 words)

	Probert Encyclopaedia: Nature (Hi-Hon) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Holometabola is the subdivision of the Pterygota class of insects which undergo a pronounced and complete metamorphosis, typified by butterflies.
		The holothuroidea are the sea cucumbers order of Echinoderms.
		Skeletal plates are minute and imbedded in the fleshy body wall.
	www.probertencyclopaedia.com /B5D.HTM (1592 words)

	eMedicine - Echinoderm Envenomations : Article Excerpt by: Scott A Gallagher, MD, FACEP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		These animals have pentamerous (5-part) radial symmetry and calcareous skeletons that form thick outer plates and protective spines in some; hence, they are named Echinodermata, which means spiny skin.
		Pathophysiology: While most echinoderms are poisonous, and many have sharp spines or spicules capable of causing injury, only a few members of the Asteroidea, Echinoidea, and Holothuroidea classes are capable of causing venomous injuries in humans.
		In this article, envenomation refers to the parenteral or topical application of toxins produced in specialized glands and tissues with modified application structures (spines, pedicellaria, tentacles).
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/byname/echinoderm-envenomations.htm (572 words)

	Research Papers - Sea Cucumbers - Taxing Problems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		My formal study of sea cucumbers (Phylum Echinodermata: Class Holothuroidea) began with the donation of a collection to the Royal BC Museum from the Pacific Biological Station, on the condition that I prepare a technical report on their identification.
		Molecular phylogeny of eastern Pacific sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) based on mitochondrial DNA sequence.
		Lambert, P. Psolidium bidiscum, a new shallow-water, psolid sea cucumber (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from the northeastern Pacific, previously mis-identified as Psolidium bullatum Ohshima.
	www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca /nh_papers/taxing.html (1690 words)

	eMedicine - Echinoderm Envenomations : Article by Scott A Gallagher, MD, FACEP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea) are generally regarded as nonvenomous, although many are poisonous to eat without proper preparation.
		The Cuvierian tubules of some sea cucumbers are toxic and may be extruded from the anus as a defensive mechanism when the animal is disturbed or irritated (Bohadschia argus; see Image 3).
		Of the phylum Echinodermata, only starfish (class Asteroidea), sea urchins (class Echinoidea), and sea cucumbers (class Holothuroidea) are capable of envenomation.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic158.htm (6051 words)

	ADW: Echinodermata: Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		An alternative hypothesis including fossil groups places Asteroidea as a more primitive group with the derived characteristic of five arms connected to a central disc.
		Ophiuroidea is grouped with Echinoidea and Holothuroidea based on the closed ambicular grooves.
		In both hypotheses, Echinoidea and Holothuroidea are considered sister groups, having two synapomorphies: 1) an extended ambiculacral groove along the sides of the body from the oral to aboral pole and 2) the reduced aboral surface.
	animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu /site/accounts/information/Echinodermata.html (1201 words)

	sea cucumber on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Although sea cucumbers have the basic echinoderm radial symmetry, they do not have arms like starfish.
		Sea cucumbers are classified in the phylum Echinodermata, class Holothuroidea.
		It's nice to be under the sea Tom Fort is stirred by the romantic passion aroused by kelp, whelks and sea cucumbers
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/s1/seacucum.asp (808 words)

	Marine Biology Echinodermata - Sea Cucumbers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The class Holothuroidea includes the sea cucumbers of which there are about 150 living species.
		The sea cucumber has a series of branched feeding tentacles around the mouth that aid in deposit feeding.
		The sea cucumber is able to regenerate these organs.
	home.earthlink.net /~huskertomkat/cuc.html (121 words)

	Natural History Research Paper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Psolidium bidiscum, a new shallow water, psolid sea cucumber (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from the northeastern Pacific, previously misidentified as Psolidium bullatum Ohshima
		McEuen, F. Spawning behaviours of northeast Pacific sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea: Echinodermata).
		Ohshima, H. Report on the holothurians collected by the U.S. fisheries steamer Albatross in the N.W. Pacific during the summer of 1906.
	www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca /nh_papers/psolidpaper/psolid.html (4245 words)

	Search Results for holothuroidea - Encyclopædia Britannica
		any of the 1,100 species of marine invertebrates constituting the class Holothuroidea (or Holothurioidea) of the phylum Echinodermata.
		The soft, cylindrical body, 2 to 200 cm (about inch to 6...
		The echinoderms once were divided into two great groups, the Pelmatozoa and the Eleutherozoa, the names referring to living habits; pelmatozoans were attached to the seafloor for at least part of...
	www.britannica.com /search?query=holothuroidea&submit=Find&source=MWTAB (196 words)

	Echinodermata
		There is no head; the surface containing the mouth (the underside, in sea stars and most others) is called the oral surface, and the opposite side, which usually bears the anus, the aboral surface.
		Echinodermata: Class Holothuroidea - Class Holothuroidea The sea cucumbers are long-bodied echinoderms with the mouth at or near one end...
		Echinodermata: Class Crinoidea - Class Crinoidea The sea lilies and feather stars are members of an ancient group of stalked,...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/sci/A0816693.html (246 words)

	Marine Science and Natural History Publications and Papers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A review of the cucumariid genus Psolidiella Mortensen (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea).
		Brood-protection by the New Zealand cucumariid Squamocnus niveus (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea).
		Report on selected species of BANZARE and ANARE Holothuroidea, with reviews of Meseres Ludwig and Heterocucumis Panning (Echinodermata).
	www.geocities.com /echinoderms1935/marine-science_papers.html (720 words)

	SeaCukes
		Sea Cucumbers, Class Holothuroidea: With body shapes ranging from spherical to long and worm-like, bizarre rings of tentacles circling a non-descript head-end, these slow-moving, drab to brightly colored and marked invertebrates are well-known at least by sight, by most aquarists.
		Like many other spiny-skinned animals, Sea Cucumbers should only be tried in captivity with knowledge, trepidation and utmost vigil.
		The reasons for my cautioning are offered here, as well as notes on general selection and care for the still curious.
	www.wetwebmedia.com /seacukes.htm (2530 words)

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