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Topic: Holy League (Great Turkish war)

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Turkish wars

Holy League

Ottoman wars in Europe

Treaty of Karlowitz

Treaty of Carlowitz

League of Cambrai

1686

Ottoman Empire

Seventeenth century

Sick man of Europe

Battle of Varna

Battle of Vienna

Ottoman Turkish

	War Finance
		The Persian Wars of the 5th century B. pitted the combined navy and army of Xerxes against the loose alliance of the Ionian and Phoenician fleets and the Greek city state navies and armies organized by Themistocles of Athens.
		Great Britain acted largely on the recommendations of Keynes, acting as economic advisor to the Treasury (he was still heartily loathed by Norman Montagu, Governor of the Bank of England, for his attacks on the return to the gold standard in 1925 at pre-war parity with the dollar).
		This was due in the early years of the war to the continued depression and in the later years to the enormous increases in total output, the combined result of improved technology, construction of new capital facilities, and the much higher participation rate of the population in the labor force.
	www.business.uiuc.edu /lneal/Econ238/war.htm (11506 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Crusades
		Gregory the Great had a hospice erected in Jerusalem for the accommodation of pilgrims, sent alms to the monks of Mount Sinai ("Vita Gregorii" in "Acta SS.", March 11, 132), and, although the deplorable condition of Eastern Christendom after the Arab invasion rendered this intercourse more difficult, it did not by any means cease.
		It was attended by fourteen archbishops, 250 bishops, and 400 abbots; moreover a great number of knights and men of all conditions came and encamped on the plain of Chantoin, to the east of Clermont, 18-28 November, 1095.
		This defeat caused great dissatisfaction in the West; moreover, the conflicts between the Greeks and the crusaders only confirmed the general opinion that the Byzantine Empire was the chief obstacle to the success of the Crusades.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04543c.htm (14224 words)

	New Page 6 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		A Holy League of Venice, the Papal States, Spain and initially Portugal opposed the Ottoman Empire during this period.
		To stop the invasion, a coalition, another Holy League was formed, composed of Austria and Poland (notably in the Battle of Vienna), Venetians and the Russian Empire.
		After winning the Battle of Vienna, the Holy League gained upper hand, and conducted the reconquest of Hungary (Buda and Pest, the former under the command of a Swiss-born convert to Islam, was retaken in 1686 - followed by a mass slaughter reminiscent of the Crusaders' taking of Jerusalem).
	koz.vianet.ca /boshis76.htm (1524 words)

	Deep Rooted Presence
		One of the earliest founders of monasticism in the Holy Land was Bishop Euthymius (377-473) of Melitene (Malatia).
		On the way, Turkish, Kurdish and Arab families snatched away the very young children to make them members of their families, young women or teenage girls were either raped or taken to become wives and concubines, or house maids to rich Turks.
		In spite of the fact that the Turkish forces were positioned about four miles north of the city on the road to Ramallah and on the Mount of Olives to the east preparing to counter attack, the population of the city was celebrating their liberation with great enthusiasm.
	www.holyland.org /deeproot.html (10176 words)

	Northedge and Grieve, One Hundred Years of International Relations, Chapter 6
		The European War of 1914-18 was a total war in the sense that, to ensure victory, the belligerents were finally compelled to mobilize totally their resources, their manpower, manufacturing and extractive industries, their farming, shipping, transport and communications systems.
		The fact that Germany had lost the war and that Italy, although she came out on the winning side, considered herself cheated of the gains promised when she joined the Entente powers in 1915, did not reflect, in the militarists' view, the inadequacy of war as a means of achieving national justice.
		The Russo-Polish war wavered to and fro until the Poles received substantial military assistance from France and a promise of further help from the British Prime Minister, Lloyd George, and a new Russo-Polish frontier was established by the treaty of Riga in March 1921.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/grieve2.htm (5844 words)

	Opinion
		The hawks wanted to announce their war plans against Iraq but Karl Rove, the president’s political advisor and a former public relations man, counselled them to wait for September, which he said was the best time to launch new products.
		However, should the war become protracted, Nordhaus predicts that the US would be hit by a recession comparable to the one that followed the First Gulf War, one that cost the elder President Bush his re-election.
		This war involves intense aerial bombardment of the major cities of Iraq, and the use of the brand new 21,000 lb MOAB bomb along with 5,000 lb bunker buster bombs.
	www.defencejournal.com /2003/apr/2nd-gulf-war.htm (4775 words)

	Great Turkish War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Great Turkish War was a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and European powers at the time (joined into a Holy League) during the second half of the 17th century.
		A new Holy League was initiated by Pope Innocent XI and composed of the Holy Roman Empire (headed by the Habsburg Austria), the Venetian Republic and Poland in 1684, joined by the Russian Empire in 1686.
		The League eventually won the war in 1699 and forced the Ottoman Empire to sign the Treaty of Karlowitz.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Great_Turkish_War (419 words)

	History 240
		Formed Holy League with Pope Pius V and Venice in 1571.
		A great storm blew the Spanish over the North coast of Scotland to destruction.
		Pope excommunicated Henry Bourbon; Philip II of Spain aids the Catholic League.
	web.uvic.ca /~jfedorak/WarRel.htm (854 words)

	Web Page\Zionism
		The blood of Arab soldiers, the massacres among the civil popu-lations, the economic ruin of the country in the war, deserved recognition.
		If the indications before the Conference in any one case were not conclusive as to their wishes for their complete independence or for their mandatory power, he suggested that an international inquiry, made in the area concerned, might be a quick, easy, sure and just way of determining their wishes.
		This was an important military achievement as the Turkish army at Medina threatened the rear of the Arab forces.
	www.holycross.edu /departments/history/tmcbride/Zionism.htm (3033 words)

	Harvest NETwork
		Alexander the Great invaded Middle East, defeating Persia in 333 B.C. This introduced Greek and Roman influence and culture, and this period was called the Hellenistic Period (333- 64 B.C.), after the "Hellenes" as the Greeks referred to themselves.
		The League of Nations adopted the mandate concept as a solution, which was dissatisfactory to all.
		After World War II, the world was finally shamed into providing the Jewish people a "safe" haven in the form of their own state, which is still today surrounded by hostile Arab countries and peoples.
	www.harvestnet.org /issues/HolyLand.htm (2899 words)

	The War Room
		It is the later material, Daniel's wars between kings of the south and the north, John's kings of the east who number 200,000,000 and the battle of Armageddon, and Islam's wars of the Sufyaani and the Mahdi that I doubt apply to the current and coming conflict.
		This "something" could be the recent war against Iraq, the civilian casualties incurred there, the US "occupation" of the country, and something terrible that may yet arise from the continuing guerrilla campaign, such as a massive slaughtering of civilians by US forces.
		Cases in point are the Allied bombing of Dresden and the American bombing of Tokyo during World War II or Richard Nixon's air campaigns against Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and North Vietnam in 1970 and 1971 during the height of the Vietnam War.
	www.newprophecy.net /warroom.htm (14706 words)

	Amazon.com: First Crusader: Byzantium's Holy Wars: Books: Geoffrey Regan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Regan, a historian and author of Great Military Blunders, covers some 800 years of Byzantine history, from the founding of Constantinople to the arrival of Western crusaders in the 12th century to take up the war against Islam.
		Heraclius's ideal of holy war devolved into "ersatz crusades"-one campaign against the Muslims sought to retrieve a holy towel imprinted with Christ's face-overshadowed by the endless factional intrigue, civil wars and intra-Christian schisms and persecutions that made the Byzantines their own worst enemies, but Regan argues for its lasting historical impact.
		Indeed, in "First Crusader: Byzantium's Holy Wars," the British historian Geoffrey Regan makes a convincing case that the wars of Heraclitus against the Sasanian Persians (622-628 A.D.) should rank as the first crusade rather than that from the West called by Pope Urban in 1095.
	www.amazon.com /First-Crusader-Byzantiums-Holy-Wars/dp/1403961514 (2346 words)

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