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Topic: Holy League Mediterranean

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Holy League

Mediterranean Sea

Battle of Lepanto (1571)

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Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and shrub

Don John of Austria

History of the Mediterranean

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Republic of Venice

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Ottoman Empire

	Holy Roman Empire - Search View - MSN Encarta
		Holy Roman Empire, political entity of lands in western and central Europe, founded by Charlemagne in ad 800 and dissolved by Emperor Francis II in 1806.
		The Holy Roman Empire was an attempt to revive the Western Roman Empire, whose legal and political structure had deteriorated during the 5th and 6th centuries and had been replaced by independent kingdoms ruled by Germanic nobles.
		During his fifth Italian expedition, however, he was defeated by the Lombard League at the Battle of Legnano in 1176 and was forced to recognize the cities’ political autonomy.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761558731__1/Holy_Roman_Empire.html (6127 words)

	The Almanach de Holy Roman Empire , The History and Structure of The Holy Roman Empire of The German Nation .
		Frederick II, 1194—1250, Holy Roman emperor (1220—50) and German king (1212—20), king of Sicily (1197—1250), and king of Jerusalem (1229—50), son of Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI and of Constance, heiress of Sicily.
		Charles V, 1500—1558, Holy Roman emperor (1519—58) and, as Charles I, king of Spain (1516—56); son of Philip I and Joanna of Castile, grandson of Ferdinand II of Aragón, Isabella of Castile, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, and Mary of Burgundy.
		Ferdinand III, 1608—57, Holy Roman emperor (1637—57), king of Hungary (1626—57) and of Bohemia (1627—57), son and successor of Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II.
	www.almanachdeholyromanempire.com (17571 words)

	Charles V, Holy Roman emperor. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		1500–1558, Holy Roman emperor (1519–58) and, as Charles I, king of Spain (1516–56); son of Philip I and Joanna of Castile, grandson of Ferdinand II of Aragón, Isabella of Castile, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, and Mary of Burgundy.
		After bribing the electors, he was chosen Holy Roman emperor in succession to his grandfather, and in 1520 he departed for Germany.
		His brother Ferdinand, king of Bohemia and Hungary (later Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I), was elected king of the Romans, or German king, in 1531.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ch/Charles5HRE.html (1449 words)

	Ferdinand II, king of Aragon. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		In 1492, Christopher Columbus, sailing under their auspices, discovered the New World, and in 1494, by the Treaty of Tordesillas (see Tordesillas, Treaty of), Spain and Portugal divided the non-Christian world between them.
		Ferdinand joined the League of Cambrai (1508) against Venice and the Holy League (1511) against France.
		During the reign of the Catholic kings the power of the throne grew.
	www.bartleby.com /65/fe/Ferdi2Ara.html (574 words)

	Chronology 1933
		The League of Nations delegates adopted most of the findings of the Lytton Report, which found that Japan had violated Chinese sovereignty in their military occupation of Manchuria.
		Authorized by the League of Nations at the request of the Lausanne Conference, delegates met in London to negotiate an agreement on currency stabilization while ignoring the problems of war debts and reparations payments.
		The League of Nations promoted education around the world by calling a conference in Geneva to plan for the global distribution of educational films.
	www.indiana.edu /~league/1933.htm (4930 words)

	Earthcode: Bloodline of the Holy Grail ~ Forbidden truth revealed through Historical Evidence & Ancient Texts
		One such crusade of the past was the search for the Holy Grail in order to destroy it; thus annihilating forever the noble and royal bloodline of Jesus the Christ and Mary Magdalene: for in so doing the liberation of the people was also annihilated.
		The novel is a fictional story based upon historical facts regarding the deliberate coverup of the controversial relationship between Mary Magdalene and Jesus the Christ as well as women's powerful role as leader, healer and priestess.
		Quests are, by their very nature, intriguing and historical research is enlightening, but the findings from neither are of any use whatever unless there are present-day applications which, like science and medicine, can sow the seeds of a better future.
	paulapeterson.com /Bloodline_of_Holy_Grail.html (5976 words)

	Santiago de Compostela's Catholic Devotions: The Holy House of Loreto
		The angelic flight of the Holy House from Nazareth across the Mediterranean via Yugoslavia to the Adriatic sea town of Loreto is known as "The Translation".
		Long used as a chapel to celebrate the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass, today the Holy House is encased within marble statuary the envy of Rome, perfectly positioned in the Basilica's center formed at the holy crossing of apse and naves, beneath a dome vaulting hearts and spirits to thoughts of the Fatherland.
		Apart from Holy Mass and the privacy of silent meditation on and with God, the only sound one hears is the gentle pressing of Rosary beads between thumbs and forefingers and the cadence of pilgrims softly rubbing and kissing rough walls hewn smooth as glass from centuries of devotion.
	www.starharbor.com /santiago/loreto.html (612 words)

	Deep Rooted Presence
		One of the earliest founders of monasticism in the Holy Land was Bishop Euthymius (377-473) of Melitene (Malatia).
		They maintained the Holy Places and worshiped in common with harmony while the Greek Patriarchs in Constantinople were exerting their authority upon other churches in Asia Minor, and the Patriarch of Rome claimed supremacy over all Christians since the emperors ruled from Rome.
		In spite of the fact that the Turkish forces were positioned about four miles north of the city on the road to Ramallah and on the Mount of Olives to the east preparing to counter attack, the population of the city was celebrating their liberation with great enthusiasm.
	www.holyland.org /deeproot.html (10176 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The history of the Holy Roman Empire in the period following the Great Interregnum (1256-73), in so far as it is not the story of the fortunes of the House of Habsburg, continues the main influences of the earlier period.
		Attempts, such as that of the Emperor Maximilian, to re-establish some of the power of the Holy Roman Empire broke down in face of the smaller nobility of the Empire, who were not represented in the Diet (which consisted of electors, princes, and cities).
		From the 17th century to the extinction of the title in 1806 the Holy Roman Empire was, as Voltaire remarked, neither holy nor Roman nor an empire.
	www.itter.org /history/holy_roman_empire.shtml (2079 words)

	Holy Roman Emperors
		The Holy Roman Empire was the designation for the political entity that originated at the coronation as emperor (962) of the German king Otto I and endured until the renunciation (1806) of the imperial title by Francis II.
		The Holy Roman Empire was a successor state to the empire founded in 800 by Charlemagne, who revived the title of Roman emperor in the West.
		The defense of the empire against foreign attack was made more difficult by the repeated attempts of the emperors to maintain their authority in Italy against the opposition of the city-states, the papacy, and the petty princes.
	www.fortunecity.com /millennium/family/1155/holyroma.htm (2859 words)

	Famous Hispanics: Don Juan de Austria
		Don Juan was the illegitimate son of the Spanish King and Holy Roman Emperor Carlos I (Charles V) and half brother of King Felipe (Philip) II of Spain.
		In the summer of 1568 Don Juan had his first brief experience in warfare, fighting Moorish pirates in the Mediterranean, and he was then appointed in March 1569 commander in chief of Spanish forces attempting to subdue the rebellious Moriscos, or Christians of Moorish ancestry, in Granada.
		Felipe then appointed him in 1571 to head the naval forces of the Holy League of Spain, Venice, and the pope against the Ottoman Turks in the eastern Mediterranean.
	coloquio.com /famosos/austria.htm (519 words)

	The Battle over the Crusades
		As the common portrait paints it, led by mad preachers and manipulating popes, the Crusades were a Church-sponsored invasion and slaughter that descended into a massacre at Jerusalem, the sack of Constantinople and the persecution of European Jews.
		Clearly, the return of the Holy Land and the defense of the Christian communities in the Near East were the first objectives.
		The Holy Land and its environs were far from a peaceful Islamic enclave invading by vicious European knights.
	www.catholicleague.org /research/battle_over_the_crusades.htm (8701 words)

	Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor Summary
		Frederick I (1123-1190), or Frederick Barbarossa, was Holy Roman Emperor from 1152 to 1190.
		In 1183 Frederick also came to terms with the Lombard League by signing the Peace of Constance, by which these centers were guaranteed self-government and the right to control their own taxes and judicial administration.
		The duchy of Bavaria was transferred from Henry II Jasomirgott, margrave of Austria, who became duke of Austria in compensation, to Frederick's formidable younger cousin Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, of the House of Guelph, whose father had already held both duchies.
	www.bookrags.com /Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (3439 words)

	Catholic League - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Holy League (Mediterranean) - a Catholic states' alliance that won the Battle of Lepanto (1571)
		Holy League (Great Turkish war) - composed of European powers against the Ottoman Empire at the end of the 17th century.
		Eastern Orthodox Russia was part of this league.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Holy_League (195 words)

	The Seattle Times: In focus
		They say Hagar was Abraham's second wife and believe their claims to the holy land are as valid as those of the Jews.
		The Muslims refer to this hill as Haram al-Sharif, meaning "the noble sanctuary." Jews call the hill the Temple Mount, and consider one of the hill's retaining walls, the Western Wall, a holy shrine.
		Britain then ruled the area under a mandate from the League of Nations, and it was under Britain's watch that the modern struggle between Jews and Arabs for independent national homelands began.
	seattletimes.nwsource.com /news/nation-world/infocus/mideast/islam/holy_land.html (1028 words)

	[No title]
		Holy of holies - the second or interior portion of the tabernacle.
		It was divided from the holy of holies by a veil of the most costly materials and the brightest colours.
		It was offered along with every meat-offering; and besides was daily offered on the golden altar in the holy place, and on the great day of atonement was burnt by the high priest in the holy of holies (30:7, 8).
	www.holybible.com /resources/easton/T0001800.html (7814 words)

	Battle of Lepanto - Fast and Easy Rules for Students
		The Holy League, however, soon broke apart and was unable to follow up on their great victory.
		The Turks were not impressed and mocked the Holy League for their "cowardice." Mehmet Pasha was the most aggressive attacker and led his ships against Barbarigo and the League's left wing.
		The Holy League's plan seemed to be working well on the right flank.
	www.juniorgeneral.org /naval/lepanto.html (1445 words)

	Holy Roman Empire
		The nations of the Holy Roman Empire are sovereign nations in their own right; the office of Holy Roman Emperor, and the Empire itself, is philosophically the overall government of Catholic Christendom, the secular arm of the Catholic Church.
		The Holy Roman Empire was created as the secular arm of the Catholic Church, and Catholicism remains the vastly dominant religion throughout.
		The Holy Roman Empire is rumoured to be preparing to invite the German states to rejoin the Empire.
	mywebpages.comcast.net /rumtigger2/Nations/roman.htm (2490 words)

	Navy League of the United States - Citizens in Support of the Sea Services
		The decades-long era of "violent peace"—a term frequently used by then-Chief of Naval Operations Adm. James D. Watkins during his tour as CNO—did not end with the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact and the breakup of the Soviet Union, as the terrorist attack on the USS Cole once again proves.
		In the Persian Gulf, in the Mediterranean, in the Taiwan Straits, and in the waters off the Korean Peninsula they are on the scene, combat-ready all day every day, and the most likely to be called on by our national command authorities in times of international crisis.
		The men and women of America’s armed forces are the best-led and best-trained in the world—the crew of the Cole proved that by the heroic damage-control actions that saved their ship from sinking after the shocking terrorist attack in Aden.
	www.navyleague.org /sea_power/dec_00_01.php (576 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Philip II (King of Spain)
		Islam was master of the Mediterranean, being in possession of the Balkan Peninsula, Asia Minor, Egypt, all the coast of northern Africa (Tunis, Algiers, Morocco); it had just conquered the Island of Cyprus and laid siege to the Island of Malta (1505), which had valiantly repulsed the assault.
		The fleet of the League, commanded by Don Juan, brother of Philip II, inflicted on the Turkish fleet the terrible defeat of Lepanto (7 Oct., 1571), the results of which would have been greater had Venice not proved false and if Pius V had not died in 1572.
		Nevertheless, the Turkish domination of the Mediterranean was ended and in 1578 Philip concluded a treaty with the Turks which lasted till the end of his reign.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/12002a.htm (1831 words)

	The Manifesto of the Communist Party \| Section 1
		All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sober senses his real condition of life and his relations with his kind.
		Christian socialism is but the holy water with which the priest consecrates the heart-burnings of the aristocrat.
		The Communist League, an international association of workers, which could of course be only a secret one, under conditions obtaining at the time, commissioned us, the undersigned, at the Congress held in London in November 1847, to write for publication a detailed theoretical and practical programme for the Party.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /courses/rschwart/hist151s05/Marx_manifesto.htm (12160 words)

	Glossary: St. Margaret to York
		After her mother died, or perhaps in response to a debilitating illness, she lived with a country woman who raised her as a Christian, tending tended the flocks of sheep that the woman raised on her land.
		This self-proclaimed holy virgin was sought after by Olybrius, a lusty Roman prefect who tried to kill her when she resisted becoming his wife.
		The intensity of devotion of the Holy Blood was not as strong in England as on the Continent.
	www.holycross.edu /departments/visarts/projects/kempe/text/gloss5.html (5445 words)

	Mandate for Palestine - UK summary of the Palestine Royal Commission (Peel Commission) report Cmd. 5479 - League of ...
		An enclave should be demarcated extending from a point north of Jerusalem to a point south of Bethlehem, and access to the sea should be provided by a corridor extending to the north of the main road and to the south of the railway, including the towns Lydda and Ramle, and terminating at Jaffa.
		The protection of the Holy Places is a permanent trust, unique in its character and purpose, and not contemplated by Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations.
		Guarantees as to the rights of the Holy Places and free access thereto (as provided in Article 13 of the existing Mandate), as to transit across the mandated area, and as to non-discrimination in fiscal, economic and other matters should be maintained in accordance with the principles of the Mandate System.
	domino.un.org /UNISPAL.NSF/561c6ee353d740fb8525607d00581829/08e38a718201458b052565700072b358!OpenDocument (9902 words)

	+Via Rosa - Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Loreto) - Rosaries and Chaplets Devotional Prayers+
		Hence, whatever virtue and holiness is found in angels and saints must be present in Mary in an immeasurably higher degree.
		The King of Austria, ruler of the Holy League that defeated the Turks in the battle of Lepanto in 1517, brought his troops to Loreto before their history-changing victory.
		Apart from Holy Mass and the privacy of silent meditation on and with God, the only sound one hears is the gentle pressing of Rosary beads between thumbs and forefingers and the cadence of pilgrims softly rubbing and kissing rough walls hewn smooth as glass from centuries of devotion.
	prayers.viarosa.com /LitanyOfLoreto.html (1760 words)

	Catholic League Information
		Catholic League (Italian) - Alliance led by the Papal States during the Italian Wars
		Holy League (Mediterranean) - a Catholic states' alliance that won the Battle of Lepanto (1571)
		Holy League (Great Turkish war) - composed of European powers against the Ottoman Empire at the end of the 17th century.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Catholic_League (141 words)

	The Temple of Solomon
		The Holy of Holies lay to the north; it was a large room, measuring about thirteen by nine meters, with a deep niche in its northern wall.
		'The Holy of the Holies' is the bridal chamber.
		"...The cubit dimensions of the inner chamber of the Temple, the Holy of Holies, are precisely identical in size to the King's Chamber in the Pyramid and the same volume as the molten sea of water on the Temple Mount as prepared by King Solomon.
	www.mystae.com /restricted/streams/scripts/solomon.html (4087 words)

	Turkey - MSN Encarta
		In 1571 the Holy League fleet, led by John of Austria, moved into the eastern Mediterranean and destroyed the Ottoman fleet in the Battle of Lepanto.
		The victory was counteracted by the building of an entirely new fleet, and the Ottomans resumed their naval control in the Mediterranean for another half century.
		War with Austria followed (1593-1606), leading the sultan to recognize the Holy Roman emperor as an equal and to give up his insistence on annual Austrian payments of tribute—a fact that further opened Europe’s eyes to Ottoman decline.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761575380_11/Turkey.html (1444 words)

	Mishpocha
		Jews from Gaza, Ramle, and Safed were considered the "ideal guides" in the Holy Land in the fourteenth century, as Jacques of Verona, a visiting Christian monk, attested.
		The Jews were able to recount the history of these places since this knowledge had been handed down from their forefathers and wise men.
		The "Ishmaelite," or Islamic-bom, Jewish immigration to the Holy Land was prominent, and became intensified after the Spanish Inquisition.
	groups.msn.com /Mishpocha/continuousjewishpresenceinthe34holyland34.msnw (1815 words)

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