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	Luminarium Encyclopedia: Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
		CHARLES V, Roman Emperor and (as Charles) King of Spain, was born at Ghent on the 24th of February 1500.
		His grandfather, the Emperor Maximilian, as regent, appointed his daughter Margaret viceregent, and under her strenuous guardianship Charles lived in the Netherlands until the estates declared him of age in 1515.
		Previously to his election as emperor, his sister Isabella was married to Christian II of Denmark, and the marriages of Mary and Ferdinand with the king of Hungary and his sister had been arranged.
	www.luminarium.org /encyclopedia/charles5.htm (6167 words)

	Holy Roman Emperor (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Holy Roman Emperor was, with some variation, the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, the predecessor of modern Germany, during its existence from the 10th century until its collapse in 1806.
		The title of "emperor" was considered to have passed from the Romans to the Frankish kingdom when, in 800 AD, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, king of the Franks, emperor in exchange for the protection of the church.
		Until 1508, the king of the Germans, who was elected by a group of princes later known as electors, became emperor when he was crowned by the pope in Rome, after which he remained king (a title with functions in feudal law).
	www.1-free-software.com /en/wikipedia/h/ho/holy_roman_emperor.html (495 words)

	Encyclopedia: Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
		Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II Joseph II (March 13, 1741 â“ February 20, 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790.
		Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II Leopold II (born Peter Leopold Joseph) (Vienna, May 5, 1747 â€“ Vienna, March 1, 1792) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1790 to 1792 and Grand-duke of Tuscany.
		The overweening character of the Emperor was obvious to Frederick II of Germany, who, after their first interview in 1769, described him as ambitious, and as capable of setting the world on fire.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Joseph-II,-Holy-Roman-Emperor (4078 words)

	Holy Roman Empire (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Holy Roman Empire (German: Heiliges Römisches Reich) was a political conglomeration of lands in western and central Europe in the Middle Ages.
		The pope's crowning of Charlemagne as emperor in 800 formed the example that later kings would follow: it was the result of Charlemagne having defended the pope against the rebellious inhabitants of Rome, which initiated the notion of the Reich being the protector of the church.
		His later crowning as Emperor Otto I (later called "the Great") in 962 would mark an important step, since from then on the Empire – and not the West-Frankish kingdom that was the other remainder of the Frankish kingdoms – would have the blessing of the pope.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/holy_roman_empire (4391 words)

	Encyclopedia: Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor
		Heinrich (Henry) II, (born 1107, died January 13, 1177), Count Palatine of the Rhine 1140-1141, Margrave of Austria from 1141 to 1156, Duke of Bavaria from 1143 to 1156, Duke of Austria 1156-1177, was a prince from the dynasty of Babenberg.
		Philip of Swabia (1177-1208), German king and duke of Swabia, the rival of the emperor Otto IV, was the fifth and youngest son of the emperor Frederick I and Beatrix, daughter of Renaud III, count of Burgundy, and consequently brother of the emperor Henry VI.
		Lothair II of Supplinburg (1075– 1137), was the Duke of Saxony (1106), King of Germany (1125), and Holy Roman Emperor from 1133 to 1137.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Frederick-I,-Holy-Roman-Emperor (4985 words)

	Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Maximilian was born in Vienna as the son of the Emperor Frederick III and Eleanore of Portugal.
		Elected King of the Romans in 1486 at the initiative of his father, he also stood at the head of the Holy Roman Empire upon his father's death in 1493.
		Maximilian died in Wels, Upper Austria, and was succeeded as Emperor by his grandson Charles V, his son Philip I of Castile having died in 1506.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (519 words)

	Charles V, Holy Roman emperor. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-07
		1500–1558, Holy Roman emperor (1519–58) and, as Charles I, king of Spain (1516–56); son of Philip I and Joanna of Castile, grandson of Ferdinand II of Aragón, Isabella of Castile, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, and Mary of Burgundy.
		After bribing the electors, he was chosen Holy Roman emperor in succession to his grandfather, and in 1520 he departed for Germany.
		His brother Ferdinand, king of Bohemia and Hungary (later Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I), was elected king of the Romans, or German king, in 1531.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ch/Charles5HRE.html (1449 words)

	Encyclopedia: Holy Roman Empire
		The prince-electors or electoral princes of the Holy Roman Empire — German: Kurfürst (singular) Kurfürsten (plural) — were the members of the electoral college of the Holy Roman Empire, having the function of electing the Emperors of Germany.
		In the Holy Roman Empire, an Imperial Free City (in German: Freie Reichsstadt) was a city formally responsible to the Emperor only — as opposed to the majority of cities in the Empire, which belonged to a territory and were thus governed by one of the many princes and dukes of...
		The Holy Roman Empire is usually considered to have been founded in 962 by Otto I the Great, at the latest.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Holy-Roman-Empire (11947 words)

	Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Charles (February 24, 1500 - September 21 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor (as Charles V) from 1519-1558; he was also King of Spain from 1516-1556, officially as Charles I of Spain, although often referred to as Charles V ("Carlos Quinto" or "Carlos V") in Spain and Latin America.
		He was the son of Philip I and Joanna of Castile and grandson of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile and of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and Marie, Duchess of Burgundy.
		In 1545 the opening of the Council of Trent began the Counter-Reformation, and Charles won to the Catholic cause some of the princes of the Holy Roman Empire.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (1091 words)

	Maximilian I, 1459-1519, Holy Roman emperor and German king. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-07
		As emperor, he aspired to restore forceful imperial leadership and inaugurate much-needed administrative reforms in the increasingly decentralized empire.
		In 1486 he was elected king of the Romans (i.e., emperor-elect) and assumed an increasing share of the imperial duties until his father’s death.
		The marriage of his son Philip (see Philip I of Castile) to Joanna, the heiress of Ferdinand and Isabella, eventually gave his grandson, the future Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, one of the largest territorial inheritances in history.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ma/Maxi1HRE.html (694 words)

	Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Abroad, Frederick intervened in the Danish civil war between Svend III and Valdemar I of Denmark, and negotiations were begun with the East Roman emperor, Manuel I Comnenus.
		He undertook six expeditions into Italy, in the first of which he was crowned emperor in Rome by Pope Adrian IV in the aftermath of the overthrow by Imperial forces of the republican city commune led by Arnold of Brescia.
		This campaign was stopped by the sudden outbreak of the plague which threatened to destroy the Imperial army and drove the emperor as a fugitive to Germany, where he remained for the ensuing six years.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /frederick_i_barbarossa.htm (1444 words)

	Holy Roman Emperor - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Holy Roman Emperor
		When, on the death of the previous emperor, a candidate gained a majority vote from the electors and was then crowned at Aachen, he was officially titled King of the Romans.
		To become Holy Roman Emperor, the ruler had formally to be crowned in Rome by the pope.
		Though the position was elective and any monarch could present themselves as a candidate, the election tended to be dominated by one family: in the late 14th and early 15th century, it was the House of Luxemburg.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Holy+Roman+Emperor (248 words)

	Frederick Barbarossa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He undertook six expeditions into Italy, in the first of which he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome by Pope Adrian IV, following the suppression by Imperial forces of the republican city commune led by Arnold of Brescia.
		Frederick's campaign was stopped by the sudden outbreak of the plague which threatened to destroy the Imperial army and drove the emperor as a fugitive to Germany, where he remained for the ensuing six years.
		Friendly relations were entered into with the East Roman emperor Manuel, and attempts were made to come to a better understanding with Henry II of England and Louis VII of France.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (1777 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Emperor Charles V
		If he should also become emperor, and thus obtain a title to Milan as well, there would result a political condition against which the popes since Innocent III had constantly fought the union of Milan and Naples in one hand.
		On the 8th of May, 1521, the date of the edict against Luther, an offensive alliance against France was signed by representatives of the pope and the emperor.
		Ferdinand insisted that the authority of princes in the empire, as settled be the agreement of Passan, should be legally recognized by a decree of the Diet, and the equality of the Catholic and Lutheran religions accepted.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03625a.htm (4837 words)

	Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor
		Francis I (December 8, 1708 - August 18, 1765) was Holy Roman Emperor and grand duke of Tuscany.
		Emperor Charles VI favoured the family, who, besides being his cousins, had served the house of Austria with distinction.
		He succeeded his father as duke of Lorraine in 1729, but the emperor, at the end of the War of the Polish Succession, desiring to compensate his candidate Stanislaus Leszczynski for the loss of his crown in 1735, persuaded Francis to exchange Lorraine for the grand duchy of Tuscany.
	www.fact-index.com /f/fr/francis_i__holy_roman_emperor.html (406 words)

	Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (Site not responding. Last check: )
		He was the son of Philip I and Joanna of Castile and grandson of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile and of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor.
		After the death of his other grandfather, Maximilian, in 1519, he inherited Hapsburg lands in Austria and was elected Holy Roman Emperor.
		In 1548 he made the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands an entity separate from both the Empire and from France (the "Pragmatic Sanction of 1548").
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/c/ch/charles_v__holy_roman_emperor.html (857 words)

	Holy Roman Empire (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Roman title of emperor, which had lapsed in western Europe in the 5th century, was revived in 800 by Pope Leo III and conferred on Charlemagne, king of the Franks.
		After another lapse when the Carolingian line died out, the title of emperor, or Holy Roman emperor, was borne by successive dynasties of German kings almost continuously from the mid-10th century until the abolition of the empire.
		Maximilian I. (reigned 1493–1519) was the first emperor not to be so crowned; his successor, Karl V., did have a papal coronation in 1530, but the custom was abandoned in the war-torn period that followed, and it was never revived.
	www.hfac.uh.edu /gbrown/philosophers/leibniz/BritannicaPages/HolyRomanEmpire/HolyRomanEmpire.html (534 words)

	Karl V (1500-1558) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Holy Roman emperor (1519–56), king of Spain (as Charles I, 1516–56), and archduke of Austria (as Charles I, 1519–21), who inherited a Spanish and Habsburg empire extending across Europe from Spain and the Netherlands to Austria and the Kingdom of Naples and reaching overseas to Spanish America.
		Charles was the son of Philip I the Handsome, king of Castile, and Joan the Mad, and the grandson of Emperor Maximilian I. and Mary of Burgundy, as well as of the “Catholic Kings” Isabella I the Catholic, of Castile, and Ferdinand II the Catholic, of Aragon.
		The newly started war between the Emperor and France also came to a close when the mother of Francis I approached Margaret of Austria, the Emperor's aunt, through whose mediation the “ladies' peace” of Cambrai was concluded in August 1529.
	www.hfac.uh.edu /gbrown/philosophers/leibniz/BritannicaPages/EmperorKarl-V/EmperorKarl-V.html (2764 words)

	Otto III, Holy Roman emperor — Infoplease.com
		Otto III, 980–1002, Holy Roman emperor (996–1002) and German king (983–1002), son of Holy Roman Emperor Otto II and the Byzantine princess Theophano.
		Holy Roman Empire: Emperors - Holy Roman Empire: Emperors Charlemagne (Charles I), emperor of the West (800–814),...
		Masculinity, reform, and clerical culture: narratives of episcopal holiness in the Gregorian era (1).
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/people/A0837072.html (412 words)

	Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Maximilian was born in Vienna as the son of the Emperor Frederick III, Holy Roman EmperorFrederick III and Eleanore of Portugal.
		Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor Tu felix Austria nube
		Maximilian died in Wels, Upper Austria, and was succeeded as Emperor by his grandson Charles V, Holy Roman EmperorCharles V, his son Philip I of Castile having died in 1506.
	www.infothis.com /find/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (487 words)

	Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor
		The widely conquering and powerful king of the Franks (768-814) and Emperor of the Romans (800-14) that English speakers today know as Charlemagne (742-814), or Charles the Great, was known in latin as Carolus Magnus.
		It is not clear that Chartlemagne expected this but whether he did or not the people assembled in the church acclaimed him the great, pacific emperor of the Romans.
		Western rulers and popes had tender to regard the Emperors in Constantinople with the respect due to a sovereign previous to this but a disputed succession to that title helped to clear the way for this coronation.
	www.age-of-the-sage.org /historical/biography/charlemagne.html (888 words)

	HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE 1 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Holy Roman Empire, ended by a decision of the last Emperor, Francis II, on 6 August 1806, had already long ceased to be a major political power even though the prestige of the Imperial title conferred immense status and influence.
		The Holy Roman, or German Empire as it should better be described, could justly claim to be the successor of the Western Roman Empire despite its later foundation.
		The surest means of establishing dynastic rule was for the Emperor to insure that his immediate heir was the inevitable choice of the Electors”; by having him nominated King of the Romans in his own lifetime.
	www.almanachdegotha.com /newpage9.htm (356 words)

	AH 330 (Hutchison): Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor
		1355- Coronation with the Crown of the Lombards in Milan; coronation as Holy Roman Emperor in Rome.
		Holy Cross Chapel, Karlstein: located in the top of the tallest tower at Karlstein, it served as the treasury for the Imperial crown, sceptre, orb and other coronation regalia, as well as for the Emperor's most precious holy relics, including a piece of the True Cross.
		Particularly useful is the substantial catalogue of the exhibition held on the 500th anniversary of the Emperor's death in 1978 (Nuremberg).
	www.wisc.edu /arth/ah330/charles.html (1926 words)

	Timeline Holy Roman Empire
		1036-1056 Henry III ruled the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from Hamburg and Bremen in the north to the instep of Italy to the south, Burgundy in the west, and Hungary and Poland to the east.
		The Catholic heir to the Hapsburg dynasty, Charles V, was elected Holy Roman Emperor, combining the crowns of Spain, Burgundy (with the Netherlands), Austria and Germany.
		1640 Jun 9, Leopold I, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (1658-1705), was born.
	www.timelines.ws /countries/HOLY_ROMAN_EMP.HTML (2895 words)

	Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV of Germany (1316-1378) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV of Germany (1316-1378)
		harles IV (1316-78), emperor of the Romans, was born at Prague the son of John, king of Bohemia; was elected emperor (in opposition to Louis of Bavaria, died 1349) in 1346, as well as king of Italy at Milan in 1355.
		Charles IV (Holy Roman Empire), called Charles of Luxembourg (1316-78), king of Bohemia and of the Germans, Holy Roman emperor (1347-78; crowned 1355).
	share.geocities.com /Heartland/Ranch/8882/Notes2/00224.htm (111 words)

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