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Topic: Homestead Steel Strike

	Homestead Strike - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Homestead Strike was a labor lockout and strike which began on June 30, 1892, with a bloody day-long battle between strikers and private security agents erupting on July 6, 1892.
		The AA strike at the Homestead steel mill in was different from previous large-scale strikes in American history such as the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 or the Great Southwest Railroad Strike of 1886.
		The Homestead strike was organized and purposeful, a harbinger of the type of strike which would mark the modern age of labor relations in the United States.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Homestead_Strike (4498 words)

	The Allegheny County Labor Council - Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
		Devoted companion and comrade of Emma Goldman, he was imbued with the spirit of l9th century anarchism and its heavy emphasis on the "propaganda of the deed"-- heroic, exemplary action that would act as a catalyist for the downtrodden workers and peasants.
		In the case of the Homestead strike and its aftermath, one notes that defeat notwithstanding, subsequent generations of steelworkers did fashion viable survival strategies for themselves and their families, engaged in another titanic struggle for union recognition in l9l9, and finally prevailed with the coming of the New Deal and the CIO.
		Homestead itself was dependent upon US Steel, even after the coming of the United Steelworkers of America, for such basic public services as snow removal and street repairs.
	www.pittsburghaflcio.org /homestead.htm (1921 words)

	Henry Clay Frick - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This meeting resulted in a partnership between H.C. Frick and Company and Carnegie Steel Company, and was the predecessor to United States Steel.
		The workers dubbed the newly fortified mill "Fort Frick." Frick's forcible repression of the strike, using a small army of Pinkertons, resulted in several deaths and was ultimately quelled by the additional action of 8,000 militia.
		The attempted assassination had no effect on labor conditions at Homestead Works, although Berkman and fellow anarchist Emma Goldman were able to use the resultant publicity to become anarchist spokespeople.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Henry_Clay_Frick (772 words)

	Homestead Strike 1892
		The following extracts from Louis Adamic, Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman describe the Homestead Strike in 1892, and the circumstances of Berkman’s shooting of Henry Clay Frick, the head of the Carnegie Steel Company’s strike-breaking operation.
		In 1892 there burst out the fury of the so-called Homestead strike, which was really a lockout, involving on the one hand the iron and steel workers, who, with a membership of nearly 25,000, were one of the strongest unions in the country, and on the other the Carnegie Steel Company.
		It was the Carnegie mills, not the Homestead workers.
	www.geocities.com /CapitolHill/Senate/7672/homestead.html (1873 words)

	Landing Site 4: Homestead (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Homestead is most famous for being the location of the famous Homestead Steel Strike.
		The Homestead Steel Works was acquired in 1883 by Andrew Carnegie from a competitor who had built the plant only two years earlier.
		By 1948 Homestead was thriving and the steel works was the largest in the Mononghela valley region.
	www.ma.iup.edu /courses/ls499/steel/montour/stage/homestead.html (219 words)

	The American Experience \| Andrew Carnegie \| Strike at Homestead Mill
		Steelworker William Foy and the captain of the Pinkertons fell wounded.
		Although Carnegie would later try to distance himself from the events at Homestead, his cables to Frick were clear: Do whatever it takes.
		Homestead was placed under martial law, and by mid-August the mill was in full swing, employing 1700 scab workers.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/carnegie/sfeature/mh_horror.html (986 words)

	Educate Yourself - Homestead Strike
		The steel industry was in the midst of a general business slowdown and if profits were to be maintained near existing levels, the number of workers would have to be reduced.
		Homestead proved to be the bloodiest labor battle the country had witnessed.
		The Homestead strike of 1892 represented a reversal for the labor movement that lasted until the days of the New Deal.
	www.buyandhold.com /bh/en/education/history/2001/homestead.html (1454 words)

	The Homestead Strike of 1892
		Even though Homestead depended on the steel industry for its livelihood, the employees were willing to fight to the death for their union.
		After the Homestead strike, Andrew Carnegie was viewed as being responsible and he was never able to recover from the public scrutiny.
		Because the violence of the Homestead Strike was viewed as management's fault, the view of unions in the United States improved.
	oak.cats.ohiou.edu /~mk247899/info-pub.htm (946 words)

	Homestead strike
		Homestead strike, in U.S. history, a bitterly fought labor dispute.
		The plant opened, nonunion workers stayed on the job, and the strike, which was officially called off on Nov. 20, was broken.
		The Homestead strike led to a serious weakening of unionism in the steel industry until the 1930s.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/history/A0824055.html (196 words)

	Munhall's 'identity crisis' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Indeed, the boundary line between Homestead and Munhall is so confusing that Rand McNally, publisher of the Pittsburgh and Allegheny County Street Guide, put the Munhall borough building in Homestead until its most recent edition, where it removed the building altogether.
		Homestead Borough was chartered in 1880, a natural progression because it had become a developed section of Mifflin Township, which covered most of what is now the Mon Valley in Allegheny County.
		The strike was known as the Homestead Steel Strike.
	www.post-gazette.com /pg/05132/502826.stm (793 words)

	HOMESTEAD STEEL STRIKE, PENNSYLVANIA BIOGRAPHIES
		The results of this battle, known as the Homestead Steel Strike of 1892, set labor back 40 years.
		The general manager of the Carnegie Steel Company, Henry C. Frick, was determined to break the union - the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers.
		Homestead was one of the most important strikes of the 1890's, which set industrial policy for years to come.
	www.geocities.com /Heartland/4547/homestead.html (360 words)

	SparkNotes: Mother Jones: Steel Strike 1919
		The steel corporation had preyed for years on immigrants, who were easily exploited, and had even used its name, the United States Steel Corporation, to scare the immigrants into thinking that the corporation was actually a branch of the government.
		The strike was difficult to organize and coordinate because the strikers were spread out between fifty towns and ten states, and the strikers faced all manner of harassment.
		The strike began to collapse in the face of the relentless violence of the United States Steel Corporation and President Gary's ruthlessness and obstinacy.
	www.sparknotes.com /biography/motherjones/section9.rhtml (686 words)

	YPA: Homestead Main Street (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		During Homestead's heyday, Eighth Avenue was a thriving retail district serving much of the Monongahela Valley.
		In his book Homestead: The glory and tragedy of a an American steel town, William Serrin recalls streets thronged with shoppers every Saturday, and quotes a long time resident's recollection that, Eighth Avenue was like a little Broadway.
		It is significant for the buildings that remain from such tumultuous times as the Homestead Steel Strike of 1892 through the town's boom years in the 1940s.
	communityconnections.heinz.cmu.edu /ypa/homestead.jsp (219 words)

	Archives Service Center - Finding Aids Collection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Gaughan became interested in the history of the Homestead Works as a management trainee in the 1950s, when he heard a lecture on the 1892 Homestead Steel Strike.
		The records date from the early years of the mill (1887) to the closing of the Homestead Works Plant in 1988 and include plant operational floor plans and architectural drawings of plant buildings and machinery, company publications, reports, internal memoranda, negatives, photographic prints, and motion picture film.
		These sources include articles, academic papers, biographies, dissertations, and timelines describing the evolution of Pittsburgh's steel industry, leaders such as Andrew Carnegie and Charles Schwab, notable events like the Homestead Strike of 1892, and the chronology of ownership of the Homestead Works.
	www.library.pitt.edu /guides/archives/finding-aids/ais943.htm (1364 words)

	Digital History
		The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 was the country's first major rail strike and witnessed the first general strikes in the nation's history.
		The strikes and the violence it spawned briefly paralyzed the country's commerce and led governors in ten states to mobilize 60,000 militia members to reopen rail traffic.
		But labor strikes in the rail yards recurred from 1884 to 1886 and from 1888 to 1889 and again in 1894.
	www.digitalhistory.uh.edu /database/article_display.cfm?HHID=224 (736 words)

	Rivers Of Steel
		From 1875 to 1980, southwestern Pennsylvania was the Steel Making Capital of the World, producing the steel for some of America's greatest icons such as the Brooklyn Bridge and the Empire State Building.
		While many of the region's legendary mill sites have been dismantled, and it has been decades since the mills belched fire and smoke over Pittsburgh's skyline, the enormity of the region's steel-making contributions and its historical significance to the nation demand its story be told and its sites be preserved.
		The proposed park would be located on 38 acres surrounding the Carrie Furnaces, the last of the giant blast furnaces from the Homestead Works, and the Pump House, site of the bloody 1892 Homestead Steel Strike.
	www.riversofsteel.com /ros.aspx?id=3&h=78&sn=88 (217 words)

	Ch. 19 Cooperation
		Workers at the Carnegie Homestead Steel Plant went on strike because a new manager broke the company's wage agreement with the workers and lowered their wages.
		Their strike was not successful because the workers in Carnegie's other steel mills were not part of the union and they continued to produce steel and make profit for the company.
		The effect of their strike caused the supporters from the American Railway Union to be arrested and the workers to gain nothing.
	brt.uoregon.edu /cyberschool/history/ch19/cooperation.html (1361 words)

	Amazon.com: Meet You in Hell: Andrew Carnegie, Henry Clay Frick, and the Bitter Partnership That Transformed America: ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		But they were also pivotal figures in the infamous Homestead Steel strike, where Frick, acting on implicit orders from Carnegie, dispatched hundreds of private security guards into a testy labor situation, resulting in mayhem and death on all sides and forever casting a pall over the history of American labor relations.
		For this was clearly the case in the town of Homestead, Pa. in the summer of 1892 when Henry Clay Frick with the tacit approval of Andrew Carnegie commissioned Pinkerton guards and brought in boatloads of "scabs" in response to a labor dispute at the Carnegie Steel mill.
		One result of the failed strike was that union organizing in the steel industry was dealt a serious blow from which it did not recover until the 1930s.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/1400047676?v=glance (3297 words)

	A place for steel?
		In the Steel Valley, the land of big steel is being transformed into the land of big box stores.
		Called Rivers of Steel, the heritage area is one of 15 in the nation that were selected because they have a special story to tell the nation.
		The steel heritage group is working to build river landings in 11 communities from Kittanning to Brownsville that could serve as stops for tourists.
	www.post-gazette.com /regionstate/20000312steelpark4.asp (1305 words)

	The American Experience \| Andrew Carnegie \| People & Events \| The Homestead Strike
		One of the most difficult episodes Andrew Carnegie's life -- and one that revealed the steel magnate's conflicting beliefs regarding the rights of labor -- was the bitter conflict in 1892 at his steel plant in Homestead, Pennsylvania.
		The conflict at Homestead arose at a time when the fast-changing American economy had stumbled and conflicts between labor and management had flared up all over the country.
		In the face of depressed steel prices, Henry C. Frick, general manager of the Homestead plant that Carnegie largely owned, was determined to cut wages and break the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, one of the strongest craft unions in the country.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/carnegie/peopleevents/pande04.html (1244 words)

	Rivers Of Steel
		See how the steel industry played a major role in shaping not only the economy but also the culture and environment of the Monongahela Valley communities.
		For over a hundred years, the Monongahela River was the backbone of the steel industry in southwestern Pennsylvania.
		Pass by "The Point", a symbol for Pittsburgh's "renaissance" from a smoky mill town to a modern, high tech city and learn the early history of this waterway and its significance in the settlement of the region.
	www.riversofsteel.com /ros.aspx?id=39&h=79&sn=90 (242 words)

	Homestead Strike Bibliography/Videography/Discography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Sharp, John F. A Comparative Study of the Homestead Strike, 1892 and the Great Steel Strike, 1919.
		Lockout, The Story of the Homestead Strike of 1892: A Study of Violence, Unionism and the Carnegie Steel Empire.
		The Masses and the Millionaires: The Homestead Strike.
	www.bgsu.edu /departments/acs/1890s/carnegie/bib.html (176 words)

	Mon Valley Media - Productions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Homestead labor leaders John McLuckie and Hugh O'Donnell organize to defend their jobs and community against the wage cuts and union-busting tactics of millionaire mill owner Andrew Carnegie and his manager Henry Clay Frick.
		In 1996, the Pump House, the only existing structure at the Homestead Works that was on-site in July of 1892 was recently restored by Park Corporation, which purchased the Homestead Works after USX closed the plant in 1986.
		Marking the seventy-fifth anniversary of the 1919 steel strike, labor historians, writers, actors, filmmakers, organizers and community members met over two days to study and comment on the events of the "Great Strike" of 1919.
	www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu /usr/sd3h/Productions.html (379 words)

	The Homestead Strike
		For almost five months in 1892, the Homestead lodges of the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers and the Carnegie Steel Company, Limited clashed over contract negotiations in what has become known as The Homestead Strike.
		In 1889, workers had won a strike and negotiated a three-year contract for a sliding scale wage which was determined by the fluctuating market prices of 4 x 4 standard Bessemer steel billets.
		The workers hid behind ramparts of steel, pig iron and scrap iron and returned fire while the women and children retreated out of range.
	www.bgsu.edu /departments/acs/1890s/carnegie/strike.html (557 words)

	Homestead Strike
		The Homestead Steel Works, located southeast of Pittsburgh, was an important segment of Andrew Carnegie's empire.
		In fact, the Homestead strike was a total defeat for the workers and unionism as a whole.
		The Homestead plant was reopened to non-union workers, but wages were cut beyond the earlier proposal and the work day was lengthened.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h769.html (273 words)

	About the Battle of Homestead Foundation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Battle of Homestead Foundation (BHF) was established in 1996 by a group of historians, artists and concerned local residents to promote the Pump House in Munhall as an important national labor history site.
		The group had coalesced around the events commemorating the centennial of the 1892 Homestead Steel Strike, after organizing the centennial conference, publishing an anthology, and producing a film.
		The mission of the BHF is is promote the Pump House as a labor history monument and meeting place that will attract labor groups, out-of town visitors, students, and the general public interested in Western Pennsylvania’s industrial and labor heritage.
	home.earthlink.net /~homestead1892/BoH/about.html (240 words)

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