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Topic: Hominines

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	S292 Assessment
		Unit 4 is an important foundation unit, because hominine and human evolution are described in later units in the context of modern evolutionary theory.
		Australopithecus afarensis, an early hominine, was a large animal, the females being ~1 metre tall, the males, 1.7 metres tall.
		Fossil evidence indicates that bipedalism was the earliest hominine adaptation.
	www.open.ac.uk /StudentWeb/s292/LTIC/Downloads/studyguide.htm (17194 words)

	Homo erectus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Early in the century, it was believed that modern humans first evolved in Asia, in contrast to naturalist Charles Darwin's prediction of African origins.
		erectus is a descendant of earlier hominines such as the australopithecines and early Homo species.
		These early hominines were tall, on average standing about 1.79 m (5 feet, 10 inches).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Homo_erectus (1130 words)

	HISTORY OF EVOLUTION (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Two-legged walking, or bipedalism, seems to be one of the earliest of the major hominine characteristics to have evolved.
		In early hominines, the face was large and positioned in front of the braincase.
		These remains—which date to 1.5 million to 2 million years ago—constitute evidence that by this time early hominines were eating meat, but whether this food was obtained by hunting or by scavenging is not known.
	schoolweb.missouri.edu /ashland.k12.mo.us/kct/history.html (767 words)

	123Student
		An examination of the fossil record of the hominines reveals several biological and behavioral trends characteristic of the hominine subfamily.
		Face and Teeth The third major trend in hominine development is the gradual decrease in the size of the face and teeth.
		It is, therefore, quite possible that the known hominine fossil record, which begins about 5 million years ago, extends back virtually to the beginnings of the human line.
	www.123student.com /enivornment/1556.shtml (2711 words)

	Le premier homme en [dix] questions
		D’après le tableau ci-dessus, on voit que les paninés et les homininés partagent un dernier ancêtre commun exclusif.
		On note que les inventeurs respectifs de ces deux fossiles les situent au commencement de la lignée des homininés, après le dernier ancêtre commun.
		Les changements d’environnement provoqués par l’accentuation des cycles glaciaires ont raison des homininés, encore trop dépendants du monde des arbres.
	www.cndp.fr /RevueTDC/856-66016.htm (3970 words)

	MR.EVIL
		These remains constitute evidence that by this time early hominines were eating meat, but whether this food was obtained by hunting or by scavenging is not known.
		The first part of the time span of H. erectus, like that of the earlier-in-time hominines, is limited to southern and eastern Africa.
		The brain sizes of early H. erectus fossils are not much larger than those of previous hominines, ranging from 750 to 800 cc (45.8 to 48.8 cu in).
	www.geocities.com /evil0130/human3.html (528 words)

	Science - Evolution
		The earliest hominine fossils show evidence of marked differences in body size, which may reflect a pattern of the different sexes in our early ancestors.
		An evolutionary split seems to have occurred in the hominine line, with one group evolving toward the genus Homo, and finally to modern humans, and the others developing into australopithecine species that eventually became extinct.
		There is some disagreement among scientists on whether the hominine fossil record shows a continuous evolutionary development from the first appearance of Homo sapiens to modern humans.
	essay.studyarea.com /Old_Essay/science/evolution1.htm (3007 words)

	PlanetPapers - Human Evolution
		Two-legged walking seems to be one of the earliest of the major hominine characteristics to have evolved.
		The third major trend in hominine development is the gradual decrease in the size of the face and teeth.
		Large differences in body size between males and females, characteristic of earlier hominine species, are less evident in Homo erectus specimens.
	www.planetpapers.com /Assets/895.php (927 words)

	Acheulean Gallery
		This pretty well encompasses the whole geographic area occupied by early hominines at that time, although a slightly larger part of West Asia than the Levant might have been occupied from ~2 million years ago (e.g.
		Hominines as well as Acheulean for the first time appear in Northwest Europe, at sites such as Boxgrove in the UK and Cagny in the French Somme Valley.
		If you were a Pleistocene hominine able to produce a large symmetric handaxe this meant (according to Kohn and Mithen) that you are genetically fit and therefore a desirable mating partner.
	home.wanadoo.nl /marco.langbroek/acheul.html (2020 words)

	EVOLUTION OF HUMANS (Site not responding. Last check: )
		“Bipedalism seems to be one of the earliest of the major hominine characteristics to have evolved.”(Microsoft Encarta) Bipedalism enabled humans to develop specific physical traits to accommodate their upright posture, such as a specialized pelvis, hip and leg muscles, and an S-shaped vertebral column.
		“The earliest hominine fossils show evidence of marked differences in body size, which may reflect a pattern of the different sexes in our early ancestors”.(Gallagher) Females tended to be smaller, weighing in at about 70 lbs and measuring 3 to 4 feet tall, while men were on average 5ft tall and weighing 150lbs.
		“The third major trend in hominine development is the gradual decrease in the size of the face and teeth.”(Microsoft Encarta) Unlike the apes (from whom we derived) that were characterized by large, tusk-like canine teeth, the earliest hominine remains were smaller in size and had canines that projected slightly.
	www.priweb.org /ed/ICTHOL/ICTHOL04papers/60.htm (1459 words)

	Lucy - Crystalinks
		Both Don and Tom had carefully analyzed the partial skeleton and calculated that an amazing 40% of a hominin skeleton was recovered, which, while sounding generally unimpressive, is astounding in the world of anthropology.
		In fact these hominines may have occasionally walked upright but still walked on all fours like apes; the curved fingers on A. afarensis are similar to those of modern-day apes, which use them for climbing trees.
		These hominines were likely to be somewhat like modern Homo sapiens when it came to the matter of social behavior, yet like modern day apes they relied on the safety of trees from predators such as lions.
	www.crystalinks.com /lucy.html (1455 words)

	History Channel Search Results
		At the cave site of Peking (now Beijing) man in north China, there is evidence that fire was used; the animal fossils that have been found are sometimes of large mammals such as elephants.
		There is some disagreement among scientists on whether the hominine fossil record shows a continuous evolutionary development from the first appearance of H.
		Further, for the first time in human evolution, hominines began to bury their dead deliberately, the bodies often buried with stone tools, animal bones, and even flowers.
	www.historychannel.com /thcsearch/thc_resourcedetail.do?encyc_id=212317 (2598 words)

	Untitled
		One branch evolved to become the genus Paranthropus with adaptations to heavy grinding and chewing.
		Difficulties caused by a low-quality abrasive diet were apparently offset by a reduction in competition for food resources with other hominines.
		Chimpanzees and gorillas, along with early hominines, possess a "simian shelf" that performs the same function (with greater effect in these species with a much stronger bite).
	ijolite.geology.uiuc.edu /02SprgClass/geo143/lectures/lect24.html (1459 words)

	Hominins
		First hominines descended from the trees to walk on two feet.
		They were the first hominins to leave Africa moving through Eurasia and China, and by 800,000 years ago hominins had arrived in Europe.
		Some scientists believe that Homo erectus is the founding father of all later humans while other scientists believe that the lines of erectus and ergaster diverged.
	alloftimeonline.com /Hominines.htm (398 words)

	EK \| Kassid \| Pliocene Pussy Cat Theory
		Five cats per hominine, each bringing in an average of two extra mice (or prey equivalent) each day, together with what little the hominine could find for itself, would easily support an australopithecine.
		A bond was formed between feline and hominine, with the hominine supplying most of the food at first, and then after moving out into the savanna, cats supplying most of the food.
		Protection for their kittens would have been the most important, but thecats would have also appreciated a warm body to curl up next to at night, and something that only a hominine can provide, fingers to scratch that spot on the neck that can't be gotten to any other way.
	www.lap.ttu.ee /erki/pliocene.html (2899 words)

	Homininae - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The subfamily Homininae can be further subdivided into the tribes Gorillini (gorillas) and Hominini (chimpanzees and humans).
		A hominin is a member of the tribe Hominini, a hominine is a member of the subfamily Homininae, a hominid is a member of the family Hominidae, and a hominoid is a member of the superfamily Hominoidea.
		Wikibooks Dichotomous Key has more about this subject:
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hominine (216 words)

	Kenyan pre-history - Ardipithecus ramidus - Traditional Music & Cultures of Kenya
		The arm exhibits both apelike and non-apelike features, from which, White and his colleagues concluded that the mode of locomotion cannot confidently be determined.
		Highly fragmented and encased in a matrix, the skeleton will take a long time to prepare and analyse fully, but preliminary indications are that it might reveal a more primitive, chimp-like morphology - hence the change of genus name.
		However, even though the possibility has been raised that ramidus might even be an ape, it is fairly sure that it is a hominid, as the very earliest hominines were expected to be apelike (or even possibly chimp-like) in many ways such as dentition anyway.
	www.bluegecko.org /kenya/tribes/turkana/images/ramidus.htm (534 words)

	Hominoidea
		"hominine: The terms hominine, hominin, hominoid, hominid, are not interchangeable, but their classification criteria are variously in a state of flux.
		In general, the hominoids are a primate superfamily, the hominid family comprises the great apes within the hominoid superfamily, the hominini are a "tribe" within the hominids characterized by a number of features including bipedalism, and the hominini are further partitioned into the genera Homo and Australopithecus.
		New approaches and methods are needed to address the problem of hominin phylogeny.
	www.ecotao.com /holism/add/Hominoidea.html (620 words)

	Fast Breaking Comment by Dr.Brigitte Senut
		Its cheek teeth, for example are smaller and are closer to those of 4-5 million year old hominids.
		It would suggest that the ape/human ancestor had small cheek teeth which remained quite small in hominines, but became larger in Australopithecines.
		In terms of postcranials, the ape/human ancestor would have been a tree-dweller which became bipedal in hominids, the Australopithecines remained adapted to tree-climbing, and the hominines slowly lost their climbing adaptations.
	www.esi-topics.com /fbp/comments/december-01-Brigitte-Senut.html (960 words)

	S292 The Emergence of Humans
		the modelling of the social organization of early hominines by comparison with specific living species of primate.
		With the male providing food, females would be able to reproduce at shorter intervals giving them selective advantage over other large hominines.
		the technique used by hominines to produce flakes reliably and precisely from stone cores.
	www.frances.plus.com /s292glossary.html (4237 words)

	homo floresiensis: meet the latest member of the family
		Six years ago, when the Australian scientists Peter Brown and Mike Morwood announced that they had found stone tools dating from 800 000 years ago on the island of Flores, 500 kilometres east of Java, they had a hunch that they were onto something big.
		In September 2003, they unearthed the remains of an astonishing little human belonging to no known species, in the Liang Bua caves on this same island of Flores.
		In two papers that have just been published in the journal Nature, the discoverers of these remarkable remains show that only 18 000 years ago, long after the disappearance of the Neanderthals (roughly 30 000 years ago), Homo sapiens was not the only hominine* on the planet.
	www.cite-sciences.fr /francais/ala_cite/science_actualites/sitesactu/question_actu.php?langue=an&id_article=3583&id_mag=0 (937 words)

	Kennedy, M. E. --- The Search for Adamþs Ancestors
		In addition, the decrease in the size of the teeth from the front of the mouth to the back is a trait similar to the arrangement of teeth in the hominines.
		habilis sensu stricto [in the strict sense] is hominine with respect to its masticatory complex [mouth and jaws], it retains an essentially australopithecine postcranial skeleton [body].
		Homo rudolfensis, on the other hand, apparently combines a later Homo-like postcranial skeleton with a face and dentition [teeth] which are adaptively analogous to those of the 'robust' australopithecines, especially, P.
	www.grisda.org /resources/dialogue_0812.htm (2368 words)

	Hominins
		First hominines descended from the trees to walk on two feet.
		They were the first hominins to leave Africa moving through Eurasia and China, and by 800,000 years ago hominins had arrived in Europe.
		Some scientists believe that Homo erectus is the founding father of all later humans while other scientists believe that the lines of erectus and ergaster diverged.
	www.alloftimeonline.com /Hominines.htm (406 words)

	Periodicity of Linear Enamel Hypoplasia Among Miocene Dryopithecus from Can Llobateres, Spain: An Indicator ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		He has advocated further study of these potential markers of absolute time in fossilized hard tissues to study the evolution of delayed or slow maturation in hominines.
		This is consistent with the finding here thatDryopithecus probably matured rather quicker than cercopithecoids but not as slowly as contemporary apes.
		The potential of studies of developmental defects of enamel to disclose maturation rates as a significant componentof the reconstruction of life history strategies in fossil primates and hominines is strengthened by the results of this study.
	www.sfu.ca /archaeology/dept/ugradstu/honours/bahon/DUPRAS.HTM (399 words)

	sci.anthropology.paleo: African or Eurasian origin?
		gorillas diverge at approximately 8 Ma, and hominins and chimpanzees diverge
		related to the ancestor of the hominines [10,12,46] (Fig.
		The suggestion that hominoids ancestral to hominines lived in Eurasia and
	sci.tech-archive.net /Archive/sci.anthropology.paleo/2004-08/0008.html (2444 words)

	College and University Dialogue
		Homo rudolfensis, on the other hand, apparently combines a later Homo-like postcranial skeleton [body] with a face and dentition [teeth] which are adaptively analogous to those of the ‘robust’ australopithecines, especially P.
		boisei.” Many characters that occur together in the australopithecines and in the hominines represent a mosaic of traits.
		Information on the australopithecines and hominines was obtained from the following sources: Tattersall, p.
	dialogue.adventist.org /articles/08_1_kennedy_ep.htm (2750 words)

	Human History and Human Origin
		Ardipithecus Ramidus: The earliest Hominines fossil of 4.4 mln.yrs ago.
		The Earliest Hominine species; resembles to Australopithecine; up right walking.
		2.0 million years old: Genus Homo (Hominines) descended from A. Robust was found.
	www.members.aol.com /fpark39324/myhomepage (7597 words)

	Test
		Question #4 We distinguish very early hominines (humans) from very early pongids (apes) by evidence:
		Question #8 Evidence from sites such as Hadar and -?- indicates that hominines were fully bipedal by 3.1 million years ago.
		Question #9 Evolutionary psychologists are aware that their investigations and publications are subject to misinterpretation and often caution against repeating errors of the past.
	www.rlc.dcccd.edu /mathSci/anth/xms/P101/P101X04/P101X04Q.HTM (187 words)

	FRANK PARK HISTORY BOOK
		Ardipithecus Ramidus: The earliest Hominines fossil of 5/4.4 mln.
		Homo Ergaster descended from a more advanced Hominine having been found in Africa and Asia.
		Then it was named as Homo Ergaster, but science is not certain where it came from.
	frankpark0.tripod.com /frankparkhistorybook/id4.html (9183 words)

	A cranium for the earliest Europeans: Phylogenetic position of the hominid from Ceprano, Italy -- Manzi et al. 98 (17): ...
		In this light, Ceprano can be considered as a good candidate to
		represent the last common ancestor for this latter group of hominines,
		An Early Pleistocene hominin mandible from Atapuerca-TD6, Spain
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/98/17/10011 (3115 words)

	GEOL 102 The Cenozoic Era V: The Scatterlings of Africa
		At around 7 Ma, one lineage of hominids split from the ancestors of Pan.
		The first hominines ("hominids" in the old sense) primarily lived on edges of forest and grassland.
		Basal hominine taxonomy is confused: traditionally grouped into a paraphyletic "Australopithecus"; probably better placed into a series of basal taxa (Sahelanthropus, Orrorin, Ardipithecus, Praeanthropus, etc.) and three clades of advanced genera with fully upright posture and fully opposable thumbs:
	www.geol.umd.edu /~tholtz/G102/102ceno5.htm (602 words)

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