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Topic: Homo ergaster

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Genus Homo

Homo rudolfensis

Homo heidelbergensis

Homo habilis

Homo antecessor

Evolution of Homo sapiens

Homo erectus

Human evolution

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	Hominid Chronology
		Shortly after Homo ergaster appeared, humans began to leave Africa for the first time and migrate to other continents, forced to hunt for new foodstocks by progressively cooler global temperatures at the start of the Pleistocene era.
		Homo erectus quickly spread further east to the emergent Sunda continental shelf off East Asia’s present south coast, before rising sea levels cut the shelf into a series of islands of which the modern Indonesian island of Java is the southernmost.
		Homo erectus shared these bamboo forests with pigs, a type of elephant called Stegodon and the biggest primate that has ever lived: the giant vegetarian ape Gigantopithecus - a cousin of the earlier Ramapithecus.
	www.kessler-web.co.uk /History/FeaturesAfrica/HominidChronology4.htm (2107 words)

	Homo ergaster (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		One distinguishing feature between early Homo and ergaster/erectus involves increased brain size (ranging between 850 and 1100 cc, with an increase over time), although the increase in body size actually means that the relative brain size has increased but little.
		Early Homo gave rise to a large-bodied, large-brained speices in Africa approximately 2 million years ago, but this species is now called Homo ergaster by many anthropologists.
		Homo ergaster expanded its range beyond Africa and into Asia soon after its origin and at least by 1.8 million years ago; it then gave rise to Homo erectus in those areas.
	www.geocities.com /palaeoanthropology/Hergaster.html (367 words)

	Wikinfo \| Homo erectus
		Homo erectus is a hominid species that is believed to be an ancestor of modern humans.
		Homo erectus had a brain about 74 percent of the size of modern man. These early humans were tall and on average stood about 5 feet, 10 inches.
		Homo erectus (along with Homo ergaster) was probably the first early human to fit squarely into the category of a hunter and predator and not as prey for larger animals.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Homo_erectus (451 words)

	Human Evolution - MSN Encarta
		Homo ergaster probably first evolved in Africa around 2 million years ago.
		ergaster was particularly well adapted for walking and perhaps for running long distances in a hot environment (a tall and slender body dissipates heat well) but not for any significant amount of tree climbing.
		ergaster descended from an earlier population of Homo—perhaps one of the two known species of early Homo—and that the modern human line descended from H.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761566394_8/Human_Evolution.html (2018 words)

	Homo ergaster's tapeworm
		Homo ergaster displays a set of features that support the adoption of a new meat-eating or scavenging type niche as opposed to the largely vegetarian diet of the Australopithecines.
		Homo ergaster displays no sexual dimorphism between the two genders, has an enlarged brain (relative to forebears) (about 900 c.c.) and its molars and premolars are smaller in size, indicating an omnivorous diet that included meat.
		Homo ergaster is however an important hominid on the path to humanity.
	www.ecotao.com /holism/hu_ergaster.htm (1832 words)

	Human Evolution
		Homo ergaster is one of the more-problematic species in the human lineage because there is no clear distinction between H.
		Homo neanderthalis possessed extremely similar dental patterns to Homo sapiens, with the few exceptions being that they have no groove on canine teeth and a space behind their last molars.
		Homo sapiens, like most of their relatives, are bipedal, which means they have an upright posture and walk with only their legs.
	tolweb.org /treehouses/?treehouse_id=3710 (5019 words)

	Homo erectus - Leakey Ancestors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Another Homo erectus cranial character is the 'occipital bun', the distinct bun-shaped protrusion at the back of the skull.
		New dates suggest that Homo erectus reached Java sometime between 1.8 and 1.6 million years ago, and a Homo erectus mandible from Dmanisi in the Georgian Republic is believed to be of a similar age.
		When Homo erectus was first recognised in Africa, several researchers suggested that this was not the same species as that found in Java and China.
	www.inhandmuseum.com /LA/erectus/ErectusFrame.html (672 words)

	Russell Ciochon -- African Emergence and Asian Dispersals of Homo
		Thus, the earliest Homo erectus (better termed Homo ergaster) fossils in the eastern Rift Valley appear fully developed by 1.9 mya, whereas the Javanese fossils (classic Asian Homo erectus), which are thought to be the earliest in Asia, have traditionally received broad age estimates of only 700,000 years to 1.1 million years.
		The skull of Homo ergaster is more generalized, having a higher or domed cranium, fairly thin cranial bones, weak brow ridges and a lightly built face, features that align the species more with Homo sapiens.
		Homo ergaster already had many anotomical features of Homo sapiens, including a high, domed cranium with realatively light cranial and facial bones and a lanky torso with long, well-muscled limbs.
	www.uiowa.edu /~bioanth/homo.html (8417 words)

	Homo Erectus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Homo erectus as currently defined from Asia would be one species which became extinct in the last half million years.
		The problem of defining Homo erectus is that it is viewed at present as a grade of human evolution intermediate between the small-brained early Pleistocene hominids and the large brained Homo sapiens.
		In other words, the Asian Homo erectus population appears to be evolutionarily separated from those hominids of a similar grade in Africa, and eventually became extinct.
	www.stanford.edu /~harryg/protected/chp22.htm (1005 words)

	Homo erectus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The first findings of Homo erectus fossils were made in the late 19th and early 20th century in Indonesia and China.
		Homo erectus then became the direct ancestor of Homo sapiens by a gradual worldwide (excluding the Americas and Australia) evolutionary transformation of all populations of Homo erectus.
		The second hypothesis is referred to as the "Out of Africa Model" and believes that that it was not a gradual worldwide change that led to the evolutionary transformation of populations of Homo erectus, but a speciation event in a single population in Africa, which then spread throughout the Old World and replaced established populations.
	www.geocities.com /palaeoanthropology/Herectus.html (493 words)

	ScienceDaily: Ethiopian Fossil Skull Indicates Homo Erectus Was Single, Widespread Species 1 Million Years Ago
		Homo ergaster -- Homo ergaster ("working man") is an extinct hominid species (or subspecies, according to some authorities) which lived throughout eastern and southern Africa between 1.9 to 1.4 million years ago with...
		Homo heidelbergensis -- Homo heidelbergensis (Heidelberg Man) is an extinct species of the genus Homo and the thought to be a direct ancestor of Homo neanderthalensis in Europe.
		Homo habilis -- Homo habilis ("handy man", "skillful person") is a species of the genus Homo, which lived from approximately 2.5 million to 1.8 million years ago at the beginning of the Pleistocene.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2002/03/020325080853.htm (2563 words)

	HOMO RUDOLFENSIS
		Homo habilis survived for half a million years or more, becoming a taller, stronger, smarter species of human.
		This specimen has been attributed as a male Homo ergaster by some, though most place it in Homo erectus, and that is where it will be discussed in detail.
		It has not been shown to significantly different from Homo erectus to require the designation of a new hominid species, and it has not been shown to be closer to modern humans morphologically as has been claimed by some.
	www.columbia.edu /itc/anthropology/v1007/2002projects/web/homo/homo.html (2218 words)

	Homo ergaster (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		As a general rule of thumb, one can consider most attributed ergaster specimens to be early erectus geographically confined to Africa (however, this is not a hard and fast rule).
		Homo ergaster is one of the more problematic of somewhat accepted species designations currently tossed around in anthropological literature.
		It has not been shown to be significantly different from erectus to require the designation of a new hominid species, and it has not been shown to be closer to modern humans morphologically as has been claimed by some.
	www.archaeologyinfo.com /homoergaster.htm (880 words)

	HOMINID LINK
		Homo antecessor (Latin: human forbear) possessed characteristics of both neanderthals and Homo sapiens.
		One implication of the discovery is that Homo sapiens evolved in a less linear fashion than previously believed.
		Until this discovery, scientists have argued that Homo sapiens in Europe evolved either from Homo erectus with input from Homo sapiens neanderthalensis OR that Europe was settled by an African species, H.
	www.accessexcellence.org /WN/SUA10/homo597.html (459 words)

	Species of Humans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Homo erectus (extinct): The "workman man" lived 1.85 to 0.1 mya lived in Africa, Asia, Indonesia; made advanced stone tools, hand-axes and cleavers, hunted, used fire, had a brain size of 750-1250 cc.
		Homo ergaster (extinct): Lived 1.8-0.6 mya in Africa and on to parts of Asia, brain 750-1250 cc.
		Homo habilis (extinct): Lived 2-1.5 mya, name means "handy man or skillful person," made stone tools for scavenging meat off of carrion, about 1 m (3 feet) tall with long arms, a possible ancestor to H.
	www.alysion.org /life/Homo.htm (322 words)

	BBC - Science & Nature - The evolution of man
		Homo ergaster evolved during an accelerated period of global cooling and drying that cleared more and more tropical rainforest from Africa and created a desert in the northern half of the continent.
		Less differences between the sexes in Homo ergaster may reflect a distinctively human pattern of sharing and cooperation between males and females.
		Homo erectus shared these bamboo forests with pigs, a type of elephant called Stegodon and the biggest primate that has ever lived - the giant vegetarian ape Gigantopithecus.
	www.bbc.co.uk /sn/prehistoric_life/human/human_evolution/leaving_home1.shtml (1127 words)

	Homo habilis & Homo erectus, first stone tool users
		Homo ergaster and a jaw bone that falls well within the range of Homo erectus have also been found at this site.
		Homo erectus used fire by 300,000 years ago, while ancient sites as old as 750,000 years in France and 1.4 million years in Kenya are more controversial (Parker, 1992), (Fletcher, 1994).
		The 1.7 million year-old stone tools found with the hominid (Homo ergaster/erectus) remains at Dmanisi are simple choppers and scrapers similar to the Oldowan tools found in the Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania (Gabunia et al, 2000).
	www.ecotao.com /holism/hu_habilis.htm (5590 words)

	Early Human Evolution: Homo ergaster and erectus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Homo erectus were very successful in creating cultural technologies that allowed them to adapt to new environmental opportunities.
		Homo erectus was a very successful human species, lasting at least 1.5 million years, though their numbers apparently remained relatively low.
		Homo erectus teeth were generally intermediate between modern humans and the australopithecines in shape and size.
	anthro.palomar.edu /homo/homo_2.htm (2422 words)

	Handprint : Ancestral Lines
		But scavenging is a migratory life, tied to the hunting patterns of predators and the herds of game they prey on, to fluctuations in water supplies, to seasonal shifts in the requirements for shelter and plants.
		Finally, with the emergence of Homo sapiens around 120,000 years ago, hominid hunting pressures drove many large mammals to extinction, and human industry and cultures (including early language) evolved and diverged.
		It's interesting that several fossil sites from Homo erectus up to modern humans were located near seacoasts at the time of their habitation.
	www.handprint.com /LS/ANC/disp.html (984 words)

	HUMAN HISTORY AND HUMAN EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
		Homo Ergaster descended from a more advanced Hominine having been found in Africa and Asia.
		Then it was named as Homo Ergaster, but science is not certain where it came from.
		This spicies is assumed to be direct ancestor to Homo Sapiens Sapiens and grandfather to Neanderthals...but scientifically not certain.
	www.webspawner.com /users/frankparkhome (1821 words)

	A New Species?
		Others believe the African fossils designated Homo ergaster are really Homo erectus, and that African fossils (such as the skull from Bodo, Ethiopia) with ties to modern humans are Homo heidelbergensis, which is descended from Homo erectus and is ancestral to both modern humans and Neandertals.
		According to them, Homo antecessor may be descended from Homo ergaster, and both Homo erectus and Homo heidelbergensis are off the evolutionary line leading to modern humans.
		This may indicate that modern human midfacial and subnasal morphology is retention of a juvenile pattern that developed in Homo antecessor, which was not yet present in Homo ergaster and never developed in Homo heidelbergensis or Neandertals.
	www.archaeology.org /online/news/gran.dolina.html (1163 words)

	Human Ancestors Hall: Alternate Phylogenies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The question concerns the ancestor of Homo ergaster, an early human species thought to be directly ancestral to all modern humans.
		In the first phylogeny, the ancestor of Homo ergaster is Homo habilis, with Homo rudolfensis disappearing from the fossil record around 2 million years ago without leaving a descendant species.
		The second phylogeny supposes that Homo rudolfensis is the ancestor of the later Homo ergaster.
	www.mnh.si.edu /anthro/humanorigins/ha/alt_tree2.html (139 words)

	Human Ancestors Hall: Homo ergaster
		Yet, since the first discoveries of Homo erectus, it had been noted that there were differences between the early populations of "Homo erectus" in Africa, and the later populations of Europe, Africa and Asia.
		ergaster as the probable ancestor of later Homo populations.
		Second from the top is the type specimen of the Homo ergaster species, the KNM ER 992 mandible.
	www.mnh.si.edu /anthro/humanorigins/ha/erg.html (268 words)

	WKU Anth 375 Paleoanthro Lab 5 Early Homo Species
		The early species in the genus Homo are part of an extant subfamily (Homininae) of the family Hominidae (hominids).
		At least four early species in the genus Homo have been identified: Homo rudolfensis, Homo habilis, Homo ergaster, and early Homo erectus.
		Homo rudolfensis and Homo ergaster are not universally accepted; some researchers classify the former as Homo habilis and the latter as Homo erectus.
	www.wku.edu /~darlene.applegate/paleoanthro/lab5.html (557 words)

	How Humans Evolved (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Homo ergaster continued to use Oldowan tools (see Chapter 12), though between 1.6 and 1.4 mya new tools begin to appear in the fossil record.
		If Homo ergaster patterns of growth were more similar to the growth patterns of modern humans than to those of the australopithecines (a not altogether safe assumption), he would have grown up to be about 6 feet tall, well within a modern range for height.
		They had large crania and were very robust, sharing some features with Homo ergaster, but a few specimens dated that early appear much more modern, especially in the highness of their foreheads.
	www.wwnorton.com /web/evolve/ch/13/welcome.shtml (1657 words)

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