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Topic: Homologous recombination

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	Cellectis : Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
		Homologous recombination is a natural DNA sequence exchange mechanism, which can take place in any living cell.
		Homologous recombination is a method of making site directed insertions, deletions or replacements of DNA in a living organism.
		Use of Homologous Recombination to target a sequence in a living cell is a CELLECTIS patented technology.
	www.cellectis.com /faq.php (791 words)

	Genetic recombination - CreationWiki, the encyclopedia of creation science
		Genetic recombination is the name given to a large group of reactions during which cellular machinery uses a stretch of DNA to alter or recombine with a similar (homologous) sequence.
		Recombination within genes is able to create new alleles, however, it has been assumed this is not the cell's intent, and any changes to gene sequence are believed to be mutations resulting from mistakes during recombination or replication.
		Standard linkage analysis was used to confirm that females have a higher recombination rate than males, and males recombine preferentially in the distal regions of the chromosome.
	creationwiki.org /Genetic_recombination (1330 words)

	Genetic recombination - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Genetic recombination is the transmission-genetic process by which the combinations of alleles observed at different loci in two parental individuals become shuffled in offspring individuals.
		In evolutionary biology, genetic recombination, be it inter- or intra-chromososomal, is thought to have many advantages including that of allowing sexually reproducing organisms to avoid Muller's ratchet.
		Recombination results in a new combination of maternal and paternal alleles on the same chromosome.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Genetic_recombination (1183 words)

	Rad51-mediated homologous recombination - Molecular Cytogenetics and chromosome evolution
		Recombinational repair of DSBs is an essential process for genome integrity and propagation, that has been evolutionarily conserved from bacteria to man. In Escherichia coli, the vital steps of DNA recombination, homologous pairing and DNA strand exchange, are catalyzed by the RecA protein.
		Homologous recombination also plays a fundamental role in the generation of genetic diversity during meiosis.
		The ssDNA-Rad51-RPA foci represent a repairosome-type assembly for recombinational DNA repair and identify a subset of cells that have entered the homologous recombination pathway.
	www.molgen.mpg.de /~cytolab/recombination.html (481 words)

	Homolgous Recombination & Knockout Mouse
		The recombination may take place anywhere within the flanking DNA sequences and the exact location is determined by the cells and not the investigators.
		This is usually accomplished by using homologous recombination to replace one allele followed by two or more generations of selective breeding until an breeing pair are isolated that have both alleles of the targeted gene inactivaated or knocked out.
		This embryo is from a strain of mice with gray fur.
	www.bio.davidson.edu /courses/genomics/method/homolrecomb.html (1036 words)

	Abiogenesis and the Origin of Life
		In addition, a form of homologous recombination has been discovered that is responsible for creating diversity in variable genes, and was recently linked to single base-pair substitutions in immunoglobulins.
		Homologous recombination (HR) is the name given to a large group of reactions during which the cell uses a stretch of DNA to alter a similar (homologous) sequence for several purposes including repair and general editing.
		Homologous recombination within genes is able to create new alleles, however, it has been assumed this is not the cell's intent, and any changes to gene sequence are believed to be mutations resulting from mistakes during recombination or replication.
	www.nwcreation.net /articles/recombinationreview.html (4368 words)

	Plant Metablome - Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Homologous recombination plays two opposite roles, contributing to genomic diversity through the exchange of homologous chromosomal segments and contributing as well to genomic stability through the repair of DNA breaks.
		We have investigated the control of homologous recombination in plants and have developed new technologies for the precise engineering of plant genomes (Gene targeting).
		One factor that represses homologous recombination in plants is the divergence between the recombination partners.
	www.weizmann.ac.il /Plant_Sciences/levy/homologous.html (283 words)

	Genome Biology \| Full text \| Genome-wide detection and analysis of homologous recombination among sequenced strains of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In a follow-up paper [1], the level of sequence dissimilarity (from 1% to 3%) between recipient and donor strains was shown to correlate with the degree of abridgement by restriction endonucleases.
		The length of a typical recombinant in our study is still an order of magnitude less than that reported by McKane and Milkman [49], but they based their conclusions on restriction site analysis, which has a limited ability to detect short fragments.
		Feil EJ, Maiden MC, Achtman M, Spratt BG: The relative contributions of recombination and mutation to the divergence of clones of Neisseria meningitidis.
	genomebiology.com /2006/7/5/R44 (6561 words)

	General Recombination
		In a Holliday junction, the two homologous DNA helices that have initially paired are held together by the reciprocal exchange of two of the four strands present, one originating from each of the helices.
		General recombination (also called homologous recombination) allows large sections of the DNA double helix to move from one chromosome to another, and it is responsible for the crossing-over of chromosomes that occurs during meiosis in fungi, animals, and plants.
		Synapsis between this single strand and a homologous region of DNA double helix is catalyzed by the bacterial RecA protein and its eucaryotic homologs, and it often leads to the formation of a four-stranded structure known as a Holliday junction.
	www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.section.845 (4041 words)

	DNA cloning by homologous recombination in Escherichia coli - Nature Biotechnology
		These subcloning exercises showed that ET recombination is an efficient way to amplify a chosen target region from the complex background presented by the E.
		Recombinants were identified by selection for the antibiotic gene present on the linear cloning vector and subsequent DNA analysis.
		Cloning and developmental expression of the murine homolog of the acute leukemia proto-oncogene AF4.
	www.nature.com /nbt/journal/v18/n12/full/nbt1200_1314.html (2702 words)

	Homologous Recombination
		Homologous (or general) recombination is at the heart of genetics.
		Site-specific recombination, as exemplified by invertible elements, resolvases, and some phage DNA integration events are examples of non-homologous recombination.
		Random integration of transforming DNA during genetic engineering is a non-homologous recombination event, but directed integration as used in creating gene knock-outs, is homologous recombination.
	opbs.okstate.edu /~melcher/MG/MGW3/MG35.html (201 words)

	Homologous Recombination Initiated by Benzene Metabolites: A Potential Role of Oxidative Stress -- Winn 72 (1): 143 -- ...
		Frequency of homologous DNA recombination in CHO 3–6 cells treated with benzene, phenol, hydroquinone, catechol, or benzoquinone (0-, 1-, 10-, 30-, or 100-µM) for 24 h.
		Homologous recombination frequency was determined by counting the number of G418-resistant colonies compared with the total number of surviving cells plated; n = 10 for each group.
		Bishop, A. R., and Schiestl, R. Homologous recombination as a mechanism for genome rearrangements: Environmental and genetic effects.
	toxsci.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/72/1/143 (3817 words)

	Virology Journal \| Full text \| Evidence of structural genomic region recombination in Hepatitis C virus
		This assumption have shown to be invalid, as homologous recombination has been demonstrated in pestiviruses,(bovine viral diarrhoea virus) [20], flaviviruses (all four serotypes of dengue virus) [21-24], hepaciviruses (GB virus C/hepatitis G virus) [25], Japanese encephalitis or St Louis encephalitis virus [26].
		Nevertheless, the true frequency of recombination may be underestimated because although there is comparative important number of complete genomes sequences from common genotypes, such as 1b, most studies of HCV variability in high diversity areas are based on analysis of single sub-genomic regions, making detection of potential recombination events unlikely [10].
		Recombination may serve two opposite purposes: exploration of a new combination of genomic region from different origins or rescuing of viable genomes from debilitated parental genomes [40].
	www.virologyj.com /content/3/1/53 (3378 words)

	Sloan-Kettering - Projects: Partner Choice in Homologous Recombination: Sister Chromatid Repair, LOH, and Translocations
		Since sister chromatids are identical to each other, recombination with a sister chromatid is expected, in most cases, to be a precise way for repairing DNA damage.
		Recombination between 2 different chromosomes has the potential to alter the genetic information in a cell.
		For example, when homologs recombine, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) can result, in which information from one parental chromosome is replaced by information from the other parental chromosome.
	www.mskcc.org /mskcc/html/10575.cfm (362 words)

	H5N1 H7N1 PB1 Recombination in Hubei Northern China
		The region of identity between the two PB1 sequences strongly supports acquisition via homologous recombination, and the identity between the sequences that were 22 years apart shows that the sequence could be faithfully copied over an extended time period.
		The examples of frequent and clear cut homologous recombination involving sequences faithfully copied for several decades seriously challenges the dogma of influenza genetic which maintains that seasonal variations are due to genetic drift cause by random mutations generated by a polymerase lacking a proof reading function and pandemic shifts are due to reassortment.
		The latest examples of recombination show that the random muations can easily be generated by homologous recombination between closely related sequences, and genetic shifts can be generated by recombination between distantly related genes.
	www.recombinomics.com /News/10060601/H5N1_H7N1_PB1_Recombination.html (419 words)

	Homologous Recombination
		Homologous recombination occurs between two homologous DNA molecules.
		During meiosis, two homologous pairs of sister chromatids align side by side.
		This may result in unequal crossover, which is thought to be the major mechanism underlying VNTR (variable number of tandem repeats).
	www.web-books.com /MoBio/Free/Ch8D1.htm (161 words)

	The Molecular Biology of Recombination in Mycobacteria: What Do We Know and How Can We Use It?
		Recombination is a ubiquitous genetic process which results in the exchange of DNA between two substrates.
		Homologous recombination occurs between DNA species with identical sequence whereas illegitimate recombination can occur between DNA with very little or no homology.
		All three recombination mechanisms have been utilised in developing genetic techniques for the analysis of the biology and pathogenesis of mycobacteria.
	www.horizonpress.com /cimb/abstracts/v6/12.html (187 words)

	About The Independent Science Panel
		Recombination and meiosis (1), along with the process of chromosome strand breakage and gene insertion (2) are reviewed in the indicated publications.
		The desirability of creating adequate systems using homologous recombination is well know in plant genetic engineering and efforts are being made to create systems that offer the stability and reliability of homologous recombination (3).
		Nevertheless, it is abundantly clear that no commercial GM crops have been produced using homologous recombination and claims that GM crops are genetically similar to conventional crops is a public relations promotion rather than a scientific statement.
	www.indsp.org /jcumminstext.php (890 words)

	Oxford Evolutionary Biology - Phylogenetic analysis reveals a low rate of homologous recombination in negative-sense ...
		Recombination is increasingly seen as an important means of shaping genetic diversity in RNA viruses.
		To determine the extent of homologous recombination in negative-sense RNA viruses, phylogenetic analyses of 79 gene sequence alignments from 35 negative-sense RNA viruses (a total of 2154 sequences) were carried out.
		Finally, patterns of sequence variation compatible with the action of recombination, but not definitive evidence for this process, were observed in a further ten viruses: Canine distemper virus, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus, Influenza A virus, Influenza B virus, Influenza C virus, Lassa virus, Pirital virus, Rabies virus, Rift Valley Fever virus and Vesicular stomatitis virus.
	evolve.zoo.ox.ac.uk /publications.html?id=235 (337 words)

	Homologous recombination between the inverted terminal repeats of defective transposon TCp3.2 causes an inversion in ...
		Homologous recombination between the inverted terminal repeats of defective transposon TCp3.2 causes an inversion in the genome of Cydia pomonella granulovirus -- Arends and Jehle 83 (7): 1573 -- Journal of General Virology
		Homologous recombination between the inverted terminal repeats of defective transposon TCp3.2 causes an inversion in the genome of Cydia pomonella granulovirus
		that an inversion of TCp3.2 is caused by homologous recombination
	vir.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/83/7/1573 (2993 words)

	Gene Disruption by Homologous Recombination in the Xylella fastidiosa Citrus Variegated Chlorosis Strain -- Gaurivaud ...
		Gene Disruption by Homologous Recombination in the Xylella fastidiosa Citrus Variegated Chlorosis Strain -- Gaurivaud et al.
		Gene Disruption by Homologous Recombination in the Xylella fastidiosa Citrus Variegated Chlorosis Strain
		recombination with one crossover in the bga gene.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/68/9/4658 (3673 words)

	Children's Cancer Research Institute
		Bishop is a geneticist who studies the genes involved in genomic instability, a fundamental cause of cancer, by examining homologous recombination events.
		Bishop, A.J.R. and Schiestl, R.H. “Role of homologous recombination in carcinogenesis”.
		and Schiestl, R.H. “Homologous recombination as a mechanism for genome rearrangements: environmental and genetic effects”.
	ccri.uthscsa.edu /DrBishop.html (606 words)

	"Genomic homologous recombination in planta" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A system for monitoring intrachromosomal homologous recombination in whole plants is described.
		The repeated homologous regions were derived from two different strains of CaMV so that different recombinant viruses (i.e.
		Sequence analysis of two recombinant molecules suggest that mismatch repair is linked to the recombination process.
	www.biotech-info.net /homologous_recombination.html (164 words)

	Non-homologous end joining - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		NHEJ is referred to as "non-homologous" because the break ends are directly ligated without the need for a homologous template, in contrast to homologous recombination, which requires a homologous sequence to guide repair.
		In budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), however, homologous recombination dominates when the organism is grown under common laboratory conditions.
		NHEJ plays a critical role in V(D)J recombination, the process by which B-cell and T-cell receptor diversity is generated in the vertebrate immune system.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Non-homologous_end_joining (1115 words)

	Homologous recombination is a highly conserved determinant of the synergistic cytotoxicity between cisplatin and DNA ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Homologous recombination is a highly conserved determinant of the synergistic cytotoxicity between cisplatin and DNA topoisomerase I poisons -- van Waardenburg et al.
		Homologous recombination is a highly conserved determinant of the synergistic cytotoxicity between cisplatin and DNA topoisomerase I poisons
		Functional homologous recombination is required to elicit the synergistic activity of cDDP with TPT.
	mct.aacrjournals.org /cgi/content/full/3/4/393 (5097 words)

	Gene Targeting via Homologous and Nonhomologous DNA Transformation
		This low frequency of DNA integration by homologous recombination makes it exceeding difficult to carry out "reverse genetics" whereby mutations can be corrected or new mutations can be specifically introduced.
		To analyze the regulation of homologous versus non-homologous recombination a PCR amplified fragment containing the URA3 gene as marker flanked by homologous sequence from the THR4 gene was constructed.
		To address this question the genetic components of the end-joining pathway or homologous recombination pathways are being deleted and the strains are being tested for their effect on gene targeting
	www.bio.brandeis.edu /haberlab/jehsite/gntarget.html (382 words)

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