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Topic: Homology

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homology mathematics

homology biology

homology theories

homology groups

Homology sphere

Homology modelling

Sequence homologies

Vietoris homology

simplicial homology

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Homology trait

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	Homology (biology) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Homology is different from analogy; for instance, the wings of insects, the wings of bats and the wings of birds are analogous but not homologous, this phenomenon is known as homoplasy.
		Homology among proteins and DNA is often concluded on the basis of sequence similarity, especially in bioinformatics.
		The phrase "percent homology", as sometimes used by those outside the fields of evolutionary biology or bioinformatics, is incorrect.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Homology_(biology) (972 words)

	PlanetMath: homology of a chain complex
		The homology groups can therefore be thought of as measuring the extent to which the chain complex fails to be exact.
		Homology groups of other objects are defined as the homology groups of an associated chain complex.
		This is version 13 of homology of a chain complex, born on 2002-12-10, modified 2006-11-29.
	planetmath.org /encyclopedia/HomologyChainComplex.html (108 words)

	Homology - EvoWiki
		Homology, refers to the structure, behavior, or other character of two taxa that is derived from the same or equivalent feature of their nearest common ancestor.
		Homology is distinguished from analogy, where similar-looking features do not get their similarity from common ancestry, but instead from convergent evolution.
		The hypothesis of homology of the furcula is congruent with the rest of the character data.
	wiki.cotch.net /index.php/Homology (972 words)

	Homology
		Homology is the study of structurally similar biological systems which share a common origin but may or may not share a similar function.
		Although homology was originally conceived as mere structural similarity, it is now a tightly combined notion that refers to structural similarity due to common ancestory.
		In genetics, homology is also used to refer to similarity in protein or DNA sequences that come from a common ancestor.
	www.iscid.org /encyclopedia/Homology (298 words)

	PlanetMath: homology
		Homology is the general name for a number of functors from topological spaces to abelian groups (or more generally modules over a fixed ring).
		It is based on computing the homology groups of a simplicial complex (generally a finite one).
		This is version 12 of homology, born on 2002-12-10, modified 2006-09-24.
	planetmath.org /encyclopedia/HomologyTopologicalSpace.html (521 words)

	Homology
		Homology is the name given to the anatomical correspondences between different species that biologists and paleontologists have noted and studied for centuries.
		Darwin himself explained the significance of homology with eloquent simplicity in The Origin of Species when he said; 'We have seen that the members of the same class, independently of their habits of life, resemble each other in the general plan of their organisation.
		It is homology that Darwinists rely on to bridge the gaps in the fossil record, as in the case of horses.
	www.alternativescience.com /homology.htm (1793 words)

	Homology
		Wells claims that homology is used in a circular fashion by biologists because textbooks define homology as similarity inherited from a common ancestor, and then state that homology is evidence for common ancestry.
		Evolution and homology are closely related concepts but they are not circular: homology of a structure is diagnosed and tested by outside elements: structure, position, etc., and whether or not the pattern of distribution of the trait is genealogical.
		Because of homology, we infer these behaviors for their extinct ancestors as well; thus it came as no surprise when fossils of many non-avian dinosaurs were found nesting with their young (Horner and Makela 1979; Horner 1982; Clark et al.
	www.ncseweb.org /icons/icon3homology.html (2760 words)

	homology - definition by dict.die.net
		General homology (Biol.), the higher relation which a series of parts, or a single part, bears to the fundamental or general type on which the group is constituted.
		Serial homology (Biol.), representative or repetitive relation in the segments of the same organism, -- as in the lobster, where the parts follow each other in a straight line or series.
		Special homology (Biol.), the correspondence of a part or organ with those of a different animal, as determined by relative position and connection.
	dict.die.net /homology (218 words)

	Homology (biology) Summary
		Homology is a term used in comparative anatomy and evolutionary biology in reference to traits of organisms that have a common phylogenetic ancestry, but are now dissimilar in their structure, function, or behavior.
		Homology is based on the observation that there are basic, repeating patterns in the attributes of organisms, and that these are often due to a shared ancestry.
		Homology has to be distinguished from analogy; for instance, the wings of insects, the wings of bats and the wings of birds are analogous but not homologous, this phenomenon is known as Homoplasy.
	www.bookrags.com /Homology_(biology) (4668 words)

	homology - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		homology, in biology, the correspondence between structures of different species that is attributable to their evolutionary descent from a common ancestor.
		For example, the forelimbs of vertebrates, such as the wing of bird or bat, and the foreleg of an amphibian, are homologous; there is an almost identical number of bones in the limbs, and the pattern construction is identical.
		Analogy is the functional similarity between structures that do not have a common origin; for example, the wings of birds and those of insects are analogous.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-homology.html (253 words)

	29+ Evidences for Macroevolution: Glossary
		In a sense, convergence is the opposite of homology.
		homology In this essay, since we are not assuming the truth of common descent, "homology" simply refers to similar structures, regardless of function.
		To clarify the homology argument, then, a new and specific term is needed that refers to the subset of homologous structures that have different functions.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/comdesc/glossary.html (1441 words)

	- Homology in Biology--A Problem for Naturalistic Science -
		Logically speaking, it is a fallacy to infer evolution from phylogenetic homology: once one determines (or assumes) that features are homologous because of common ancestry, it would be circular reasoning to claim that homology demonstrates common ancestry.
		Since homologies cannot be explained by equating developmental information with DNA sequences, some biologists have attempted to explain it by attributing it to similar developmental pathways.
		Homology may or may not be due to inheritance from a common ancestor, but it is definitely not due to similarity of genes or similarity of developmental pathways.
	www.trueorigin.org /homology.asp (3499 words)

	Similarity, Homology, Divergence and Convergence
		Now that we have established the connection between similarity and homology, it should be emphasized that demonstration of homology is central to the interpretation of similarities between proteins.
		Thus, homology lends legitimacy to the transfer of functional information from experimentally characterized proteins (or nucleic acids) to uncharacterized homologs, the single most common and practically important application of computational methods in molecular biology.
		Homology is a qualitative notion of common ancestry.
	www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /books/bv.fcgi?rid=sef.section.23 (3665 words)

	Homology Modeling
		An observation of importance in homology modeling is that for a set of proteins that are hypothesized to be homologous, their three-dimensional structures are conserved to a greater extent than are their primary structures.
		Thus, in homology modeling, we are attempting to develop models of an unknown from homologous proteins.
		WHAT IF, available on EMBL servers, includes three components, one to generate the homology models, one to evaluate the quality of the homology models, and one to evaluate models of proteins for which the structure is already known, thereby providing for evaluation of the quality of the modeling program.
	www.biochem.vt.edu /modeling/homology.html (3846 words)

	analogy / homology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The concept of homology, or morphological correspondence, was the central tenet of philosophical anatomy.
		Homologies, which are now defined in terms of evolution, were formerly interpreted in a transcendental sense.
		Homology is a systematic similarity -- when two parts occupy the same positions in distinct but otherwise isomorphic systems of relations, in their relative positions and in the connection of the parts.
	www.christianhubert.com /hypertext/analogy___homology.html (1370 words)

	Homology Modeling
		Homology models are useful to get a rough idea where the alpha carbons of key residues sit the folded protein.
		Homology models are unlikely to be useful in modeling ligand docking (drug design) unless the sequence identity with the template is >70%, and even then, less reliable than an empirical crystallographic or NMR structure.
		This enabled comparisons of homology models with empirical structures for the same sequence, where the homology model was made using a template with the most similar sequence available, other than the target sequence itself.
	www.umass.edu /molvis/workshop/homolmod.htm (1730 words)

	Homology
		In 1843 Richard Owen defined homology as "the same organ in different animals under every variety of form and function." Scientists had noticed that, within a group of related species, some structures shared similarities in form.
		Richard Owen also distinguished homology from analogy (also known as homoplasy), which he defined as a 'part or organ in one animal which has the same function as another part or organ in a different animal' (Owen, 1843: 374).
		Homology in the wings of birds and bats
	sci.waikato.ac.nz /evolution/Homology.shtml (1280 words)

	homology
		Nowadays the protein homology and DNA tables are duplicating these efforts with surprisingly similar classification systems.
		With Occam’s razor it would lead one to believe that homology with adequate mechanism is prove of common descent.
		However homology with plagiarized errors transmitted is far more serious evidence of common descent.
	www.dakotacom.net /~rmwillia/homology.html (432 words)

	Does homology provide evidence of evolutionary naturalism?
		Homology is not merely a minor proof of evolution, but instead has been widely cited by evolutionists as one of the most compelling lines of evidence for their theory.
		However, Dobzhansky admitted that ’homology does not prove evolution, in the sense that nobody has actually witnessed the gradual changes in the millions of consecutive generations which led from a common ancestor to a bird on the one hand and to man on the other’.
		Homology also does not prove that a set of animals is related by descent because both similarities and differences exist for any two animal types, and traits often are chosen by evolutionists only because they seem to provide evidence that two animals are related.
	www.answersingenesis.org /tj/v15/i1/homology.asp?vPrint=1 (5983 words)

	Homology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Homology (anthropology), a type of analogy whereby two human beliefs, practices or artefacts share similarities due to genetic or historical connections.
		Homology (biology): structures are said to be homologous if they are alike because of shared ancestry.
		Homology (mathematics), a procedure to associate a sequence of abelian groups or modules with a given mathematical object.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Homology (153 words)

	Glossary: Homology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The objects in the homology groups are called cycles, and these come in different dimensions.
		The k-th homology group is made up of classes of k-cycles, where two k-cycles are in the same class if together the form the boundary of some (k+1)-dimensional object.
		The identity in the k-th homology group is the class made up of the k-cycles that bound regions all by themselves.
	www.geom.uiuc.edu /docs/research/RP2-handle/Glossary/Homology.html (349 words)

	Periodic Floer homology and embedded contact homology
		The main conjecture is that the ECH of Y agrees with a version of the Seiberg-Witten (or the conjecturally isomorphic Ozsvath-Szabo) Floer homology of Y with the opposite orientation, under a correspondence between homology classes and spin-c structures determined by the contact structure.
		The reason is that ECH is the homology of a chain complex generated by certain unions of Reeb orbits, while the corresponding SWF homology is known by results of Kronheimer-Mrowka to be infinitely generated.
		Abstract: The periodic Floer homology of a surface symplectomorphism, defined by the first author and M. Thaddeus, is the homology of a chain complex which is generated by certain unions of periodic orbits, and whose differential counts certain embedded pseudoholomorphic curves in R cross the mapping torus.
	math.berkeley.edu /~hutching/pub/pfhech.html (966 words)

	TEXTBOOK FRAUD: Homology excludes a designer?
		It appears then that Darwin's usage of the term 'homology', which he defines in the Origin as that "relationship between parts which results from their development from corresponding embryonic parts" is, as De Beer emphasizes, just what homology is not.
		The alimentary canal is formed from the roof of the embryonic gut cavity in the sharks, from the floor in the lamprey, from roof and floor in frogs, and from the lower layer of the embryonic disc, the blastoderm, in birds and reptiles.
		For example, the seeds of the conifers and the flowering plants (the angiosperms) are considered to be homologous by most botanists, and indeed the close resemblance in the structure of the seeds in both groups is used by taxonomists as one of the key character traits to classify them together in the major group Spermatophyta.
	www.bible.ca /tracks/homology.htm (7956 words)

	Algebraic Topology: Homology
		Exercise Show the homology of an inverse limit may differ from the inverse limit of the homology of a sequence of chain complexes.
		Similarly, one usually defines homology H using E'(V), notices that there are formal complications in degree 0, and then looks at the augmented chain complex E(V) with reduced homology H-tilde, which equals H everywhere, except in degree 0, in case V is nonempty, where H_0 has an additional summand Z.
		Thee are many homology theories (we have seen singular homology and.Cech homology), and it is possible to develop the theory axiomatically.
	www.win.tue.nl /~aeb/at/algtop-6.html (3450 words)

	Comparative/Homology Modeling
		Comparative ("homology") modeling approximates the 3D structure of a target protein for which only the sequence is available, provided an empirical 3D "template" structure is available with >30% sequence identity.
		Although there are many routines that will do alignments automatically, careful inspection and adjustment by someone with specialized training may improve the quality of the alignment, and hence, of the comparative model.
		One of the goals of the WHAT IF homology modelling module is to produce models that are as good as possible.
	molvis.sdsc.edu /protexpl/homolmod.htm (2259 words)

	Prediction Tools for Protein Homology Domain-Associated Post-Translational Modifications in the RESID Database
		An homology domain is a region within a single protein chain that appears to have a common evolutionary origin with similar regions in structurally or functionally related proteins.
		Both the biotin and the lipoyl modifications occur at a specific lysine in the Lipoyl/Biotin-Binding Homology Domain, and although the two subsets have fairly distinctive sequences, the conformations are observed to be similar.
		Some of the homology domains are obviously distantly related, and the method for analysis of variance in the sequence information contents is being used to help classify these.
	www-nbrf.georgetown.edu /pirwww/aboutpir/doc/ps99jsgfl.html (1996 words)

	Comparative similarities: homology
		As it turns out, there are many other living things that have forelimbs with a similar pattern: the foreleg of a horse or dog, the wing of a bat, and the flipper of a penguin, for example, as shown in Fig.
		in his chapter titled “The Failure of Homology.” Dr. Denton is not only a research scientist with a Ph.D. in molecular biology, but also an M.D. with an intimate knowledge of comparative anatomy and embryology.
		He also describes data from molecular homology as a “biochemical echo of typology,” where typology is the pre-evolutionary view of classification developed by scientists on the basis of creationist thinking.
	www.answersingenesis.org /home/area/cfol/ch1-homology.asp (2454 words)

	The KLI Theory Lab - keywords - homology
		Brigandt, I. Homology and the origin of correspondence.
		Brigandt, I. Homology in comparative, molecular, and evolutionary developmental biology: The radition of a concept.
		Laubichler, M.D. Homology in development and the development of the homology concept.
	www.kli.ac.at /theorylab/Keyword/H/homology.html (406 words)

	Homology Modeling
		Homology modeling cannot be done within Protein Explorer, but a homology model produced outside of Protein Explorer with the methods below can then be loaded into Protein Explorer for visualization.
		Homology modeling approximates the 3D structure of a target protein for which only the sequence is available, provided an empirical 3D "template" structure is available with >30% sequence identity.
		In 2001, about 20% of sequences (in Swiss-Prot/TrEMBL) have suitable templates for homology modeling at least part of the sequence.
	www.umass.edu /microbio/chime/beta/ben-tal/protexpl/homolmod.htm (1884 words)

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