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	Homology (biology) - Wikinfo
		Homology has to be distinguished from analogy; for instance, the wings of insects and the wings of birds are analogous but not homologous.
		In genetics, homology is used in reference to protein or DNA sequences, meaning that the given sequences share ancestry.
		Homology among proteins and DNA is often concluded on the basis of sequence similarity, especially in bioinformatics.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Homology_(biology) (1024 words)

	Homology (biology) Summary
		Homology is a term used in comparative anatomy and evolutionary biology in reference to traits of organisms that have a common phylogenetic ancestry, but are now dissimilar in their structure, function, or behavior.
		Homology has to be distinguished from analogy; for instance, the wings of insects, the wings of bats and the wings of birds are analogous but not homologous, this phenomenon is known as Homoplasy.
		Homology among proteins and DNA is often concluded on the basis of sequence similarity, especially in bioinformatics.
	www.bookrags.com /Homology_(biology) (4668 words)

	Homology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Homology (anthropology), a type of analogy whereby two human beliefs, practices or artefacts share similarities due to genetic or historical connections.
		Homology (biology): structures are said to be homologous if they are alike because of shared ancestry.
		Homology (mathematics), a procedure to associate a sequence of abelian groups or modules with a given mathematical object.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Homology (153 words)

	- Homology in Biology--A Problem for Naturalistic Science -
		Logically speaking, it is a fallacy to infer evolution from phylogenetic homology: once one determines (or assumes) that features are homologous because of common ancestry, it would be circular reasoning to claim that homology demonstrates common ancestry.
		Since homologies cannot be explained by equating developmental information with DNA sequences, some biologists have attempted to explain it by attributing it to similar developmental pathways.
		Homology may or may not be due to inheritance from a common ancestor, but it is definitely not due to similarity of genes or similarity of developmental pathways.
	www.trueorigin.org /homology.asp (3499 words)

	Homology
		Homology is the study of structurally similar biological systems which share a common origin but may or may not share a similar function.
		Although homology was originally conceived as mere structural similarity, it is now a tightly combined notion that refers to structural similarity due to common ancestory.
		In genetics, homology is also used to refer to similarity in protein or DNA sequences that come from a common ancestor.
	www.iscid.org /encyclopedia/Homology (298 words)

	COMPARISONS, HOMOLOGY AND PHYLOGENY OF VERTEBRATES
		This is a phylogenetic definition of homology and is strictly noncircular in that homology is defined in terms of phylogeny and phylogeny is defined in terms of evolution.
		Homology is not an intrinsic property of a feat ure, such as its color or mass, but a relationship depending upon the existence of corresponding features in other organisms.
		Thus t he correct form of a statement on homology is: "The wing of birds is homologous to the wing of bats as the forelimb of vertebrates", or "The pectoral flipper of whales and the pectoral fin of sharks are homologous as vertebrate fore limbs".
	www.columbia.edu /cu/biology/courses/w3002/vertebrate.html (12205 words)

	Homology
		Darwin reformulated biology in naturalistic* rather than teleological terms, and explained homology as the result of descent with modification from a common ancestor.
		Homology in some cases may or may not be due to inheritance from a common ancestor, but it is definitely not due to similarity of genes or similarity of developmental pathways.
		Without a naturalistic mechanism to account for homology, however, Darwinian evolution cannot claim to have demonstrated scientifically that living things are undesigned, and the possibility remains that homologies are patterned after non-material archetypes.
	www.creationevolution.net /homology.htm (3795 words)

	Similarity, Homology, Divergence and Convergence
		Now that we have established the connection between similarity and homology, it should be emphasized that demonstration of homology is central to the interpretation of similarities between proteins.
		Thus, homology lends legitimacy to the transfer of functional information from experimentally characterized proteins (or nucleic acids) to uncharacterized homologs, the single most common and practically important application of computational methods in molecular biology.
		Homology is a qualitative notion of common ancestry.
	www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /books/bv.fcgi?rid=sef.section.23 (3665 words)

	CalendarHome.com - - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Homology (anthropology), analogy between human beliefs, practices or artifacts due to genetic or historical connections.
		Homology (biology): analogy of structures due to shared ancestry.
		Homology (mathematics), a procedure to associate a sequence of abelian groups or modules with a given mathematical object.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Homology (172 words)

	Homology (biology) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Homology is different from analogy; for instance, the wings of insects, the wings of bats and the wings of birds are analogous but not homologous, this phenomenon is known as homoplasy.
		In genetics, homology is used in reference to protein or DNA sequences, meaning that the given sequences share a common ancestor.
		Homology among proteins and DNA is often concluded on the basis of sequence similarity, especially in bioinformatics.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Homology_(biology) (784 words)

	[No title]
		Derived homologies (synapomorphies=shared, derived characters) are new to a clade of interest (first seen in ancestor of clade).
		Having a backbone is an ancestral homology of all mammals.
		A backbone is a derived homology for the vertebrate clade.
	biology.unm.edu /ccouncil/Biology_203/Summaries/Phylogeny.htm (1371 words)

	Homology Modeling
		Thus, homology is a qualitative description of the nature of the relationship between two or more things, and it cannot be partial.
		An observation of importance in homology modeling is that for a set of proteins that are hypothesized to be homologous, their three-dimensional structures are conserved to a greater extent than are their primary structures.
		WHAT IF, available on EMBL servers, includes three components, one to generate the homology models, one to evaluate the quality of the homology models, and one to evaluate models of proteins for which the structure is already known, thereby providing for evaluation of the quality of the modeling program.
	www.biochem.vt.edu /modeling/homology.html (3846 words)

	Homology
		Wells claims that homology is used in a circular fashion by biologists because textbooks define homology as similarity inherited from a common ancestor, and then state that homology is evidence for common ancestry.
		Evolution and homology are closely related concepts but they are not circular: homology of a structure is diagnosed and tested by outside elements: structure, position, etc., and whether or not the pattern of distribution of the trait is genealogical.
		Because of homology, we infer these behaviors for their extinct ancestors as well; thus it came as no surprise when fossils of many non-avian dinosaurs were found nesting with their young (Horner and Makela 1979; Horner 1982; Clark et al.
	www.ncseweb.org /icons/icon3homology.html (2760 words)

	Homology
		Wells claims that homology is used in a circular fashion by biologists because textbooks define homology as similarity inherited from a common ancestor, and then state that homology is evidence for common ancestry.
		Evolution and homology are closely related concepts but they are not circular: homology of a structure is diagnosed and tested by outside elements: structure, position, etc., and whether or not the pattern of distribution of the trait is genealogical.
		Because of homology, we infer these behaviors for their extinct ancestors as well; thus it came as no surprise when fossils of many non-avian dinosaurs were found nesting with their young (Horner and Makela 1979; Horner 1982; Clark et al.
	www.natcenscied.org /icons/icon3homology.html (2760 words)

	Developmental Biology
		Developmental biology is the study of the mechanisms of development, differentiation, and growth in animals and plants at the molecular, cellular, and genetic levels.
		Homology (biology) - In biology, two or more structures are said to be homologous if they are alike because of shared ancestry.
		The explosion of knowledge in genetics, developmental biology, and the differences in segment number in centipedes, even when the genetic variation sufficient to account for morphological diversity, since variations in the market that is solely devoted to the study of phenotypic variation for evolutionary, developmental, and post-genomic biology developmental biology (C) developmental biology Inc. 2005.
	si72.maptohealthandwealth.com /developmentalbiology.html (1475 words)

	Jason Scott Robert - The Philosophy and Developmental Biology Working Group
		For this reason, particular judgments of homology tend to be relatively stable in the light of evolving biological theory.
		However, the criteria of homology have in each period reflected the contemporary understanding of how organisms grow, and it is clear that developmental biology is another critical component of the explanation.
		This perspective on 'homology of function' has a number of specific implications for scientific practice and, more generally, sheds light on how evolutionary research is executed without natural selection being the primary causal process of interest.
	www.public.asu.edu /~jrobert6/phildevo06Abstracts.htm (1350 words)

	Homology (mathematics) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In mathematics (especially algebraic topology and abstract algebra) homology is a certain general procedure to a sequence of abelian groups or modules to a given mathematical object (such a topological space or a group).
		For a topological space the homology groups generally much easier to compute than the homotopy groups and consequently one usually will have easier time working with homology to aid the classification of spaces.
		In abstract algebra one uses homology to define derived functors for example the Tor functors.
	www.freeglossary.com /Homology_group (1040 words)

	Homology: A Concept in Crisis. Origins & Design 18:2. Wells, Jonathan
		Darwin's reform -- explaining homology by material descent with modification -- was incorporated into the neo-Darwinian synthesis of the mid-twentieth century with the discovery of the mechanisms of transmission genetics (i.e., inheritence), about which Darwin knew nothing.
		Homology in some cases may or may not be due to inheritance from a common ancestor, but it is definitely not due to similarity of genes or similarity of developmental pathways.
		Without a naturalistic mechanism to account for homology, however, Darwinian evolution cannot claim to have demonstrated scientifically that living things are undesigned, and the possibility remains that homologies are patterned after non-material archetypes.
	www.arn.org /docs/odesign/od182/hobi182.htm (3671 words)

	homology
		Nowadays the protein homology and DNA tables are duplicating these efforts with surprisingly similar classification systems.
		With Occam’s razor it would lead one to believe that homology with adequate mechanism is prove of common descent.
		However homology with plagiarized errors transmitted is far more serious evidence of common descent.
	www.dakotacom.net /~rmwillia/homology.html (432 words)

	Pharyngula::Ten Questions to Ask Your Biology Teacher
		Homology of structures across species is not assumed, but tested by the repeated comparison of numerous features that do or do not sort into successive clusters.
		Homology is used to test hypotheses of degrees of relatedness.
		Homology is not "evidence" for common ancestry: common ancestry is inferred based on many sources of information, and reinforced by the patterns of similarity and dissimilarity of anatomical structures.
	pharyngula.org /index/weblog/comments/ten_questions_to_ask_your_biology_teacher (2943 words)

	Homology
		Homology forms the basis of organisation for comparative biology.
		In 1843 Richard Owen defined homology as "the same organ in different animals under every variety of form and function." Scientists had noticed that, within a group of related species, some structures shared similarities in form.
		Richard Owen also distinguished homology from analogy (also known as homoplasy), which he defined as a 'part or organ in one animal which has the same function as another part or organ in a different animal' (Owen, 1843: 374).
	sci.waikato.ac.nz /evolution/Homology.shtml (1280 words)

	29+ Evidences for Macroevolution: Glossary
		In a sense, convergence is the opposite of homology.
		homology In this essay, since we are not assuming the truth of common descent, "homology" simply refers to similar structures, regardless of function.
		To clarify the homology argument, then, a new and specific term is needed that refers to the subset of homologous structures that have different functions.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/comdesc/glossary.html (1441 words)

	Biology Department and Courses (Site not responding. Last check: )
		While the Biology curriculum is cohesive and structured for preparing the M.S. Biology candidate, the majority of individual course offerings are open to students majoring in other areas and to individuals whose immediate objective may not be the M. degree.
		A bachelor’s degree in Biology, or one of the other life sciences or its course equivalent, is ordinarily prerequisite for admission to the M.S. degree program in Biology.
		Non-majors taking Biology classes and Special (non-degree) students will be counseled by the instructor or department chair as to the adequacy of their academic background for courses of interest to them prior to their enrollment.
	www.icr.edu /biology/index.html (1231 words)

	Homology (biology) Totally Explained
		In biology, homology is any similarity between structures that's due to their shared ancestry.
		In genetics, homology is measured by comparing protein or DNA sequences, and genes that share a high sequence identity or similarity support the hypothesis that they share a common ancestor and are therefore homologous.
		Homology of sequences are of two types: orthologous and paralogous.
	homology__biology.totallyexplained.com (1242 words)

	Homology (biology) - TheBestLinks.com - Homologous, Biology, Bird, Bioinformatics, ...
		In biology, two or more structures are said to be homologous if they are alike because of shared ancestry.
		Homology of sequences can be of two types: orthology or paralogy.
		Sequences are orthologous if they are homologous and were separated by a speciation event; if a gene exists in a species, and that species diverges into two species, then the copies of this gene in the resulting species are orthologous.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Homologous.html (530 words)

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