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Topic: Homophile Movement

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	Civil Rights Movement Encyclopedia Article @ AmericaLeadsTheWay.com (America Leads The Way) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Largely, but not exclusively, these LGBT movements have charactered gender variant and homosexually-oriented people as a minority group or groups; this was the approach taken by the homophile movement of the 1940s, 50s and early 60s.
		The Civil Rights Movement in Germany was a left-wing backlash against the post-Nazi Party era of the country, which still contained many of the conservative policies of both that era and of the pre-World War I Kaiser monarchy.
		The movement took place mostly among disillusioned students and was largely a protest movement analogous to others around the globe during the late 1960s.
	www.americaleadstheway.com /encyclopedia/Civil_Rights_Movement (4457 words)

	Gay Rights In the United States Encyclopedia Article @ Avowed.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The homophile movement, as it was called, emerged with the formation in Los Angeles and San Francisco of the Mattachine Society, the Daughters of Bilitis and ONE, Inc..
		The homophile movement had a liberal-reformist philosophy, similar to the civil rights movement for African Americans, and likewise was anti-Communist and organized its public lectures and protests in a respectable and orderly fashion (Matzner 2004).
		This second wave of the gay rights movement is often refereed to as the Gay Liberation movement to draw a distinction between the previous homophile movement.
	www.avowed.org /encyclopedia/Gay_rights_in_the_United_States (2637 words)

	Gay Liberation Encyclopedia Article @ Avowed.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Organised movements for LGBT rights, particularly in Western Europe, have been active since the 19th century, producing publications, forming social groups and campaigning for social and legal reform.
		The movements of the period immediately preceding Gay Lib, from the end of World War II to the late 1960s, are known collectively as the Homophile movement.
		The homophile movement has been described as "politically conservative", although their calls for social acceptance of same-sex love and transsexuality were seen as radical fringe views by the dominant culture of the time.
	www.avowed.org /encyclopedia/Gay_Liberation (1717 words)

	Assignment #5: Strategies and Tactics
		The “homophile” movement as it was termed in the 60’s and 70’s became early divided over issues concerning the strategy of the movement.
		The movement became divided, because many people felt marginalized due to multiple oppressions they felt in their life, and the homophile movement was simply not meeting their needs.
		When discussing the controversial issue of gay marriage, it is important to first educate people about the fact that gay and lesbian people living in America today are not protected from discrimination and are denied the most basic rights under the law.
	www.unc.edu /~kimmy/strategiesandtactics.html (1196 words)

	GLBT Library/Archives of Philadelphia - The Barbara Gittings / Kay Tobin Lahusen Collection
		The movement's public face is preserved in recordings of conferences and meetings, as well as activists' talk show appearances and lectures.
		The movement's private face is reflected in interviews for The Ladder and in brainstorming sessions among activists.
		Homophile leaders who figure prominently in the recordings are "Warren Adkins" (pseudonym of Jack Nichols), "Ernestine Eckstein," Barbara Gittings, Franklin Kameny, Dick Leitsch, Clark Polak, and "Kay Tobin" (Kay Lahusen).
	www.stevecap.com /libdraft/sc0003.htm (419 words)

	The Symbol and the Legend: History of the Stonewall Riot
		Although commonly believed to be the cornerstone of the Gay Rights Movement, Stonewall Riots were not the fight for freedom that some people envision, but rather a spontaneous mass outrage, the social importance of which is merely in its symbol.
		This legend seems awfully idealistic, and it is. First of all, Gay Rights Movement had its roots in the late 1940’s — early 1950’s when, in search of the new opportunities opened by World War II, many homosexuals chose to stay in urban areas, where there were more chances for them to explore their sexualities.
		The prisoners were liberated, the goal of the initial outbreak of violence was thus accomplished, and yet the riot went on.
	www.angelfire.com /anime3/iolantastar/symbol_legend.html (1712 words)

	Online Articles from KeepMedia: Homophile Movement (via CobWeb/3.1 planet03.csc.ncsu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		HOMOPHILE MOVEMENT The homophile movement flourished in the United States between 1951 and 1970.
		One of the most important homophile activists of the 1960s, Clark Phillip Polak was the president of the Philadelphia-based Janus Society (1963–1969); the founder, publisher, and editor of Drum magazine (1964–1969); and the leader of the Homosexual Law Reform Society (1965–1969).
		Reference: HOMOPHILE MOVEMENT DEMONSTRATIONS Over the course of the twentieth century, LGBT people led and participated in countless political demonstrations in the United States (including the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, which was organized by Bayard Rustin).
	keepmedia.net.cob-web.org:8888 /pubs/EncyclopediaOfLGBTHistory/2005/10/25/1129647/related (1758 words)

	ASP Online
		The "Early Emancipation Movement" saw the term "homosexual" coined in 1869 as a nomenclature used to describe an individual who feels sexual desire for a member of his or her own sex.
		Blumenfeld describes the era of the Homophile Movement as a time of conservative ideology and politics in America, an atmosphere that gave rise to such evils as McCarthyism, but which also created a cultural backlash of sorts towards more progressive ideas and concepts.
		Additionally, the civil rights movement that culminated during this time period, long associated with the African-American plight for rights and equality, did not bypass the homosexual community.
	www.albany.edu /~asp/issue19990219/homosexual_centerstage.html (871 words)

	The First Gay Sit-in
		Second, there's the larger context of what was known at the time as the "homophile" movement, which was founded in the early 1950s in California and which began to embrace militant, direct action tactics in the mid-1960s.
		The fact that the U.S. homophile movement was much smaller in the 1960s than it would later become does not mean that the early movement did not deal with some of the same internal conflicts that we continue to see today.
		The desire to present the Fourth of July protests as the birthplace of the modern gay movement reflects commendable interest in history, but also troubling disinterest in the links between sexual protest and gender nonconformity that were more evident in incidents such as the Dewey's sit- in.
	hnn.us /articles/11652.html (1395 words)

	homophile_movement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		thumb175pxrightCover of French homophile literary journal Arcadie, 1975The word homophile is an alternative to the word homosexual, preferred by some because it emphasizes love ("-phile" from Greek ÏÎ¹Î»Î¯Î±) over sex.
		These and other activities of public resistence to oppression lead to a feeling of Gay Liberation that was soon to give a name to a new movement.
		COC (1946 - present) is the earliest homophile organisation.
	www.bestknownsportsbook.com /wiki/?title=Homophile_movement (1097 words)

	uncouthpaladin - D'Emilio, John. Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities. (gutting)
		This response, the homophile movement, was often fragmented, somewhat conservative, and incapable of mobilizing the gay masses.
		However, the movement evolved through the 1960s as opportunities and political space shifted in the Northeast and San Francisco, culminating in Stonewall and the emergence of a viable mass movement.
		Motive: D'Emilio is trying to understand how the radical gay liberation movement of the early 1970s developed from the timid homophile movement of the 1950s.
	uncouthpaladin.livejournal.com /5190.html (589 words)

	glbtq >> social sciences >> Bisexual Movements
		Although bisexuals have played an important part in the glbt movement for equality, they often have had to hide their bisexuality because of a lack of acceptance from many lesbians and gay men, who believed that bisexuals would rely on heterosexual privilege to escape stigma.
		It was feared that they would retreat to the closet (even though many lesbians and gay men in the movement were not entirely open themselves) and had less to lose than lesbians or gay men.
		Being involved in the lesbian and gay movement had taught them the importance of coming out and organizing; now they recognized the need to come out again and establish their own organizations.
	www.glbtq.com /social-sciences/bisex_movements.html (831 words)

	Homophile Movement - Susan's Place Transgender Wiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Homophile Movement is a complex group of lesbian, gay and transgender organizations whose roots predate Stonewall by decades.
		Many GLF members were involved with other militant groups such as these and saw gay rights as part of a larger movement to transform society and their own liberation was fundamentally tied to the liberation of all peoples.
		Much of the early history of this struggle is intertwined with the history of the homosexual emancipation movement in Europe, a situation caused by nineteenth-century conceptions of homosexuality that conflated gender variance and same-sex erotic attraction.
	wiki.susans.org /index.php/Homophile_Movement (5660 words)

	Online Articles from KeepMedia: Homophile Movement Demonstrations (via CobWeb/3.1 planet03.csc.ncsu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Homophile Movement Demonstrations : Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender History in America : Oct 25, 2005
		HOMOPHILE MOVEMENT DEMONSTRATIONS Over the course of the twentieth century, LGBT people led and participated in countless political demonstrations in the United States (including the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, which was organized by Bayard Rustin).
		Reference: HOMOPHILE MOVEMENT The homophile movement flourished in the United States between 1951 and 1970.
	keepmedia.net.cob-web.org:8888 /pubs/EncyclopediaOfLGBTHistory/2005/10/25/1129648/related (1750 words)

	CLAGS.org: IDS Concentration Courses
		Although the focus of our discussion and analysis will be literature, we will consider these works in the context of the social and political struggles of the homophile movement of the 1950s, lesbian feminist and gay male culture of the 1970s, AIDS and its impact, the emergent transgender movement, and various forms of queer activism.
		We'll examine how women's movements arise, what they demand, their impact in the 19th and 20th centuries, as well as current issues worldwide.
		The course will address the concept of work and the moral, political and economic dimensions of sex work; theories of labor and social movements; sex workers' rights movements that have emerged in different countries and their comparison with other kinds of labor and social movements.
	web.gc.cuny.edu /clags/queercunycoursesF04.htm (776 words)

	words: homophile (via CobWeb/3.1 planet03.csc.ncsu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The homophile movement in the U. developed early in the 1950s with the formation of the Mattachine Society, the Daughters of Bilitis, and One.
		The experts were often willing to concede that homosexuals are not dangerous, and that they can even "make a contribution to society," but precious few granted that homosexuality is anything but a mental illness.
		The accommodationism of the homophiles has often been criticized as cowardly, but had they marched in the streets in 1955 shouting "out of the closets into the streets," the way gay libbers did fifteen years later, they would have found themselves locked up en masse on Lewd Vag charges, or worse.
	www.gayhistory.com.cob-web.org:8888 /rev2/words/homophile.htm (109 words)

	Gay Rights Movement: Series II: Activists Alliance
		During its most active period (1970-74) the GAA lobbied vigorously for the enactment of fair employment and housing legislation, for the repeal of state laws respecting sodomy and solicitation, and for the banning of police entrapment and harassment of gays.
		The records (1970-83) reflect the activities of a homophile organization of New York City which was dedicated to the achievement of civil rights for gays through militant, non-violent means and which became a leader in the gay liberation movement during its more militant phase following the Stonewall Riots of 1969.
		The correspondence reveals the influence of GAA on the development of the gay liberation movement especially in California, Connecticut, the District of Columbia, and New York.
	microformguides.gale.com /Data/Introductions/20240FM.htm (2131 words)

	Amazon.ca: Stonewall: Books: Martin Duberman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Yvonne Flowers, a fl feminist, overcame her suspicion that the gay movement was not open to people of color, while transvestite Sylvia Rivers faced hostility from lesbians.
		This is more a work of anthropology than a comprehensive history of the origins of the gay liberation movement because it is built around a series of sketches of gay and lesbian life in New York in the 1960s.
		Duberman focuses on the lives of six gay and lesbian activists, and his research is prodigious, but, whether the lives he selected were representative of the times is subject to debate.
	www.amazon.ca /Stonewall-Martin-Duberman/dp/0452272068 (1334 words)

	A Radical Manesfesto (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		10) The homophile movement must totally reject the Hillsborough County Commissioners and refuse to encourage complicity in the laws pertaining to equal rights, which may well be turned against us.
		The information above has been revised and it's content has been taken from The Radical "Gay" Challenge to "Homophile" Politics which was instrumental in bringing gay groups together for a common cause throughout the 1960's until the end of the Stonewall movement.
		The Radical "Gay" Challenge to "Homophile" Politics In August 24-30 1960 the four-year old group known as NACHO (The North American Conference of Homophile Organizations) met in Kansas City.
	whats-up-productions.com /RadicalManes.html (725 words)

	glbtq >> Social Sciences >> Homophile Movement
		André Baudry, as leader of the French homophile movement from the early 1950s into the 1980s, was the principal spokesman for homosexuals in France before the rise of gay liberation in the 1970s.
		One of the founding fathers of the American gay rights movement, Frank Kameny helped radicalize the homophile movement, preparing the way for the mass movement for equality initiated by the Stonewall Riots of 1969.
		One of the earliest American gay movement organizations, the Mattachine Society was dedicated to the cultural and political liberation of homosexuals; but in the face of McCarthyism, it adopted conservative policies of accommodationism.
	www.glbtq.com /topic/social-sciences_126.html (354 words)

	After Stonewall Documents
		Legitimate Gay businessmen are afraid to open decent Gay bars with a healthy social atmosphere (as opposed to the hell-hole atmosphere of places typified by the Stonewall) because of fear of pressure from the unholy alliance of the Mafia and elements in the Police Dept. who accept payoffs and protect the Mafia monopoly.
		But 1969 was also the height of the "Movement", the conglomeration of anti-Vietnam War, pro-Black, pro-Women, pro-Hippy, anti-Capitalist left-wing politics which formed an entire counter-culture in the late 1960s'.
		10) The homophile movement must totally reject the insane war in Viet Nam and refuse to encourage complicity in the war and support of the war machine, which may well be turned against us.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/pwh/1969docs.html (1430 words)

	Dr. Strangelove - The Phoenix
		Promoted as "the first comprehensive and authoritative psychoanalytic study by a single author of both male and female homosexuality," the book garnered some positive reviews, but it was harshly condemned by homophile activists as yet another baseless, unscientific attack on homosexuals.
		In 1973, in response to gay liberation and a shift to the left in psychiatric circles, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) — after a prolonged bitter and divisive fight — removed homosexuality as a classification of mental illness from the current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychiatric Disorders (DSM — II).
		But bad ideas seldom die, and the battle over "curing" homosexuality simply changed venues: now the idea that gay people could be cured — or rather "converted" to heterosexuality — became a fixation of the Christian religious right.
	thephoenix.com /PrinterFriendly.aspx?id=1270 (786 words)

	Essays.cc - Social Movements- Gay Rights
		The establishment that the social movement fights against in this case is the predisposed beliefs of American people, and a way of life that has been unchanged for a long time.
		Leaders in the gay rights movement have issued several tactics in which they wish to gain acceptance in the general public, to be seen as normal.
		That could be the best way to go for the Movement though, as their goal all along has been to blend in and be treated like everyone else.
	www.essays.cc /free_essays/f1/txi162.shtml (1507 words)

	Index to Mattachine Review, One & Early Homophile Publications
		By that year, however, the witchhunts of Senator Joseph McCarthy and his poisonous movement known as McCarthyism to identify and ferret out all undesirables in government and society at large were at their peak, and a newspaper article appeared linking the Mattachine Foundation with the communist movement.
		It was in that year that the organization changed its name to "The Mattachine Society" as well as redirecting its goals from claiming a minority status and building a gay consciousness to one of assimilating gay people into mainstream society.
		This scholarly and historical homophile journal - a groundbreaking publication devoted solely to explore the historical roots, psychology, and culture of homosexuality - had a very limited distribution and is extremely scarce.
	www.tyleralpern.com /mattachine.html (2094 words)

	Gay Rights Movement: Series I: Mattachine Society
		The records (1951-76) reflect the origin and development of the homophile movement in America, particularly in New York, and of the struggle to achieve through education and other peaceful means the social integration of the homosexual and the removal of legal sanctions discriminating against gays in housing, employment and assembly.
		The correspondence which is complemented by the Topical File (Series 2) is with friends and colleagues in the gay rights movement and with persons seeking information about the work of the society and of the social and legal status of gays.
		The ephemera consists of a small file sorted by subject and a larger mass of unsorted ephemera relating to the homophile movement.
	microformguides.gale.com /Data/Introductions/20230FM.htm (1228 words)

	Early 1960s: ‘Gay is good’
		The dynamism of the lunch counter sit-ins and freedom rides of the African-American civil rights movement gave rise to an East Coast current of white gay and lesbian activists within Mattachine and Daughters of Bilitis—the national gay and lesbian organizations.
		These young gay men and lesbians were more militant and began to reject advice from the homophile movement to try to “fit into” society, to not make waves, and to rely on professionals and establishment figures to bequeath them social rights.
		“This is a movement, in many respects, of down-to-earth, grass-roots, sometimes tooth-and-nail politics.” And, he stressed, “[O]ur opponents will do a fully adequate job of presenting their views, and will not return us the favor of presenting ours; we gain nothing in virtue by presenting theirs, and only provide the enemy...
	www.workers.org /2006/us/lavender-red-58 (603 words)

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