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Topic: Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece

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Homoerotic

Ancient Greece

History of the Greek language

Pederasty

Ephebophilia

Military

League of Corinth

Naval history

Phidippides (Marathon runner)

Trireme

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Loeb Classical Library

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Anachronism and time travel

	ancient greece - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		Ancient Greece is considered by most historians to be the foundational culture of Western Civilization.
		Ancient Greek civilisation has been immensely influential on the language, politics, educational systems, philosophy, art and architecture of the modern world, particularly during the Renaissance in Western Europe and again during various neo-Classical revivals in 18th and 19th century Europe and The Americas.
		As Greece recovered economically, its population grew beyond the capacity of its limited arable land, and from about 750 BC the Greeks began 250 years of expansion, settling colonies in all directions.
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/Ancient-Greece (3008 words)

	History of Greece - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Philip's allies in Greece deserted him and in 197 he was decisively defeated at the Battle of Cynoscephalae by the Roman proconsul Titus Quinctius Flaminius.
		Although the period of Roman rule in Greece is conventionally dated as starting from the sacking of Corinth by the Roman consul Lucius Mummius in 146 BC, Macedonia had already come under Roman control with the defeat of its king, Perseus, by the Roman Aemilius Paullus at Pydna in 168 BC.
		During the 19th and early 20th centuries, in a series of wars with the Ottomans, Greece sought to enlarge its boundaries to include the ethnic Greek population of the Ottoman Empire, slowly growing in territory and population until it reached its present configuration in 1947.
	www.wikipedia-mirror.co.za /h/i/s/History_of_Greece_6a55.html (5452 words)

	Ancient Greece Profile @ ChannelsAndNetworks.com (Channels and Networks) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Ancient Greece is the period of Greek history spanning much of the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins and lasting for close to a millennium, until the rise of Christianity.
		In the modern Greek school-books, "ancient times" is a period of about 1000 years, from the catastrophe of Mycenae until the conquest of the country by the Romans that is divided in four periods, based on styles of art as much as culture and politics.
		The history of Ancient Greece is often taken to end with the reign of Alexander the Great, who died in 323 BC.
	www.channelsandnetworks.com /encyclopedia/Ancient_Greece (4153 words)

	Homosexuality in ancient Greece - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The ancient Greeks, in the context of the pederastic city-states, were the first to describe, study, systematize, and establish pederasty as an institution.
		The Sacred Band of Thebes, a separate military unit reserved only for men and their beloved boys, is usually considered as the prime example of how the ancient Greeks used relationships between soldiers in a troop to boost theit fighting spirit.
		Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece by William A. Percy, III.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece (990 words)

	:::► Dictionary of Meaning www.mauspfeil.net ◄::: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In the modern Greek school-books, "ancient times" is a period of about 1000 years (from the catastrophe of Mycenae until the conquest of the country by the Roman Republic Romans) that is divided in four periods, based on styles of art as much as culture and politics.
		Ancient Greek civilization has been immensely influential on the language, politics, educational systems, philosophy, art and architecture of the modern world, particularly during the Renaissance in Western Europe and again during various Neoclassicism neo-Classical revivals in 18th century 18th and 19th century Europe and The Americas.
		It was the greatest architectural statement of 5th century BC Greece As Greece recovered economically, its population grew beyond the capacity of its limited arable land, and from about 750 BC 750 BC the Greeks began 250 years of expansion, settling colonies in all directions.
	www.mauspfeil.net /ancient_Greece.html (3762 words)

	Alexander the Great Exposition @ ChannelsAndNetworks.com (Channels and Networks) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		At the ancient Phrygian capital of Gordium, Alexander "undid" the tangled Gordian Knot, a feat said to await the future "king of Asia." According to the most vivid story, Alexander proclaimed that it did not matter how the knot was undone, and he hacked it apart with his sword.
		The original story stated that Cassander, son of Antipater, viceroy of Greece, brought the poison to Alexander in Babylon in a mule's hoof, and that Alexander's royal cupbearer, Iollas, brother of Cassander, administered it.
		Ancient sources are generally written with an agenda of either glorifying or denigrating the man, making it difficult to evaluate his actual character.
	www.channelsandnetworks.com /encyclopedia/Alexander_the_Great (6538 words)

	Ancient Greece Lexicon @ HigherPower.org (Higher Power) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Traditionally, the Ancient Greek period was taken to begin with the date of the first Olympic Games in 776 BC, but many historians now extend the term back to about 1000 BC.
		In this period occurred a huge economic development in Greece and its overseas colonies, with the grow of commerce and manufacture.
		Some studies estimate that the average size of the Greek house, in the period from 800 BC to 300 BC, increased five times, which indicates a large increase in the average income of the population.
	higherpower.org /encyclopedia/Ancient_Greece (4134 words)

	Ancient Greece - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Marble statuette from the Cycladic islands, 3000 BC The Greeks are believed to have migrated southward into the Greek peninsula in several waves beginning in the late 3rd millennium BC, the last being the Dorian invasion.
		The period from 1100 BC to the 8th century BC is a "dark age" from which no primary texts, and only scant archaeological evidence, survive.
		Philip established Macedonian dominance over 352 BC) and 348 BC he controlled everything north of Demosthenes, in a series of famous speeches (339 BC Thebes, Athens, Sparta and other Greek states formed an alliance to resist Philip and expel him from the Greek cities he had occupied in the north.
	www.objectsspace.com /encyclopedia/index.php/Hellenic_civilization (2060 words)

	Ancient Greece (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Ancient Greece is considered by most historians to be the foundational culture of Western worldWestern Civilization.
		Ancient Greek civilisation has been immensely influential on the language, politics, educational systems, philosophy, art and architecture of the modern world, particularly during the Renaissance in Western Europe and again during various Classicismneo-Classical revivals in 18th century18th and 19th century Europe and The Americas/.
		As Greece recovered economically, its population grew beyond the capacity of its limited arable land, and from about 750 BC750 BC the Greeks began 250 years of expansion, settling colonies in all directions.
	www.infothis.com /find/Ancient_Greece (3465 words)

	Ancient Greece - TCP Poetry Wiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Template:History of Greece Ancient Greece is the term used to describe the Greek-speaking world in ancient times.
		Marble statuette from the Cycladic islands, 3000 BC The Greeks are believed to have migrated southward into the Balkan peninsula in several waves beginning in the late 3rd millennium BC, the last being the Dorian invasion.
		To the east, the Aegean coast of Asia Minor was colonized first, followed by Cyprus and the coasts of Thrace, the Sea of Marmara and south coast of the Black Sea.
	www.criticalpoet.com /mediawiki/index.php/Ancient_Greece (3456 words)

	Iliad - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Iliad and the Odyssey were considered by Greeks of the classical age and after as the most important works in Ancient Greek literature, and were the basis of Greek pedagogy in antiquity.
		In Classical Greece, and especially in Hellenism, the relationship of Achilles and Patroclus was often seen as pederastic.
		In Homer's Ionian culture it appears homosexuality had not taken on the form it later would in pederasty.
	www.airandspace.org /encyclopedia/Iliad (3792 words)

	Articles - Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		When the topic of homosexuality in the militaries of Ancient Greece is discussed, the Sacred Band of Thebes is usually considered as the prime example of how the Ancient Greeks used homoerotic/homosexual relationships between soldiers in a troop to boost the fighting spirit of their militaries.
		Homosexuality among males in the militaries and warriors of ancient Greek city-states were documented by many historians throughout the ages.
		Military pederasty was encouraged as a means to improve troop morale, bravery, and overall fighting.
	epsona.com /articles/Homosexuality_in_the_militaries_of_ancient_Greece (1139 words)

	Pederasty - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In antiquity, pederasty as an educational institution for the inculcation of moral and cultural values, as well as a sexual diversion, was practiced in Ancient Greece and Rome.
		As idealized by the ancient Greeks, pederasty was a relationship and bond–whether sexual or chaste–between an adolescent boy and an adult man outside of his immediate family.
		The rise of Christianity led to the suppression of pederasty, as it was one of the mainstays of a classical pagan culture which the church fathers saw as an obstacle to their proselytizing.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Pederasty (5517 words)

	Greece Tour Resources - Ancient Greece Homosexuality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		is the most common belief that homosexuality in Ancient Greece was limited to the older, married...
		It assumes that ancient Greek society was divided on a class basis...
		Debunking the Myth of Homosexuality in Ancient Greece.
	greece-depot.com /ancientgreecehomosexuality.html (344 words)

	Encyclopedia - Pederasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Rendered as "age-structured homosexuality" it is, together with gender-structured relations and egalitarian relations one of the three main subdivisions of homosexuality proposed by anthropologists, and the most common historically.
		In ancient Sparta pederasty was practiced by the aristocracy as an educational device.
		In the same vein, in a work that was to influence the evolution of communism's attitude towards same-sex love, the German political philosopher Friedrich Engels, Karl Marx's collaborator, denounced the ancient Greeks for "the abominable practice of sodomy" and for degrading "their gods and themselves with the myth of Ganymede".
	www.ebabylone.com /en/encyclopreg.php?title=Pederasty (6547 words)

	Ancient Greece Athens - ... - ancientgreece.info1online.be (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Ancient Greeks - the Athenians of Ancient Greece.
		Ancient Greece: Lesson #3 Athens as a City-State Lesson Topic: Athens as a City State; introduction of Democracy...
		Ancient greece and rome Ancient greece athens Greece news Greece agriculture earthlin 12 chief gods of classical
	ancientgreece.info1online.be /.../ancient-greece-athens.html (398 words)

	ANCIENT GREECE FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		There are no fixed or universally agreed upon dates for the beginning or the end of the Ancient Greek period.
		The traditional date for the end of the Ancient Greek period is the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC (The following period is classed Hellenistic) or the integration of Greece into the Roman Republic in 146 BC.
		The period from 1100 BC to the 8th century BC is a "dark age" from which no primary texts survive, and only scant archaeological evidence remains.
	www.ibizabusiness.com /Ancient_Greece (3270 words)

	Ancient Entertainment Greece (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Ancient Greece is the period of Greek history spanning much of the Mediterranean and Black Sea...
		Ancient Democracy Greece Mycenaean civilization was dominated by a warrior aristocracy.
		Ancient Fashion Greece Philip established Macedonian dominance over Thessaly (352 BC) and Thrace, and by 348 BC he controlled everything north of Thermopylae.
	www.mygreecetravelguide.com /ancient-entertainment-greece_228.html (1221 words)

	Articles - Ancient Greece (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		These dates are historians´; conventions and some writers treat the Ancient Greek civilization as a continuum running until the advent of Christianity in the 3rd century.
		Sparta had now built a fleet to challenge Athenian naval supremacy, and had found a brilliant military leader in Lysander, who seized the strategic initiative by occupying the Hellespont, the source of Athens´; grain imports.
		The distinguishing features of ancient Greek society were the division between free and slave, the differing roles of men and women, the relative lack of status distinctions based on birth, and the importance of religion.
	www.softaccounting.com /articles/Ancient_Greece (4298 words)

	History Of Athens Greece - ... - yachtchartergreece.info1online.be (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		History of ancient Athens, Greece, Hellas, the influence of the arts, sculptors, mankind.
		Ancient Greece to 146 B.C. Introductory.-It is necessary to indicate at the outset the scope and object of the present article.
		Previous Olympic hosts are lending their hands to the organizers of the 2008 Games as experts from Australia and Greece came to share their experience with their Chinese counterparts.
	yachtchartergreece.info1online.be /.../history-of-athens-greece.html (438 words)

	Iliad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Iliad (Ancient Greek Ιλιάς, Ilias) is, along with the Odyssey, one of the two major Greek epic poems traditionally attributed to Homer, a supposedly blind Ionian poet.
		Scholars dispute whether Homer existed, and whether he was one person, but it is clear that the poems spring from a long tradition of oral poetry.
		Contemporary readers are more likely to interpret the two heroes either as non-sexual "war buddies" or as an egalitarian homosexual couple.
	www.tocatch.info /en/TheIliad.htm (2655 words)

	:::► Dictionary of Meaning www.mauspfeil.net ◄::: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		the Trojan War, and is, along with the ''Odyssey'', one of the two major Ancient Greece Greek epic poetry epic poems traditionally attributed to Homer, a blind Ionia Ionian poet.
		In Classical Greece, and especially in Hellenism, the relationship of Achilles and Patroclus was often seen as pederasty pederastic.
		In his Ionia Ionian culture it appears homosexuality had not taken on the form it later would in pederasty.
	www.mauspfeil.net /Iliad.html (2848 words)

	Excite - Search: Greece%2C Greek%2C Athens
		General map of Greece, maps of Greek islands and Athens, the capital of Greece.
		All Greek Ferries routes from/to Italy, Greece and Greek islands,...
		Athens is the most important archaeological museum in Greece and one of the richest in the world concerning ancient Greek...
	srch.excite.com /info.xcite/search/web/Greece%25252C+Greek%25252C+Athens (454 words)

	Ancient Greece Athens - ... - ancientgreece.petrocanada.be (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		of Athens is a photographic archive of the archaeological and architectural remains of ancient Athens (Greece).
		The Ancient City of Athens is a photographic archive of the archaeological and architectural remains of ancient Athens (Greece).
		Information about ancient greece sites of the acropolis, agora, pnyx, temple of poseidon, panathenaic (olympic) stadium in athens and other places to visit in athens and attica prefecture greece...
	ancientgreece.petrocanada.be /.../ancient-greece-athens.html (457 words)

	Articles - Alexander the Great (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		As Alexander's mother, Olympias, was from Epirus (a land in the western part of the Greek peninsula and not part of Macedon), and Cleopatra was a true Macedonian, this led to a dispute over Alexander's legitimacy as heir to the throne.
		When the Chieftain of Massaga fell in the battle, the supreme command of the army went to his old mother Cleophis (q.v.) who also stood determined to defend her motherland to the last extremity.
		Sexual attraction between males was seen as a normal and universal part of human nature since it was believed that men were attracted to beauty, an attribute of the young, regardless of gender.
	lastring.com /articles/Alexander_the_Great?... (8115 words)

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