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	Chinese Architecture: Xiaoling Tomb, Nanjing
		Records from the time indicate that the majority of workers were criminals who were given work according to the severity of their crime; the heavier the penalty, the heavier the work.
		When Hongwu's son Yongle commissioned a larger stele for his own tomb, workers found it impossible to move and left it in place at Yangshan quarry at Death's Head Valley.
		Hongwu is thought to be buried in the enormous artificial mound north of the Soul Tower.
	www.orientalarchitecture.com /nanjing/MINGTOMB.htm (1020 words)

	Ming Empire 1368-1644 by Sanderson Beck
		Hongwu promulgated the Ancestral Injunctions outlining the powers and responsibilities of the princes; although nobles were not punished for taking land unfairly the first time, by the fourth violation the penalty was death.
		Scholars criticized the Emperor for harsh methods; but in 1385 Hongwu had his vice-minister of revenue and hundreds of others executed for embezzling, and the minister of personnel was accused of slandering the head of the National University and was put to death.
		That year Emperor Hongwu issued a list of regions not to be invaded by the Ming, and tributary relations were limited to Ryuku Island (Japan), Cambodia, and Siam.
	www.san.beck.org /3-7-MingEmpire.html (0 words)

	Hongwu Information (Site not responding. Last check: )
		During the reign of Hongwu, about 30 personal kilns were included with the Imperial kilns at Jingdezhen, bringing the total number of kilns to just over 50 by the end of the reign.
		Of the few rare pieces that do bare the Hongwu mark, it's safe to say that they are probably from a later Ming period, marked in reverence to both the reign and the emperor who founded the great Ming dynasty.
		Hongwu was from humble beginnings having spent several years of his earlier life as a beggar.
	www.taimantis.com /chinese/hwinfo.html (1712 words)

	Ming Dynasty
		Hongwu was succeeded by his grandson, but he son was soon usurped by his uncle Cheng-tsu[?], a younger son of Hongwu, who ruled as the Emperor Yung-lo from 1403 to 1424 (Yung-lo was responsible for moving the capital back to Beijing).
		Hongwu noted the destructive role of court eunuchs under the Sung, drastically reducing their numbers, forbidding them to handle documents, insisting that they remained illiterate, and liquidating those who commented on state affairs.
		Hongwu had a strong aversion to the imperial eunuchs (a castrated court of servants for the emperor), capsized by a tablet in his palace stipulating: "Eunuchs must have nothing to do with the administration".
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/mi/Ming.html (3173 words)

	China - MSN Encarta
		In 1380, however, Hongwu abolished all executive posts in the secretariat because he suspected treason on the part of the chief counselor.
		Hongwu became the sole coordinator of the central government.
		However, in 1402, Zhu Di, Hongwu’s son and the new emperor’s uncle, usurped the throne.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761573055_19/China.html (1825 words)

	Ming Dynasty at AllExperts
		Hongwu kept a powerful army organized on a military system known as the Wei-so system, which was similar to the Fu-ping system of the Tang Dynasty.
		Hongwu, unlike his successors, noted the destructive role of court eunuchs under the Song, drastically reducing their numbers, forbidding them to handle documents, insisting that they remained illiterate, and liquidating those who commented on state affairs.
		Hongwu himself was generally regarded as a strong emperor who ushered in an energy of imperial power and effectiveness that lasted far beyond his reign, but the centralization of authority would prove detrimental under less competent rulers.
	en.allexperts.com /e/m/mi/ming_dynasty.htm (4376 words)

	Ming Dynasty - China History - China
		Hongwu was succeeded by his grandson, but he was soon usurped by his uncle Chengzu, a younger son of Hongwu, who ruled as the Emperor Yongle from 1403 to 1424 and was responsible for moving the capital back to Beijing.
		Hongwu had a strong aversion to the imperial eunuchs (a castrated court of servants for the emperor), capsized by a tablet in his palace stipulating: "Eunuchs must have nothing to do with the administration." Under his successor, however, they began regaining their old influence.
		Hongwu was succeeded by Jianwen Emperor of Chinahis son, but the latter was soon usurped by Ming Cheng ZuCheng Zu, who ruled as the Yongle Emperor of ChinaEmperor Yongle from 1403 to 1424 and responsible for moving the capital to Beijing).
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Ming_Dynasty (3435 words)

	Barakat Gallery Store
		Hongwu, literally meaning “vast military,” reflects the increased prestige of the army during the Ming Dynasty.
		Like the founders of the Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-220 A.D.), Hongwu was extremely suspicious of the educated courtiers that advised him and, fearful that they might attempt to overthrow him, he successfully consolidated control of all aspect of government.
		The strict authoritarian control Hongwu wielded over the affairs of the country was due in part to the centralized system of government he inherited from the Monguls and largely kept intact.
	www.barakatgallery.com /store/Index.cfm/FuseAction/ItemDetails/UserID/0/CFID/8529599/CFTOKEN/34116173/ItemID/5003.htm (798 words)

	The Ming Empire (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Under Hongwu, the Confucian scholar gentry, marginalized under the Yuan for nearly a century, once again assumed their predominant role in running the empire.
		This is the only surviving example in the world of a major piece of lacquer furniture from the "Orchard Factory" (the Imperial Laquer Workshop) set up in Beijing during the early Míng Dynasty.
		To prevent such abuses the Hongwu Emperor institued two very important systems: "Yellow Records" and "Fish Scale Records", which served to guarantee both the government's income from land taxes and the people's enjoyment of their property.
	www.personal.psu.edu /rjf5009/assignment7.html (3832 words)

	Hongwu, Founder Ming Dynasty - Timeline Index
		The Hongwu Emperor, personal name Zhu Yuanzhang, was the founder and first emperor 1368-1398 of the Ming Dynasty of China.
		The previous Mongol Yuan Dynasty was perceived as "foreign", and the Chinese had strong feelings against their rule.
		Hongwu was one of only two Chinese dynasty founders who emerged from the peasant class.
	www.timelineindex.com /content/view/1710 (0 words)

	worlds together worlds apart. Chapter 2. Summary 3
		The Hongwu Emperor also took control of Chinese religion as a means of legitimizing his rule.
		Cults and ritual were classified and made to revolve around the emperor’s central role as the performer of sacrifices and mediator between the human realm and supernatural realm.
		When he felt his authority was threatened, the Hongwu Emperor killed some 100,000 people, including military men, scholars, and even members of his own bureaucracy.
	www.wwnorton.com /college/history/worlds/ch2/summary3.htm (813 words)

	Ming
		He is known as Hongwu Emperor, and led the revolt against the Mongols and the Yuan Dynasty.
		Hongwu wanted to control all aspects of government so that no other group could gain enough power to overthrow him.
		However, Hongwu did not understand inflation and gave out so much paper money as rewards that by 1425 A.D. the currency was worth 1/70 of its original value.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/prehistory/china/later_imperial_china/ming.html (908 words)

	tabulas.com: is this thing on?
		Zijin Shan was definitely worth the trip for the pair of mausoleums (Sun Yatsen's and Hongwu's), and the scenery.
		Still, the buildings were quite imposing, and the verticality of the building progression (read: lots of stairs) gave the whole complex a very monumental feel to it.
		Hongwu's mausoleum was quite a sight - not as physically imposing as Sun Yatsen's, but then again the complex was finished in 1383 (and, like most ancient buildings in China, has been rebuilt repeatedly).
	www.tabulas.com /~krisc/852034.html (1053 words)

	unidentified artist/maker / a) Chopper (Vajra-Katari) and b) Ritual ax (parasu) / a) late 14th century; b) Hongwu ...
		unidentified artist/maker / a) Chopper (Vajra-Katari) and b) Ritual ax (parasu) / a) late 14th century; b) Hongwu period (1368-1398)
		This image is one of over 108,000 from the AMICA Library (formerly The Art Museum Image Consortium Library- The AMICO Library™), a growing online collection of high-quality, digital art images from over 20 museums around the world.
		Creation Date: a) late 14th century; b) Hongwu period (1368-1398)
	www.davidrumsey.com /amico/amico935386-23533.html (0 words)

	Hongwu Biography - Biography.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Born into a poor Nanjing family and orphaned at 16, he was in turn Buddhist novice, beggar, White Lotus secret society member, and Red Turban rebel.
		Setting up his own organization, he seized Nanjing (1356), overran the Yangtze basin, took Beijing, overthrew the Yuan dynasty (1368), established a Ming (‘brilliant’) dynasty at Nanjing, and took the reign name Hongwu (‘vast military power’).
		He then drove the Mongols out of China, Korea, Manchuria, and beyond the Tien Shan.
	www.biography.com /search/article.jsp?aid=9342967 (171 words)

	Building on basics (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The overarching goal of this kind of research is to design drugs and other therapies that specifically hone in on this particular piece of the complex and multi-step process by which a cell becomes malignant.
		Two UC Davis Cancer Center basic scientists, Ronald Wisdom and Hongwu Chen, are trying to understand some of the biological mechanisms underlying breast cancer by studying proteins believed to play a part in instigating the disease.
		Molecular biologist Hongwu Chen measures the role of various genes in controlling cell growth.
	www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu /synthesis/Archives/spring02/basics/index.html (299 words)

	Jinshi degree - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		I have read a number of times about the Hongwu emperor's indifference towards the literati, so it is not entirely surprising for me that the Jinshi examination was conducted so infrequently during the Hongwu reign.
		Hi Enkidu, I believe that the early Ming emperors had a distrust of the Jiangnan literati in particular, and it did not help that Nanjing was so close to their local base of power.
		The chief method the Hongwu emperor had used to deal with these problems [of integrating north and south], however, was to stop altogether or to limit the scope of the civil examination process.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=2198 (2329 words)

	Zhang Yuchu (Zhang Celestial Master) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the 10th year of Hongwu of the Ming Dynasty (1377), Zhang Yuchu succeeded to the position of the Celestial Master of the 43th generation.
		In the 11th year of Hongwu (1378) he entered the imperial court, and in the 13th year of Hongwu (1380) he was granted the title 'Succeeding Great Perfect Man and Brilliant Exemplar of Orthodox Oneness Who Exemplifies the Ancestor by Non-Interference"
		In the 22nd year of Hongwu (1389), his memorial to the throne was approved to order to reconstruct the Great Temple of the Highest Clarity
	www.eng.taoism.org.hk /general-daoism/eminent-philosophers&accomplished-daoists/pg1-4-32.asp (831 words)

	Nanjing North Hongwu Road Primary School
		Nanjing North Hongwu Road Primary School is a modern school established on the basis of Guyilang Primary School, Xiangpuying Primary School and Qingshijie Primary School.
		In its newly built five-story U-shaped education building, there are multifunctional lecture theaters including music room, natural room, arts room, computer room, library, and psychological education room etc. The modern all-weather playground covers an area of over 500m2, and has a standard 200m race track.
		Inspired by passion and sense of responsibility, all teachers and employees are working hard to build the school into an experimental and special school with scientific management, normative research, fine environment and excellent quality.
	www.hwbl.net /doce/profile.htm (460 words)

	CHRONOLOGY - MING DYNASTY 1368-1644
		Zhu Yuanzhang, a Han Chinese peasant and former Buddhist monk was the man who would do it.
		After a series of crushing military victories over the country's Mongol overlords he founded The Ming dynasty (1368-1644) and taking Hongwu as his reign title.
		In order to stabilize China he had about 10,000 scholars and their families put to death in two purges of his administration.
	www.gotheborg.com /chronology/ming.shtml (998 words)

	People's Daily Online -- Tunbao people spring preformance
		Tunbao people, who take Anshun as their center and live in the region covering several hundred kilometers, are the descendants of soldiers sent there in the Hongwu Years of the Ming Dynasty 600 years ago.
		Young boys and girls are attracted by the performance during spring-greeting parade in Tunbao, Southwest China's Guizhou Province, Feb. 26, 2005.
		A Tunbao woman dressed in ancient costume parades throught a street on an artificial horse to greet the arrival of spring in Tunbao, Southwest China's Guizhou Province, Feb. 26, 2005.
	english.people.com.cn /200502/27/eng20050227_174877.html (301 words)

	The Art and Images of China :: People in History :: Imperial Portraits (Site not responding. Last check: )
		1 of 4 in a series of portraits of the Hongwu emperor.
		It is believed that his appearance was less than desirable after years of military service had scarred his face.
		For more information on the depiction of the Hongwu emperor, click on the link below.
	www.ibiblio.org /chineseart/contents/peop/c01s05i01.html (69 words)

	Ming2
		(reigns of the Hongwu and Yongle emperors, sea expeditions conducted by Admiral Zheng He).
		• A small educated elite whose members were generally more distrusted than trusted by emperor Hongwu, managed the administration of the empire.
		Families had a house to live in, land to cultivate in the predictable rhythm of the annual cycle of agriculature, hills with trees for firewood, gardens to grow vegetables.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~inaasim/Mingqing04/Ming2Winter.htm (1027 words)

	Ming Emperor Yongle (Zhu Di) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Emperor Yongle is Emperor Hongwu (the first emperor of Ming Dynasty Zhu Yuanzhang)'s son.
		To the rule at that time, Emperor Hongwu's heir should be his eldest son Zhu Biao, but Zhu Biao died during Emperor Hongwu's reign, so Emperor Hongwu's eldest grandson Zhu Yunwen became the new emperor when Emperor Hongwu died.
		Zhu Yunwen wanted to consolidate his reign, so he began to impair his uncles' power.
	library.thinkquest.org /C0126670/emperors/yongle_en.htm (293 words)

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