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Topic: Hooded Pitohui

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	Pitohui - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pitohui is a genus of birds endemic to New Guinea, belonging to the family Pachycephalidae.
		The skin and feathers of some pitohuis, especially the Variable and Hooded Pitohuis, contain powerful neurotoxic alkaloids of the batrachotoxin group (also secreted by the Colombian poison dart frogs, genus Phyllobates).
		The Hooded Pitohui is brightly coloured, with a brick red belly and a jet fl head.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pitohui (291 words)

	Hooded Pitohui -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Hooded Pitohui (Pitohui dichrous) is a (Crested largely blue bird) jay-sized (A plant that is native to a certain limited area) endemic (additional info and facts about New Guinean) New Guinean (Any bird having a musical call) songbird with fl and orange coloration.
		The Hooded Pitohui, and two close relatives (the Variable Pitohui and the Brown Pitohui), are the first documented poisonous birds.
		According to what I read in MSN Encarta, a neurotoxin called homobatrachotoxin is in the skin and feathers, which caused numbness and tingling in bird-touchers.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/h/ho/hooded_pitohui.htm (167 words)

	Hood unit - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Hood unit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		On a hood unit, the body of the locomotive is less than full-width for most of the locomotive's length, with walkways on the outside of the locomotive.
		The hood unit's frame is the main load-bearing member, allowing the hoods containing locomotive equipment to be easily opened or even removed for maintenance access.
		The long hood of a locomotive is almost always as tall as the cab of the locomotive, or nearly so in order to fit the large prime mover.
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Hood-unit.html (399 words)

	Pitohui (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The new family tree suggests that one subspecies of variable pitohui mimics its toxic neighbor, a hooded pitohui, the researchers report in the Oct. 7 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL...
		The bird was a hooded pitohui (pronounced PIT-a-hooey), and the encounter...
		The Pitohuis are a genus of birds, endemic to New Guinea, belonging to the family Pachycephalidae.
	hallencyclopedia.com /Pitohui (463 words)

	Hooded Crow - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Hooded Crow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Hooded Crow - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Hooded Crow.
		The Hooded Crow Corvus cornix, (48-52 cm in length) is so similar in structure and habits to the Carrion Crow that some authorities consider them to be merely geographical races of one species, however since 2002 the bird has been elevated to full species status.
		In the UK, the Hooded Crow breeds regularly in Scotland, the Isle of Man, and in the Scottish Islands.
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Hooded-Crow.html (463 words)

	BiologyBase: Pitohui and Frog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The poison of the pitohui was identified, and it turned out that the poison is a very special one, and had only been seen once before -- in dart poison frogs of the genus _Phyllobates_ in the family Dendrobatidae.
		The three pitohui species vary in toxicity, the Hooded Pitohui is the most toxic, the Variable Pitohui is intermediate, and the Brown Pitohui is the least toxic.
		Though the pitohuis are the first documented case of poisonous birds, these are probably not the only birds with chemical defenses.
	www.interaktv.com /articles/pitohui.htm (478 words)

	Science News: Poison birds copy `don't touch' feathers.(p... @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		However, the variable pitohui, Pitohui kirhocephalus, took its common name from the color variations of its 20 subspecies.
		Dumbacher recalls that as soon as he recognized the pitohui's toxicity, he wondered whether some of the lineages had come to look the same when they lived in the same area.
		The peninsula where dohertyi lives is frequented by hooded pitohuis, which it resembles.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:79547751&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf&COOKIE=NO (539 words)

	EVOLUTION OF TOXICITY IN PITOHUIS: I. EFFECTS OF HOMOBATRACHOTOXIN ON CHEWING LICE (ORDER PHTHIRAPTERA)
		Pitohui dichrous feathers used in this study con- tained an average of 39 p,g of homoBTX per gram of tissue, P. ferrugineus feathers contained an average of 3.5 g of homoBTX per gram of tissue, whereas P. cristatus feathers contained less than 3 g homoBTX per gram of tissue.
		However, pitohui toxins have profound effects on many species of lice, sug- gesting that these toxins had profound effects on pitohui lice during the evolution of toxicity in pitohuis.
		Pitohui toxin, known as homobatrachotoxin (homoBTX), is a member of a well-known family of steroidal al- kaloids that depolarize nerve and muscle mem- branes by binding and activating voltage-de- pendent sodium channels (Albuquerque et al.
	elibrary.unm.edu /sora/Auk/v116n04/p0957-p0963.html (6915 words)

	The Intoxicating Birds of New Guinea - National Zoo\| FONZ
		Hooded pitohuis from some regions of the island were found to be much less poisonous than those from other regions.
		Some have suggested pitohuis may get their poisons from bacteria, or that BTX is somehow assembled in their bodies from more than one plant or insect they are eating, each providing a vital chemical component.
		Pitohuis of both sexes are equally toxic and colorful, a signal that may play a larger role in the New Guinea ecosystem.
	nationalzoo.si.edu /Publications/ZooGoer/2001/2/intoxnewguineabirds.cfm (3625 words)

	Auk, The: Evolution of toxicity in Pitohuis: I. effects of homobatrachotoxin on chewing lice (order Phthiraptera) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Pitohui toxin, known as homobatrachotoxin (homoBTX), is a member of a well-known family of steroidal alkaloids that depolarize nerve and muscle membranes by binding and activating voltage-dependent sodium channels (Albuquerque et al.
		After returning from the field, toxin concentrations in pitohui feathers were measured in the Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry at the National Institutes of Health using radio-ligand binding assays.
		Pitohui dichrous feathers used in this study contained an average of 39 tg of homoBTX per gram of tissue, P ferrugineus feathers contained an average of 3.5 wg of homoBTX per gram of tissue, whereas P cristatus feathers contained less than 3 jig homoBTX per gram of tissue.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3793/is_199910/ai_n8857191 (1351 words)

	California Wild Winter 2005 - Horizons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		On pitohuis, the toxin seemed to be concentrated mostly in the skin and feathers, with far less in the organs and muscle.
		The two most poisonous pitohuis, the hooded (Pitohui dichrous) and variable (Pitohui kirhocephalus), were the most colorful of the tribe.
		And the fact that the poison was largely on the outside of pitohuis, concentrated on the breast and belly, suggested it might rub off on vulnerable young.
	www.calacademy.org /calwild/2005winter/stories/horizons.html (2272 words)

	Print Version
		Discovering the toxin in the pitohuis, and in a species of another genus of Papuan birds called Ifrita, marked the first example of chemical defenses that are known to have evolved in any of the world's birds, Dumbacher said.
		Daly discovered the chemistry of the deadly pitohui toxin in the phyllobates terribilis frog.
		The beetles carry high levels of the same toxin that fills the birds' feathers and skins -- strong evidence, Dumbacher said, that feeding on those beetles might endow the birds with their uniquely poisonous protection.
	www.nwaonline.net /articles/2005/03/11/living/12poisonbird.prt (565 words)

	Toxic Birds - Dwight G. Smith
		Consider, for instance, the case of the orange-and-fl hooded pitohui (pronounced PIT-a-hoo-ee), a songbird that commonly dwells around the edges of the rain forests of Papua New Guinea.
		Natives of the area have long known that it tastes bad and cannot be eaten unless it is skinned and specially prepared.
		Among the number of birds trapped in his nets was a hooded pitohui (Pitohui dichrous) that clawed and bit him as he was trying to free it.
	www.worldandi.com /specialreport/2003/may/Sa23077.htm (297 words)

	Sniffing out a lethal link between birds, beetles / S.F. researcher tracks poison over 9,500 miles
		It was Wako who told Dumbacher that the people of Herowana shun the pitohui as "rubbish birds" because of their stench and the fact that even touching them can cause disagreeable sensations.
		They are eaten only after extreme care is taken to remove feathers and skin, and even then, the meat must be carefully treated to have any use as food, Wako said.
		For the birds, therefore, nanisani is a highly protective defense, as the people in the forests where the pitohui fly avoid hunting them -- leaving the birds largely unmolested, Dumbacher said.
	sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/02/14/MNGUKBAJS61.DTL&type=science (844 words)

	Yellow Blog, Up High in Banana Tree: Ptooey! Don't eat these frogs and birds.
		Pitohuis' feathers and skin were found to be venomous as recently as 1987 by a hapless scientist in New Guinea (one Jack Dumbacher -- is somebody making ALL these names up?) who caught a struggling bird in a net, then put his finger in his mouth.
		Also: "Pitohuis and dart poison frogs are also somewhat similar in coloration.
		All three species of pitohui have red and fl plumage - warning colors used by _Phyllobates_.
	yellowbirdbananatree.blogspot.com /2005/02/ptooey-dont-eat-these-frogs-and-birds.html (453 words)

	mental_floss fact of the day
		He caught a Pitohui in a net and, while removing it, was scratched by the creature.
		The poison is not as toxic as that of the poison dart frogs, and would not likely kill a human, but it does make it a good idea to avoid the birds.
		The Hooded Pitohui, reddish orange and fl in color is the most poisonous variety of the bird.
	www.mentalfloss.com /archives/archive2004-05-29.htm (209 words)

	BIRDCHAT archives -- December 1997, week 4 (#79)
		Other New Guinea species are: variable pitohui, P cephalus white-bellied pitohui, P incerta rusty pitohui, P ferrugineus crested pitohui, P cristatus fl pitohui, P nigrescens Darrell Lee Brunswick, GA [log in to unmask] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36.
		The reason for this, it turned out, was because the skin and feathers of pitohuis are loaded with homobatrachotoxin, a type of poison.
		Like many other poisonous animals, the pitohuis also emit a foul odor and advertise their unsavory nature with bright colors.
	listserv.arizona.edu /cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9712d&L=birdchat&F=&S=&P=5269 (590 words)

	Poisonous Creatures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The hooded pitohui of New Guinea is the only documented example of a poisonous bird.
		In 1992 researchers discovered that the feathers and skin of the hooded pitohui contain a powerful neurotoxin called homobatrachotoxin, which causes numbness and tingling skin in people who touched the birds.
		The stonefish is one of the most venomous vertebrates known.
	www.ajmalbeig.addr.com /POISON.HTM (655 words)

	Value of Varirata National Park (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The gift of five laminated panels were illustrations of his research into the hooded pitohui (pitohudichrous) bird of the National Park.
		The hooded pitohui is one of the world's poisonous birds.
		In some villages, pitohuis have not been eaten for so long, hunters remember only that it is taboo to eat them.
	tufi.alphalink.com.au /sogeri/varirata.htm (469 words)

	Avian chemical defense: Toxic birds not of a feather -- Weldon 97 (24): 12948 -- Proceedings of the National Academy of ...
		Hornets (Vespa orientalis) attacking a freshly skinned carcass of a laughing dove (Steptopelia senegalensis) (Left) while ignoring that of a pied kingfisher (Ceryle rudis).
		in Ifrita and Pitohui are observed in the contour feathers of
		Pitohui or are killed by exposure to them marks a beginning at
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/97/24/12948 (1328 words)

	ZO 501 Question of the Week (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		As many as 3-5 differently aged adult-basic feathers or sets of feathers may be present on the same wing at the same time.
		There are several answers including the Hooded Merganser, Black-bellied whistling duck, Wood duck, common goldeneye, barrow's goldeneye, Bufflehead, and Common merganser.
		The correct answer is that the increased melanin found in the fl tips makes the feathers more resistant to wear, which is important because of the harsh conditions seabirds must endure.
	www.cals.ncsu.edu /course/zo501/question.htm (591 words)

	From the Cover: Batrachotoxin alkaloids from passerine birds: A second toxic bird genus (Ifrita kowaldi) from New ...
		Pitohui and Ifrita samples were collected from a variety of localities in Papua New Guinea (see footnote, Table 1).
		Pitohui incertus, the white-bellied pitohui, had previously not been sampled for toxins.
		The Pitohui, which are much larger than Ifrita, feed on large insects, fruit, and possibly small vertebrates.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/97/24/12970 (3631 words)

	A Touch of Nature - 9/15/04 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Hooded Pitohui (Pitohui dichrous, also called the "garbage bird") and the Ifrita (Ifrita kowaldi) from Papua, New Guinea are the first documented poisonous birds.
		The poison of the pitohui was identified, and it turned out that the poison is a very special one, and had only been seen once before - in dart poison frogs (of the genus Phyllobates in the family Dendrobatidae).
		Interestingly, the pitohuis and dart poison frogs are also somewhat similar in coloration.
	www.theherbsplace.com /ATN/ATN2004/atn091504.html (1995 words)

	Bad Fish - Cell and Molecular Biology Edition - Part II - Case Study Collection - National Center for Case Study ...
		His friend Bill used a key to identify the animal as a pitohui.
		The pitohui are small, social songbirds that live in Papua New Guinea.
		After returning to Montana, he set out to isolate the toxic compound that he believed was being produced by the pitohui.
	www.sciencecases.org /badfish/badfish_cellbio2.asp (572 words)

	Hooded Pitohui
		The Hooded Pitohui (Pitohui dichrous) is indeed a rare bird.
		The hooded pitohui's defense is so good that other birds, which do not possess the toxic agent, mimic the distinctive coloration of the pitohui to fake predators who know to avoid the toxic bird.
		In all, 5 species in the genus Pitohui and now the Ifrita have been found using a chemical defense mechanism.
	www.menunkatuck.org /pages/hdpit.html (253 words)

	BIRDCHAT archives -- June 2002, week 4 (#71)
		HOODED PITOHUI (Pitohui dichrous)-Common at Varirata National Park 207.
		RUSTY PITOHUI (Pitohui ferrugineus)-Seen by two participants at Hydro Station in Tabubil.
		VARIABLE PITOHUI (Pitohui kirhocephalus)-Sadly heard only in Kiunga area.
	listserv.arizona.edu /cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0206d&L=birdchat&F=&S=&P=7080 (698 words)

	hooded shrimp -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The head and thorax are wide and rounded, in sharp contrast to the slender, cylindrical, flexible abdomen from which extends a long, forked tail.
		More results on "hooded shrimp" when you join.
		Flatfishes eat a wide variety of organisms, including shrimps and other crustaceans, squid, clams, sea urchins, marine worms, and many species of fishes.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9040972 (716 words)

	John Wolseley - A history of ferns with hoopoe and hooded pitohui - Roslyn Oxley9 Gallery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		John Wolseley - A history of ferns with hoopoe and hooded pitohui - Roslyn Oxley9 Gallery
		A history of ferns with hoopoe and hooded pitohui, 2000
		The colonizing of lichens in Tasmania and Valdivia, 1996
	www.roslynoxley9.com.au /artists/1/John_Wolseley/261/35800 (46 words)

	BirdForum - What Bird Am I?
		Pitohui, which contains six different species and is endemic to New Guinea.
		I only saw pictures of the hooded pitohui, which is fl, red, and bright orange, and the ifritit, which is brown, yellow, and blue.
		Other Pitohuis are Variable Pitohui (which is intermediate in toxicity), and Brown Pitohui (least toxic), and the Hooded Pitohui is the most toxic.
	www.birdforum.net /printthread.php?t=33044 (1063 words)

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