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	Telescope - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Telescopes used for non-astronomical purposes are often referred to as theodolites, transits, spotting scopes, monoculars, binoculars, camera lenses, microscopes or spyglasses.
		Radio telescopes are often operated in pairs, or larger groups to synthesize large "virtual" apertures that are similar in size to the separation between the telescopes: see aperture synthesis.
		The telescope was aimed by the aid of a Foucault sidérostat, which is a movable plane mirror with a 2 m diameter, mounted in a large cast-iron frame.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Telescope (2001 words)

	National Park Service: Astronomy and Astrophysics (Mount Wilson Observatory)
		In 1977 the telescope was equipped with a spectrometer for the study of stellar magnetic activity; in 1980 a minicomputer was added to record data from this spectrometer.
		The polar axis of the telescope, on which the 87-ton instrument must turn smoothly to counteract the rotation of the Earth, is defined by self-aligning journal bearings, while the bulk of the load is carried by two steel drums that float in mercury.
		To rotate the telescope, a large worm gear 18 feet in diameter is mounted on the south end of the polar axle.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/butowsky5/astro4d.htm (3535 words)

	National Park Service: Astronomy and Astrophysics (Palomar Observatory 200-inch Reflector) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The telescope was placed in operation on June 3, 1948, and dedicated to the memory of George Ellery Hale, whose leadership and vision were responsible for its creation.
		The foundation of the dome is anchored to the mountain while the foundation for the telescope is separately built on a base of crushed granite to protect the telescope from jar and vibration in the event of an earthquake.
		While new technologies have led to the construction of larger telescopes based upon techniques not known in 1948, the Hale reflector remains in the forefront of research in the fields of astronomy and astrophysics and is the largest successful reflecting telescope in the world today.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/butowsky5/astro4e.htm (2759 words)

	Electrical Engineering at New Mexico Tech
		In what has become a yearly "face lift" for the aging Hooker telescope, its primary mirror, a 9,000-pound, 13-inch-thick piece of glass is first hoisted down and then its old reflective coating is removed in a series of washes.
		But it's rewarding work, Teare adds, especially given the historical context of the Hooker telescope, which among other things was the very same telescope famed astronomer Edwin Hubble used to measure distances and velocities of galaxies, leading to the expanding Universe, or "Big Bang," theory.
		The Hooker telescope, completed in 1917, was up until 1948 the world's largest telescope and played major roles in some of the most important advances made in the history of astronomy.
	www.ee.nmt.edu /news2.php?news=20010810.html (640 words)

	Telescopes - 2
		This recording of the telescope's images is a great advantage and allows teams of astronomers to see the same area of sky without having to schedule hard-to-obtain viewing time on a large telescope.
		The Hubble telescope is arranged so that all instruments are installed behind the main mirror, and a hole in that mirror faces a smaller mirror which reflects images back into the instrument area for recording and analysis.
		The telescope would be restricted to pointing only to the half of the sky it is facing, and the sun and sunlit Earth would have to be constantly avoided.
	www.crystalinks.com /telescopes2.html (4663 words)

	CNN - Old telescope gets new lease on life - Nov. 14, 1995 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The enemy of planetary telescopes is pollution in the earth's atmosphere.
		Mount Wilson's scientists aim the giant telescope at a star called 51-Pegasus, which, since the time of Galileo, has appeared to astronomers as "a blob that kind of moves around and jiggles around on the screen," according to Shelton.
		Decades ago, it was information from the Hooker telescope that led scientists to their current theory of creation -- the "big bang" theory of how the universe was born.
	www.cnn.com /TECH/9511/hooker_telescope (421 words)

	The Birr telescope
		The Birr Telescope, the world's largest telescope of the 19th century, was the design and construction marvel of Ireland's Lord Rosse.
		Until the completion in 1917 of the 100 inch Hooker telescope at Mount Wilson in California, the Birr Telescope beckoned to astronomers of the day as the tool to aid their study and exploration of the heavens.
		Using the telescope was a not for the faint of heart, since the observer had be as much as 60 feet in the air on a scaffold like device, which accommodated the movement of the telescope as it tracked an object in the sky.
	ks.essortment.com /birrtelescope_rqyu.htm (716 words)

	Bill Keel's Telescope Tourism - Mount Wilson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In fact, Mount Wilson and Palomar had a singular status in the public eye for the six decades that one of the two was the largest traditional telescope on Earth, achieving a level of recognition and an aura of prestige that are unlikely to be equalled in today's more dispersed scientific community.
		The 100-inch Hooker telescope has in fact been reborn as a testbed for high-angular-resolution studies such as adaptive optics, since the seeing is often very good at this site and objects bright enough to work on for these studies can shine through the scattered light pollution of the Los Angeles area.
		This was one of the sometimes-extravagant solutions that solar astronomers have been driven to, in efforts to improve the image quality while still using the light from the very source of the heat that impairs observations.
	www.astr.ua.edu /keel/telescopes/wilson.html (378 words)

	Mount Wilson Observatory
		When Hooker made his gift for the mirror in 1906, the mountain was at the end of a steep and dusty 9-mile footpath, with no way to get there except by foot or on the back of a horse or mule.
		The pier on which the telescope would rest had to be isolated from the rest of the building in order to prevent vibrations of the instrument when the dome was turned or the wind blew against the walls.
		Another important user of the 100-inch telescope was already close at hand long before it was built, but at that time he did not seem destined to become one of the great figures in astronomy.
	www.mtwilson.edu /his/art/g1a4.php (4558 words)

	Example 1
		When a telescope is pointed at a light source and turns a bit away from it, the light intensity that is sent to its focus does not drop off to zero immediately.
		The telescope must turn until its outer edge has moved through about one wavelength of the incoming light before the intensity drops.
		Combining the light from these different telescopes means that the turning angle that drops the intensity from a distant source to zero becomes that of a mirror whose diameter is the distance between the telescopes.
	www.people.vcu.edu /~rgowdy/astro/mod/012/t4/xmp.html (398 words)

	Telescopes
		The Chandra X-ray Observatory is the U.S. follow-on to the Einstein Observatory.
		The original low frequency telescope was superseded in 1976 by a 14-m diameter radome-enclosed antenna for use at high radio frequencies (mm wavelengths), built primarily to study the physics and chemistry of interstellar clouds, circumstellar envelopes, planetary atmospheres, and comets.
		Michelle: A mid-infrared spectrometer and imager for the UKIRT and Gemini telescopes
	www.cv.nrao.edu /fits/www/yp_telescope.html (12410 words)

	MWO: Insider View
		This telescope also afforded him the opportunity to experiment with methods to improve the seeing conditions in the immediate vicinity of the telescope by shielding the horizontal tube through with the light traveled from the direct sunlight, thus decreasing the buildup of heat in the tube which was responsible for distorting the solar image.
		The telescope tube assembly, which supports the mirror with a system of levers housed at the bottom of the tube, is fork-mounted on the polar axis.
		While he used the telescope to discover the differential rotation of the Sun, and even measure the surface temperature of some red giant stars showing that they were relatively cool, in general the images produced were distorted due to turbulence caused by heat radiating from the ground.
	www.astrophys-assist.com /educate/mwo (12381 words)

	Mt. Wilson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Mount Wilson has the Snow Solar Telescope, The 60 foot Solar Tower and the 150 foot Solar Tower all dedicated to researching the Sun, the closest star to Earth.
		The Hooker telescope attracted the cream of the astronomy world and was instrumental in some of the most important scientific discoveries.
		The Hooker telescope has recently be fitted with adaptive optics, which allow it to produce images that rival the Hubble Space Telescope.
	gwen.lhelmerich.com /larry/mtwilson (317 words)

	Armchair World: Mount Wilson Observatory - The Hooker Telescope and the CHARA array.
		In 1917 the 100" Hooker Telescope was completed and the term "Solar" was dropped from observatory's name.
		The Hooker remained the largest telescope in the world until 1948 when the 200" Mount Palomar Telescope was put into operation.
		After leaving the Hooker, take the short hike out to Echo Point for a panoramic view of the San Gabriel Mountains, the Los Angeles basin and, of course, the Hooker Telescope.
	www.armchair.com /escape/mtwilson/mwilson1.html (786 words)

	Natural History: Eyes on the sky (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		I stared up at the blue-painted steel of the Hooker telescope, trying to imagine Edwin Hubble at work on the photographic plates that led to his epoch-making demonstration of an expanding universe.
		A little later, at Mount Wilson, Hale arranged for the construction of two giant reflectors: a sixty-inch telescope completed in 1908 was the largest of its kind in the world at the time, but was superseded in 1917 by the hundred-inch Hooker telescope.
		The Hooker telescope has been modernized, and the observatory grounds now host the six telescopes of the CHARA interferometer array, which promises to peer into the sky with more than a hundred times the resolution of the Hubble Space Telescope.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1134/is_10_113/ai_n8589645 (698 words)

	Observing Through 60 Inches
		I could write an entire article about the the history of Mount Wilson, the mirrors and telescopes, the current research using adaptive optics with the 100-inch Hooker telescope, but you can read that yourselves if you are interested.
		The upper cage had been removed and the telescope was in its cassegrain configuration for the star party.
		We got a cook's tour (thanks to a friend who is the telescope operator on the 100-inch adaptive optics system), and then went into the control room, the shop, saw where the 100-inch gets bathed and realuminized, and then, back to the 9-inch thick, 1900-pound 60-inch mirror, for more peeks into the past.
	www.whiteoaks.com /jane/60inch-jan-02/Mtwilson.html (1110 words)

	Observatories - part 5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The 60-inch telescope was completed in late 1908, the same year as the 60-foot Solar Tower went into operation, and quickly proved its worth.
		The telescope finally went into operation in 1919, and served a key role in both the extragalactic studies of Hubble and Humason, and in Walter Baade's creation of the concept of stellar populations.
		The Mt. Wilson shuttle in the early 1900s (Caltech archives): the un-named driver is on the far left; the passengers are Hale, George Ritchey, the main architect of the 60-inch and 100-inch telescopes, and John D. Hooker, the funding source for the 100-inch Hooker reflector.
	dept.physics.upenn.edu /~inr/observ/obs5.htm (1355 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| Asteroid Juno has a 'bite' out of it
		The crater is visible as a darkened area in the lower left quadrant in the 833 nm and 934 nm images.
		The Hooker telescope, now nearing the end of its first century of observing, can use adaptive optics systems to obtain views of the cosmos as clear as though the telescope were in space.
		Hence, the telescope that Edwin Hubble and his assistant used to discover evidence of the expanding universe continues to make groundbreaking discoveries today.
	spaceflightnow.com /news/n0308/12asteroid (1158 words)

	APOD: July 1, 1995 - The Hooker Telescope on Mt. Wilson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Astronomer Edwin Hubble, using photographs he took with this telescope, demonstrated that the objects his contemporaries called "spiral nebulae" were actually huge systems of stars - spiral galaxies, similar to our own Milky Way galaxy but incredibly distant.
		Prior to Hubble's work it was argued that the spiral nebulae were mere clouds of gas and that they, along with everything else in the universe, were contained in our own galaxy.
		The Hooker Telescope mirror is 100 inches in diameter which is nearly the size of the mirror of the orbiting Hubble Space Telescope named in Hubble's honor.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /apod/ap950701.html (213 words)

	OS/2 e-Zine! - Article: Using OS/2 as a Scientific Platform
		When I arrived on the mountain, the history of the place made a big impression on me. This was the telescope that Edwin Hubble, for whom the Hubble Space Telescope was named, used to demonstrate that the universe is expanding.
		For nearly four decades, the 100-inch telescope was the largest in the world after its commissioning in 1917.
		In 1985 the telescope was mothballed due to a lack of funding.
	www.os2ezine.com /v1n2/scientfc.html (1454 words)

	The Mount Wilson Observatory Association (MWOA)
		In the lower-left are the 60-foot and 150-foot solar tower telescopes.
		The dome for the 60-inch telescope is to the right of center, and the dome for the 100-inch Hooker telescope is near the top-center.
		A live image from the Towercam atop the UCLA 150-foot solar tower telescope on Mt. Wilson.
	www.mwoa.org (1448 words)

	Big Telescopes for a Big Universe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Notice the reference is to "diameter." It is the diameter of the telescope’s main optical element (a lens or a mirror) that makes all the difference.
		By 1917, the 100" Hooker telescope at Mt. Wilson observatory was the largest in existence.
		Today, the current winner is the VLT (very large telescope) in Chile, which uses four mirrors, each 26.25 feet in diameter, to create the equivalency of a single mirror 52.5 feet in diameter.
	home.earthlink.net /~kjdaschke/article45.htm (986 words)

	The Arriola Observatory Home Page
		Only a few years ago galactic imaging was largely confined to major (professional) observatories because most galaxies are too faint to be adequately captured with film through amateur-sized telescopes.
		An article in Sky and Telescope Magazine pointed out that an amateur with a CCD camera and a modest-sized telescope can reach the same limiting magnitude from a suburban location as can the 200 inch telescope on Mt. Palomar with photographic emulsions (film).
		Web Site Notes: With the exception of the photo of the Hooker telescope which is in the public domain, the Clear Sky Clock which is copyright A.Danko, and the link to Astrophotography Tutorials which is copyright WebRing Inc., I am the creator of all content on this website.
	www.geocities.com /valrobichaux (449 words)

	hubble
		But one big question that remained was the nature of the fuzzy patches of light known as nebulae.
		In 1923 and 1924, Hubble used the largest telescope in the world—the 100-inch Hooker Telescope at Mt. Wilson—to examine the Andromeda Nebula.
		Appropriately, the famed Hubble telescope was named in his honor.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/hawking/cosmostar/html/cstars_hubble.html (254 words)

	The AFOE Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The AFOE is being re-installed at the 100-Inch Hooker Telescope located at the Mt.
		The instrument has been reassembled and is being modified to mate with the telescope.
		We anticipate re-commissioning in November or December 2004 and routine observations in January 2005.
	www.cfa.harvard.edu /afoe (417 words)

	Mount Wilson Observatory, 100-inch Hooker Telescope
		The increased light-grasp of this telescope made possible many notable advances in structural cosmology between 1924 and 1930, which have revised our ideas about the universe.
		One of these advances was that spiral nebulae are galactic units like our own; another was the idea of an expanding universe.
		The telescope's mirror support and the use of mercury flotation to reduce the friction are among its outstanding mechanical engineering features.
	www.asme.org /history/roster/H066.html (109 words)

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