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	Hopewell culture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Or Hopewell was said to have originated in western Illinois and spread by diffusion - perhaps carried by a religious elite - to southern Ohio.
		Hopewell culture is known for their flamboyant burial ceremonialism, diversified material culture, and most importantly, exchange between other communities.
		Today, the best-known feature of Hopewell culture is the mounds that they built for religious purposes and/or for burial.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hopewell_culture (555 words)

	Hopewell culture -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Common features of Hopewell culture include the predominance of (The class of people engaged in growing food) agriculture as opposed to hunting and gathering.
		Samples of these mounds can still be seen today, especially in the Hopewell Culture National Historic Park in (additional info and facts about Chillicothe) Chillicothe, (A midwestern state in north central United States in the Great Lakes region) Ohio.
		The Hopewell shared some features with the (additional info and facts about Mississippian culture) Mississippian culture that arose c.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/h/ho/hopewell_culture.htm (196 words)

	Hopewell
		Hopewell Culture followed directly after the Adena culture and was a continuation of the Adena culture with some elaboration.
		The Hopewell culture was able to exert a considerable amount of influence over other cultures in the eastern North America during its high point.
		The burial mounds of the Hopewell culture are much larger and more complex than the ones that of the Adena culture.
	mnsu.edu /emuseum/prehistory/northamerica/culture/plains/hopewell2.html (474 words)

	MYSTERIOUS WORLD: Summer 2003: Serpent Mound Part II: Sacred Serpent
		The Woodland cultures are to be distinguished from the Mississippian cultures, which began to appear near the end of the Woodland Period, primarily in the flood plains of rivers such as the Mississippi — hence, the name "Mississippian".
		The Hopewell culture was more technically advanced, particularly in the areas of astronomy, mathematics, and agriculture, but their relatively high degree of advancement appears to have become degraded by the time the people of the Fort Ancient period came upon the scene.
		The Hopewell were a special people who, to a greater extent than any of the people in eastern North America who preceded them, unlocked the secrets of geometry, developed a sophisticated system of measurement, and even came to understand the great cycles of the sun and moon.
	www.mysteriousworld.com /Journal/2003/Summer/SerpentMound (7037 words)

	Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, Ohio
		The cultures that created these magnificent ramparts were located in arid, rocky areas where there were plenty of raw materials to build defensive walls and terraces.
		Despite their often vast differences in languages and cultures, the mound builders are uniformly referred to today by archaeologists as the Hopewell Culture – the “Hopewell” referring to Mordecai Hopewell, an Ohio farmer whose fields in 1891 became the focal point of some of the most extensive excavations of the mounds ever undertaken.
		This area is preserved in the 1,170-acre Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, officially established in 1992 although it had first been preserved as Mound City Group National Monument in 1923.
	www.theculturedtraveler.com /Parks/Archives/Hopewell.htm (512 words)

	Encyclopedia: Hopewell culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Lake Ontario seen from near Wolcott, New York Lake Ontario, bounded on the north by Ontario and on the south by Ontarios Niagara Peninsula and by New York State, is one of the five Great Lakes of North America.
		The Hopewell Culture National Historic Park, formerly known as the Mound City Group National Monument, is located near Chillicothe, Ohio along the Scioto River.
		The Mississippian culture was a Mound-building Native American culture that flourished in the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States in the centuries leading up to European contact.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Hopewell-culture (1090 words)

	My Scrapbook
		This is an artifact from the Hopewell culture, found in Tremper Mound in Scioto County.
		It is one of many Hopewell effigy pipes carved from Ohio pipestone during the Hopewell period, 100 BC to 500 AD.
		This is a photo of the excavation of the Hopewell Mound in Ross County.
	worlddmc.ohiolink.edu /OMP/YourScrapbook?scrapid=14785 (296 words)

	Hopewell Culture
		There are many aspects of the Hopewell people that have set them apart from other Native Americans in different areas of the North American continent.
		Rather than a single society or people, the Hopewell might best be thought of as a system of interaction among a number of different cultures in the Eastern Woodlands of North America.
		According to Bret J. Ruby, an archeologist working at the Hopewell Culture National Historic Site, while Native American populations had been experimenting with plant cultivation since at least 5000 BC, "Hopewellian peoples were among the first fully committed agriculturalists.
	www.thenagain.info /WebChron/NorthAmerica/Hopewell.html (419 words)

	Mound Builders in America
		When we were in Ohio, we went to Mound City, a group of 23 mounds built by the people of the Hopewell Culture, a group of Native Americans, long ago.
		Most of the Hopewell mounds were big and round, but one was shaped like a Twinkie.
		The Hopewell people cremated the dead, burned the charnel house, and built a mound over the remains.
	www.sover.net /~barback/mounds/mounds.html (500 words)

	Georgia's Moundbuilders
		This Woodland Era culture flourished from 500 BC(?) to the birth of Jesus Christ and is the second distinct culture of Moundbuilders in America.
		The predominate Cartersville culture (This was before the Etowah Indian Mounds) changed as the Hopewell culture rose, reflecting some of the designs, ceremonies and beliefs of the Ohio River Valley natives.
		The earliest artifacts in the mounds date to the end of the Hopewell Culture further north, and there is evidence that the Moundbuilders at Kolomoki developed a significant trading relationship with Hopewell villages, but the style and contents of the mounds indicate a Mississippian influence.
	ngeorgia.com /history/moundbuilders.html (1268 words)

	Hopewell Archeology Newsletter -- Volumn6 Number1
		Hopewell Culture National Historical Park was pleased to host the summer archeological lecture series.
		Ohio Hopewell sites are well known for their monumental earthworks, and our current understanding of those places is strongly influenced by the earthen architecture witnessed and recorded by 19th century surveyors and antiquarians.
		Recent investigations of fabrics and yarns from Hopewell Mound sites revealed significant differences between sites and between charred and uncharred material, leading to the conclusion that although cremation rituals and burials may have been culturally dictated over a wide geographic area, the textiles used in these rituals were locally produced by individual crafts-people or groups.
	www.cr.nps.gov /mwac/hopewell/v6n1/two.htm (1418 words)

	Archaeology of Illinois: Lecture notes page 72 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Hopewell Interaction structure and relations among headpersons provided a mode of social insurance in Middle Woodland time period when individual social groups might experience shortfalls in food supplies through hunting, gathering, and earlies phases of plant cultivation
		Although Hopewell Interaction Sphere is defined by exchange in prestige goods among limited segments of social groups, real function was to create social relationships through which food supplies could be obtained from near neighbors when needed for all members of a social group
		Hopewell culture declines in influence in Late Woodland period with expansion of plant cultivation, which increased reliability of food supplies for each social group, and with adoption of bow and arrow, which also increased hunting yields and associated relaibility of such food sources
	www.anthro.uiuc.edu /faculty/cfennell/syllabus/anth157/notes72.html (507 words)

	North American Archaeology: Eastern Woodlands: Middle and Late Woodland Cultures the Hopewell
		Hopewell Culture represents one of the most dramatic cultural florescences in the Eastern Woodlands— as well as in the rest of North America!
		The Hopewell were some of the first archaeological peoples to be scrutinized by scientific archaeology: a.
		Ground-stone artifacts: (1) Probably the most famous Hopewell artifact is the platform pipe (2) Platform pipes depict a wide range of animals forming the tobacco bowl—often in rather whimsical forms j.
	www.indiana.edu /~arch/saa/matrix/naa/naa_web/mod12C.html (757 words)

	Hopewell Culture National Historical Park (National Park Service)
		The term Hopewell describes a broad network of beliefs and practices among different Native American groups over a large portion of eastern North America.
		The culture is characterized by the construction of enclosures made of earthen walls, often built in geometric patterns, and mounds of various shapes.
		Visible remnants of Hopewell culture are concentrated in the Scioto River valley near present-day Chillicothe, Ohio.
	www.nps.gov /hocu (218 words)

	Hopewell: Woodland Period, Woodland Culture Area of the Eastern US
		Thus, Cochran (1996) argues for a convergence or continuing transition from Adena to Hopewell in the Anderson Mound Group and the New Castle earthworks of eastern Indiana.
		Some time after the demise of the Hopewell, mounds shaped in the form of birds, animals and reptiles were constructed in parts of the US Midwest.
		This has led to the paradigm that the Hopewell earthworks are empty centers for a dispersed population.
	www.comp-archaeology.org /USWoodlandHopewell.htm (1364 words)

	Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
		Hopewell Culture National Historical Park is located in Chillicothe, Ohio on State Route 104, two miles north of US 35.
		The mounds at Hopewell Culture National Historical Park were bulit by, you guessed it, the Hopewell Indians.
		The Hopewell settled along riverbanks throughout the midwest.
	www.graveaddiction.com /hopewell.html (241 words)

	Hopewell Culture National Historical Park - Nature & Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Although protection and preservation of cultural and archeological resources were the primary reasons for the park's establishment, there are also important natural resources.
		It is not possible to accurately interpret and understand the prehistoric Hopewell culture without viewing it in the context of the natural environment.
		Hopewell Mound Group is the only site with substantial woodlands; the remaining units consist mostly of farmlands.
	data2.itc.nps.gov /nature/index.cfm?alphacode=hocu (145 words)

	Mississipian Indians of Putnam County
		The Hopewell Indians were prominant in Illinois during the 2nd moundbuilding epoch.
		The Hopewell were flourishing from 200 B.C. to 400 A.D. Hopewell Indians obtained most of their food by hunting, fishing, and gathering.
		The Hopewellian culture began to die between the years of 300 and 400 A.D. Hopewell moundbuilding, ceremonialism, and long-distance trade networks died, too.
	putnam.k12.il.us /webpage.htm (802 words)

	The "Alligator" Mound--A Hopewell Effigy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Obviously the Hopewell were themselves impressed with the horizon from this high vantage point in the Raccoon Creek valley.
		Below is a known Hopewell platform-pipe effigy of a panther, the stunning depiction showing that they held the animal in high regard, and with muscular forelegs and a curved tail prominently featured and very reminiscent of the "tail" of the "Alligator" Mound.
		Hopewell astronomy at the Octagon Earthworks, Newark, Ohio
	copperas.com /gator (1840 words)

	Mississippi Valley Archaeology Center: Woodland Tradition: Hopewell
		The Hopewell culture has its roots in the trade systems and social complexity of the Red Ocher people.
		The people in Wisconsin who were involved in Hopewell culture only adopted a limited number of the Hopewell traits from all those used by the people in Illinois and Ohio.
		A characteristic of the Hopewell cultures is their large conical mounds.
	www.uwlax.edu /MVAC/PreEuropeanPeople/EarlyCultures/wood_hopewell.html (344 words)

	Culture History and Timeline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The culture found during the excavation is closely related to the Hopewell Culture.
		The culture was not just one society or group of people, but an interaction of many diffrent people.
		In researching the history of this culture, we have borrowed freely from the publications of a Crawford County, Illinois father and son dedicated to this excavation project.
	www.pioneercity.com /cwac/HISTORY.HTM (917 words)

	Hopewell culture (from Stone Age) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		More results on "Hopewell culture (from Stone Age)" when you join.
		The name is derived from the Hopewell farm in Ross county, Ohio, where the first site—centring on a group...
		The Stone Age is usually divided into three separate periods—Paleolithic Period, Mesolithic Period, and Neolithic Period—based on the degree of sophistication in the fashioning and use of tools.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-52403?tocId=52403 (859 words)

	National Park Foundation
		Hopewell Culture National Historical Park Located in Chillicothe, OH Visitors should plan on a 1 1/2 to 2 hour visit of the park's Mound City Group Visitor Center to watch the award-winning 17-minute video "Legacy of the Mound Builders", examine the museum exhibits, and walk the interpretive trails.
		As a service to its visitors, Hopewell Culture National Historical Park offers a variety of educational and interpretive items for sale through Eastern National, the park's cooperating association.
		The Mound City Group unit of Hopewell Culture is located 3 miles north of Chillicothe, Ohio on State Route 104.
	www.nationalparks.org /planyourparktrip/parkprofile.asp?partnerid=578§ion=3 (339 words)

	Havana Hopewell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Hopewell culture began to be recognized in the Ohio and Illinois River Valley about 300 B.C. The culture is referred to more as a system of interaction among a variety of societies than as a single society or people.
		Havana culture can be extended to accommodate other associated artifacts such as lithic industries like Dickson broad-blade knives (from the Dickson group near Havana Illinois.) Bone tools are also associated as are trade goods used throughout the interaction sphere like platform pipes and copper earspools and other ornaments made from mica and shell.
		Havana appears first in the core area of the Hopewell interaction sphere and moves to the northernmost periphery last.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/prehistory/northamerica/culture/plains/havana_hopewell.html (349 words)

	McClung Museum - Research Notes #12
		Hopewell blades (Figure 1) are small, elongate, unifacial (worked on only one side) stone tools flaked into very regularized forms.
		Hopewell blades are often made of Flint Ridge Chalcedony, whose only source is in south central Ohio.
		The involvement of social groups in the southern Appalachians in this Hopewell network is evidenced by the presence of Flint Ridge blades and Ohio ceramics at southeastern sites, and southeastern artifacts (Ridge and Valley flint blades, mica, quartz crystal, and ceramics from eastern Tennessee and western north Carolina) at Ohio Hopewell sites.
	mcclungmuseum.utk.edu /research/renotes/rn-12txt.htm (724 words)

	OAS -- Oklahoma's Past
		The Hopewell culture dating from around 2,000 to around 1,400 years ago produced some of the most impressive mounds found in North America.
		At the very end of the Hopewell period, corn from Mexico may have begun to replace the native domesticates.
		The westernmost extension of the Hopewell culture is found near Kansas City and is known to archaeologists as Kansas City Hopewell.
	www.ou.edu /cas/archsur/counties/delaware.htm (482 words)

	Hopewell Research
		The monumental architecture of the Hopewell is a mysterious and a remarkable legacy.
		But, regardless of where the Hopewell obtained the material with which to build the circle and the octagon, Byers' more extravagant claim that "the Octagon represents the underworld" (1987:332), goes beyond the present limits of our ability to interpret objectively the remains of preliterate societies.
		They observed that, in some areas, Hopewell borrow pits had intruded upon midden deposits and that some of this material was incidentally incorporated into the fill of the embankment (1966:12).
	www.ohiojunction.net /hopewell/research.html (5845 words)

	Wildernet - Hopewell Culture National Historical Park (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Description - Finely crafted artifacts of the Hopewell Culture (200 B.C. to A.D. 500) show that highly skilled artisans used an extensive trade network east of the Rocky Mountains.
		Attractions - Finely crafted artifacts of the Hopewell Culture (200 B.C. to A.D. 500) show that highly skilled artisans used an extensive trade network east of the Rocky Mountains.
		The Hopewell Culture NHP area has cold winter months with temperatures averaging above 28 degrees Fahrenheit (above -2 degrees Celsius).
	www.wildernet.com /pages/area.cfm?areaID=PANHHC&CU_ID=1 (505 words)

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