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Topic: Horizontal monopoly

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Horizontal integration

Vertical integration

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	Monopoly - Knowmore
		Monopolies are often distinguished based on the circumstances under which they arise; the main distinctions are between a monopoly that is the result of coercion (coercive monopoly); or one that arises from the cost structure of the industry (natural monopoly) due to e.g.
		A local monopoly is a monopoly of a market in a particular area, usually a town or even a smaller locality: the term is used to differentiate a monopoly that is geographically limited within a country, as the default assumption is that a monopoly covers the entire industry in a given country.
		A coercive monopoly is one that arises and whose existence is maintained as the result of any sort of activity that violates the principle of a free market and is therefore insulated from competition which would otherwise be a potential threat to its superior status.
	www.knowmore.org /index.php/Monopoly (2340 words)

	Executive Summary Of The Antitrust Laws
		Horizontal restraints of trade -- that is, concerted actions among entities in actual or potential competition with one another -- have traditionally been considered the most serious of antitrust infractions and constitute that category of violations most susceptible to criminal penalties.
		Absolute monopoly in the economic sense -- 100 percent of the market -- is a rare phenomenon, raising the question of how large a share a firm must possess to come within the statutory concept.
		To prove an attempt to monopolize, one must establish that the defendant had a specific intent to achieve monopoly; that it acted in an anticompetitive manner designed to injure its actual or potential competition; and that there was a dangerous probability that monopoly power would in fact be achieved.
	library.findlaw.com /1999/Jan/1/241454.html (6722 words)

	Horizontal integration - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Horizontal integration in marketing is much more common than horizontal integration in production.
		A monopoly created through horizontal integration is called a horizontal monopoly.
		In media, horizontal integration is the structure through which a media institution owns companies in only one sector of the industry (production, distribution or exhibition).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Horizontal_integration (347 words)

	Microsoft Conclusions of Law and Final Order
		At trial, Microsoft attempted to rebut the presumption of monopoly power with evidence of both putative constraints on its ability to exercise such power and behavior of its own that is supposedly inconsistent with the possession of monopoly power.
		In a § 2 case, once it is proved that the defendant possesses monopoly power in a relevant market, liability for monopolization depends on a showing that the defendant used anticompetitive methods to achieve or maintain its position.
		The facts proving that Microsoft unlawfully maintained its monopoly power in violation of § 2 of the Sherman Act are sufficient to meet analogous elements of causes of action arising under the laws of each plaintiff state.
	usvms.gpo.gov /ms-conclusions.html (10762 words)

	Overheads Chpt.11
		The demand curve for the monopoly is the demand curve for the industry -- since the monopoly controls the output of the entire industry -- and the industry demand curve is downward sloping.
		Natural monopolies are complex businesses, with different lines of business and different cost conditions for the different lines of business, and changing technology may change the cost curves, making more competition possible.
		Monopoly provides an important example of an exception to the "fundamental theorem of microeconomics," in that there is not enough competition to push the price down to the supply-demand level.
	william-king.www.drexel.edu /top/prin/txt/Monch/Mon.html (2870 words)

	Economics Interactive Tutorial: Monopoly Price and Output
		This means that a monopoly is a firm whose demand is not perfectly elastic.
		Monopolies (or any firms with downward-sloping, non-perfectly-elastic, demand curves) maximizing their profit by raising price and reducing output so long as the demand is inelastic.
		The monopoly's low output rate wastes social resources, by not turning some resources into products that would be valued more highly than the resources are.
	hadm.sph.sc.edu /COURSES/ECON/Monopoly/Mon.html (3961 words)

	When monopoly is really monopoly
		Monopolies are the reason we have anti-monopoly laws on the books.
		Controlling all of one commodity (a vertical monopoly) or all of one important step in the manufacturing of competing producers (horizontal monopoly) represents enormous financial power.
		A monopoly is a monopoly is a monopoly.
	www.texnews.com /opinion97/molly112897.html (795 words)

	A Horizontal Merger Occurs When Two Companies In the Same Market Combine
		A horizontal merger is when two companies competing in the same market merge or join together.
		In a large horizontal merger, however, the resulting ripple effects can be felt throughout the market sector and sometimes throughout the whole economy.
		When a horizontal merger takes place, the loss of a competitor in the market creates benefits for the companies that merged, while at the same time serves to drive prices up for the consumer.
	www.learnmergers.com (411 words)

	USA COPYRIGHT LAW AND FAIR USE, CARTELS, MONOPOLIES, TRUSTS
		Note that a single entity that holds a monopoly by this definition cannot be a cartel, though it may be guilty of abusing said monopoly in other ways.
		Advocates of free markets, such as stop libertarians, assert that a natural monopoly is a lot of practical impossibility, and, given that a monopoly is a persistent rather than a transient situation, that there is no historical precedent of one ever existing.
		A coercive monopoly is one psychology that arises and whose existence is maintained as the result of filiation any sort of activity that violates the principle of a free market and is therefore insulated from competition which would otherwise be a potential threat to its superior status.
	www.solarnavigator.net /USA_copyright_law_fair_use.htm (3519 words)

	Pushing the Envelope: Antitrust Implications of the Envelope Theorem
		As shown in Figure 1, because the monopolist's profit curve is horizontal at the monopoly quantity, a 10% markup decrease (and attendant increase in quantity) does not greatly reduce the monopolist's profits.
		The social welfare curve, however, is not horizontal at the monopoly quantity so that the 10% decrease in markup has a much larger impact on social welfare.
		But even if the court estimates the monopoly price with error, I hope to show in a later project that a legal system that was attuned to the degree of the monopoly overcharge could outperform the current system.
	islandia.law.yale.edu /ayers/antitrus.htm (1497 words)

	Monopoly/Perfect Competition comparison invalid
		These are (1) that the conditions required for economists to be able to reach their definitive conclusion that monopolies are worse for welfare than perfectly competitive industries are contradictory; (2) that setting price equal to marginal cost does not maximise profits for the supposedly profit-maximising perfectly competitive firm.
		If point C for the monopoly (on the right) is equivalent to one million workers, and the output Q is equivalent to one billion units, then points C and Q have to be the same for the competitive firms (on the left)—even though there are 100,000 of them, each employing ten workers.
		If the marginal cost 'curve' is a horizontal straight line, and the marginal revenue curve is also a horizontal straight line as economic theory assumes, then either they never intersect or they are the same line.
	www.debunking-economics.com /Size/Monopoly_v_pc.htm (2604 words)

	Chapter Notes
		Therefore, when economists depict a monopoly firm in a graph, the demand curve will be downward sloping, and will look just like the entire market demand curve for the product.
		What is different in a monopoly market is that there is NO entry or exit of firms to drive away economic profits in the long-run.
		Because of the market power of monopoly firms, the equilibrium in a monopoly market yields LESS output of the product, which is sold at a HIGHER price than in a competitive market.
	www.lclark.edu /~bekar/Mankiw/ch15/notes.htm (552 words)

	My History Website
		A monopoly is a company that is the only company that sells that product.
		Roackafeller was a very greedy rich man he bought what people call a vertical monopoly he bought all the same factories so he didnt have to compete with the prices at the level he was at.
		Carnagie had a horizontal monopoly he bought all the factories up and down so he wouldnt have to by supplies he already owned them all.
	www.angelfire.com /bug/winterfer (1086 words)

	Course Outline and Syllabus, Econ 309
		Evaluating benefits and costs: Suppose that a horizontal merger (i) leads to some sort of cost-reducing economy, but (ii) also transforms a zero-profit equilibrium with a monopoly.
		The court argued that the intent of congress was to stop mergers when the trend toward lessening competition was still in its incipiency, and not actually occurring.
		The court also argued that any possible economies from horizontal merger were not as important as the goal of maintaining a decentralized industry.
	www.humboldt.edu /~storage/sh2/econ459/lects/ch_7.html (1036 words)

	Lecture Outlines
		A firm can achieve a monopoly or dominant position by having a superior product or method of production, and "the successful competitor, having been urged to compete, must not be turned upon when he wins." [Alcoa case]
		The judge further asserted that illegal monopolization should be found unless the firm "cannot avoid" the control of the market (its monopoly position is compelled upon it, perhaps in war-time?), which is a very difficult test to pass.
		PD that has the effect of substantially lessening competition or creating a monopoly is illegal under section 2 of the Clayton Act.
	www.humboldt.edu /~econ459/lects/ch_9.html (1670 words)

	1992 HORIZONTAL MERGER GUIDELINES
		Central to the 1992 Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission Horizontal Merger Guidelines is a recognition that sound merger enforcement is an essential component of our free enterprise system benefitting the competitiveness of American firms and the welfare of American consumers.
		The 1992 Horizontal Merger Guidelines accomplish this objective and also clarify certain aspects of the Merger Guidelines that proved to be ambiguous or were interpreted by observers in ways that were inconsistent with the actual policy of the agencies.
		The new Horizontal Merger Guidelines observe, as did the 1984 Guidelines, that because the specific standards they set out must be applied in widely varied factual circumstances, mechanical application of those standards could produce misleading results.
	www.ftc.gov /bc/docs/horizmer.htm (11915 words)

	Perfect Competition Equals Monopoly
		Since marginal cost is derived from marginal product, the equivalence of monopoly and perfectly competitive aggregate marginal cost curves requires that the marginal products are also identical (assuming, as economists do, that both a monopoly and the competitive industry face a competitive market for their inputs).
		In words, this equation says that (assuming, without loss of generality, that all competitive firms are the same size) that the output of n competitive firms, each employing x workers, must be identical to the output of a single monopoly employing nx workers, for all values of n and x in the relevant range.
		If economists want to be able to say that perfect competition is 'good' and monopoly 'bad', one of the conditions required to be definitive about this--that marginal cost curves are identical--means that their model collapses.
	www.debunking-economics.com /Maths/pc_v_monopoly.htm (846 words)

	"Just Cocky" and Monopoly definitions....was: Re: My ILL book just
		[edit] Legal monopoly A monopoly based on laws explicitly preventing competition is a legal monopoly or de jure monopoly.
		[edit] Local monopoly A local monopoly is a monopoly of a market in a particular area, usually a town or even a smaller locality: the term is used to differentiate a monopoly that is geographically limited within a country, as the default assumption is that a monopoly covers the entire industry in a given country.
		[edit] Coercive monopoly Main article: coercive monopoly A coercive monopoly is one that arises and whose existence is maintained as the result of any sort of activity that violates the principle of a free market and is therefore insulated from competition which would otherwise be a potential threat to its superior status.
	www.talkaboutinvestments.com /group/sci.econ/messages/250497.html (4348 words)

	[No title]
		Effects of a shift in demand curve.Welfare effects of monopoly¡?? ¨Graphical approach of a shift in demand curve for a competitive firm and monopoly Welfare effects of monopoly Graph: ¡0aó¨Problem on monopoly¡ ¨@Suppose that market demand for a good is Q = 480 - 2p.
		They usually exhibit economies of scale(AC falls as output increases for any observable level of output).They are usually natural monopolies.
		A market has natural monopoly if one firm can produce the total output of the market at lower cost than several firms could.
	www.unc.edu /~ielceanu/101section9.ppt (386 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The result is a small, geographically-oriented horizontal monopoly in retail distribution.
		Continuing the process of leveraging its retail distribution monopoly via preload contracts and shelf-space flooding, Microsoft has now moved outward into such areas as entertainment products, Internet software, and desktop publishing.
		By leveraging its distribution choke-hold to produce a horizontal monopoly on the distribution and development of software products, Microsoft has cannibalized companies, markets, and talented innovators, leaving them with no "nutrients" in the form of capital upon which to grow their own enterprises.
	www.os2hq.com /articles/ums69.htm (436 words)

	DOJ/Antitrust
		Most important, the standard successive monopoly theorem assumes that both monopolies are "secure." In that case, there is no perceived or actual potential competition to restrain current pricing by either firm, and the only alternative to successive monopoly is a single monopoly.
		The first effect of that revision was a greater recognition that vertical control could be of concern only if it had horizontal effects, and that a precondition for such effects was that the firm or firms that were vertically integrating or imposing the vertical restraint must already have horizontal market power, whether unilateral or collective.
		The parallel with horizontal mergers is that we would probably not need much in the way of horizontal merger policy if horizontal price-fixing were legal and enforceable by contract.
	www.usdoj.gov /atr/hmerger/11709.htm (7602 words)

	Steve Darrow - State Representative for Windham 5 District, Vermont (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It is a tale which spans over a century, from the 1880's to the present, and involves enormous amounts of money, the control of our natural resources, environmental quality, political power and complex laws, regulations and contracts.
		Electric utilities are assigned monopoly franchise service territories where they must provide adequate service to all customers at "just and reasonable rates", which are set by the Public Service Board.
		The monopoly structure of the market also contributes to the lack of incentive by ruling out loss of market share.
	www.stevedarrow.com /articles/1997-Fall-Reformer.php (4142 words)

	EDITORIAL
		Domination of this type is just as harmful to the industry, the economy and the consumer as the more widely understood horizontal monopoly.
		In the June 12, 1989 issue of The Nation, Ben H. Bagdikian, author of The Media Monopoly, described the power that the few executives at the head of this empire now have.
		The regulatory apparatus in this country was devastated by the Reagan presidency; it must be strengthened and rebuilt through legislation and with increased allocation of resources to the appropriate agencies.
	multinationalmonitor.org /hyper/issues/1989/11/mm1189_02.html (676 words)

	Johnny Cochran Seeks to Break Up NASCAR
		The Orlando Sentinel reports that a federal lawsuit was filed in U.S. District Court in Sherman, Texas on Feb. 13 on behalf of the shareholders of Speedway Motorsports Inc. the parent company of Texas Motor Speedway.
		The suit claims that NASCAR is a monopoly entity by oening both the governing body and by having controlling interest in International Speedway Corp. the company that owns 13 major auto tracks.
		There are two different kinds of monopolies -- the one you are describing is a horizontal monopoly, in which one person or company controls almost an entire industry.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/news/681221/posts (2608 words)

	How Corporations Affect Us Directly
		Horizontal Monopoly - a company that owns all the businesses on a certain level of business in a particular market.
		Vertical Monopoly - a company that owns at least one business on each level of business in a market.
		Oligopoly - just like a monopoly, except, instead of one business dominating a field, several do.
	www.polisci.ccsu.edu /trieb/ecocon.htm (1636 words)

	REPRINT 11/06/97 -- Persecution of Bill Gates and Microsoft
		They are using our system of Government in a manner which is prejudiced and which violates the very law they claim to be upholding, for they are behaving in FAVOR of the Reigning Monopoly over the INTERNET held by descendents of the Bell System, and the all powerful Telephone Company Lobby.
		The allegation, aside from being wrong, tends to mislead the Public and incites to riot.
		and Standard Oil, or a J. Morgan, and his huge vertical and horizontal monopoly over dozens of industries like Steel, Power and Banking, or the very Bell System of the 70's that appears now to be inspiring all the bashing.
	www.acsa2000.net /microsoft (1367 words)

	On Wall Street - A SourceMedia and Investcorp publication
		Suddenly, the world was being tied together by one giant, interconnected web of high-speed networks that required much more than simply routers to keep things humming," Bunnell writes.
		"The team wanted Cisco to move from a simple horizontal monopoly in routers to the vertical monopoly of providing the Internet's backbone, emulating IBM's success in computing."
		Cisco Systems, the same as Microsoft and other Internet leviathans, was and continues to be sold to investors as a unique business entity.
	www.onwallstreet.com /article.cfm?articleId=987 (621 words)

	DailyTech - Wal-Mart to Sell DSL
		By listing the various areas in which Wal-Mart has branched out to, you imply that they are a monopoly.
		A monopoly is not defined by the breadth of fields which the company dominates, but rather the fact that it does, indeed, dominate one (or more) particular field.
		Walmart may be the dominant department store in the U.S., but it has plenty of competition in groceries, pharmacies, and broadband internet, to address your list.
	www.dailytech.com /article.aspx?newsid=5141 (1489 words)

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