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Topic: Horseshoe crab

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	Horseshoe Crab Monitoring Web Site
		Horseshoe crab blood is collected to produce an important pharmaceutical called Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL), which is used to test for human pathogens in human blood, tissues, and intravenous drugs.
		Although the crabs are released alive after a small sample of their blood is taken, it is estimated that mortality is increased by 10 to 15% after release.
		Inconclusive evidence suggests that horseshoe crabs are being over-fished and are in decline in Delaware Bay.
	www.lsc.usgs.gov /aeb/2065 (1055 words)

	Limulu_polyph
		Horseshoe crabs spawn during the spring and early summer on beaches along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States, and in Yucatan, Mexico (Penn and Brockmann 1994).
		Horseshoe crabs typically locate mates, achieve amplexus, then migrate to the high tide mark in the intertidal zone to deposit and fertilize eggs before returning to deeper water after the spawning season.
		Horseshoe crabs are capable of surviving physical extremes in temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, and anoxic sediments (Shuster 1982).
	www.sms.si.edu /IRLSpec/Limulu_polyph.htm (2547 words)

	Horseshoe crab - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Horseshoe crabs are distant relatives of spiders and are probably descended from the ancient eurypterids (sea scorpions).
		Horseshoe crabs possess the rare ability to regrow limbs lost, in a manner similar to sea stars.
		The blood of horseshoe crabs is blue, which is a result of its high content in copper-based hemocyanin instead of the iron-based hemoglobin found, for example, in humans.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Horseshoe_crab (1359 words)

	MaineScience - Quest - News
		Somehow, the horseshoe crab has thrived for 500 million years, but no one knows how long they live, whether they spawn at the beach where they were hatched, why their life cycles seem directed by the moon or where they go for the other 10 months of the year.
		Horseshoe crabs were misnamed centuries ago, when mariners thought their sloped shells resembled horses' feet.
		Horseshoe crabs are rare in Maine because the Atlantic is so cold and the rocky coastline provides few of the shallow, sandy estuaries where they prefer to spawn, Schaller said.
	www.state.me.us /mstf/htdocs/news/2002/06q_horseshoe_crab.html (597 words)

	BIOMES: HORSESHOE CRAB INFO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Horseshoe crabs are found all along the Atlantic coast from Maine to the Gulf of Mexico.
		Horseshoe crab populations are much lower than they once were due to their use as bait by lobster, whelk and eel fishermen.
		Horseshoe crabs do very well in captivity, although they eat a surprising amount of food and must be kept well fed. They tolerate a wide range of temperatures and salinities (salt content) but tend to do much better in cool water.
	www.biomescenter.com /horseshoecrab_learn.htm (1622 words)

	Ocean Crabs by Jim Cornish
		The world's largest population of horseshoe crabs scrambles from the ocean to their spawning grounds on the Delaware Bay from the end of May until the end of June.
		Horseshoe crabs are often referred to as "Living Fossils" since the fossil record shows that very similar species existed as far back as 250 million years ago.
		Fiddler crabs are small, semi-terrestrial crabs of the genus Uca that are characterized by extreme cheliped asymmetry in males.
	www.stemnet.nf.ca /CITE/oceancrabs.htm (790 words)

	Horseshoe Crab Facts and Figures
		The horseshoe crab's central mouth is surrounded by its legs and while harmless, it is advisable to handle a horseshoe crab with care since you could pinch your fingers between the two parts of its shell while holding it.
		Horseshoe crabs can swim upside down in the open ocean using their dozen legs (most with claws) and a flap hiding nearly 200 flattened gills to propel themselves.
		Horseshoe crab eggs are important food for migratory shore birds that pass over the Delaware Bay during the spring mating season.
	www.beach-net.com /horseshoe/Bayhorsecrab.html (547 words)

	The Horseshoe Crab: - Old Oak Trail by Joe Reynolds - Atlantic Highlands Herald - NJ
		Since the horseshoe crab is one of the oldest species on earth that has not evolved in structure or anatomy, it is a living fossil.
		The eggs of the horseshoe crabs are an important source of food for turtles and migrating shorebirds, some of which are endangered, such as the red knot (Calidris canutus).
		Unfortunately, the population of horseshoe crabs in the Northeast is declining.
	www.ahherald.com /oaktrail/oot010628_horseshoe_crab.htm (1018 words)

	Maryland Horseshoe Crabs
		A horseshoe crab absorbs oxygen from the water using gills that are divided into 5 distinct pairs located under the abdomen.
		The horseshoe crab has 6 pairs of appendages on the posterior side of the prosoma.
		The male horseshoe crab uses the modified legs to clasp onto the shell of the female during spawning.
	www.dnr.state.md.us /education/horseshoecrab/anatomy.html (895 words)

	Horseshoe Crabs
		There have been horseshoe crabs on the planet for about 350 million years, and the creatures we see on the shores of the Delaware Bay (Limulus polyfemus) have probably lived unchanged for 250 million years.
		The availability of abundant high-fat food in the form of horseshoe crab eggs along the Bay's shores for a few weeks in late May influenced the survival strategies and evolution of shorebirds.
		Horseshoe crabs seek spawning grounds that are not subject to significant wave action, which is a key cause of flipping.
	www.birdingamerica.com /Delaware/horseshoecrabs.htm (666 words)

	The Horseshoe Crab
		Horseshoe crab eggs are an important food source for hungry migratory birds, especially in the mid-Atlantic region.
		Horseshoe crabs are harvested by hand and by trawl, and transported in refrigerated trucks to laboratories, where up to 30% of their blood is removed.
		Chitin from the horseshoe crab's shell is used for burn wound dressing and suture filament.
	www.baysoundings.com /sum02/creature.html (363 words)

	Horseshoe Crab
		In fact, the health of the horseshoe crab is critical to the health of both the coastal ecosystem and humans.
		Horseshoe crabs are important because their eggs provide food for migrating shorebirds, which stop along the Delaware Bay shores each spring to rest and feed on the protein-rich eggs before resuming their flight north to breeding and nesting grounds.
		The horseshoe crab's decline is attributed to factors ranging from the loss of sandy beaches the animal needs to lay its eggs, to overharvesting, particularly of females, for use as eel and conch bait.
	www.ocean.udel.edu /kiosk/hshoecrab.html (596 words)

	Horseshoe Crab: WhoZoo
		Horseshoe crabs are not crabs, they are actually related to spiders.
		As the larvae of the horseshoe crab hatch and emerge from beneath the sand under which they were buried, they closely resemble another extinct arthropod, the trilobite.
		The Horseshoe crab truly is a living relic to the earth which needs to be protected.
	www.whozoo.org /Intro99/biggers/cbhorseshoe.htm (417 words)

	Maryland Sea Grant Schools Network News Vol. 2, No. 3, 1999-2000 - - The Horseshoe Crab (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		A horseshoe crab has 10 pairs of eyes but most of us are familiar with the 2 large compound eyes on the upper surface of the cephalothorax.
		Horseshoe crabs have "blue blood" due to the presence of a copper-containing molecule known as hemocyanin, which has a blue tint when exposed to air.
		Horseshoe crabs are omnivorous and feed on mollusks like razor clams and soft shelled clams, a variety of marine worms, and benthic algae.
	www.mdsg.umd.edu /Extension/msgsnn/msgsnn02_3/horseshoe_crab.html (961 words)

	Build A Horseshoe Crab (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The horseshoe crab has been on earth for over 500 million years leading many people to consider this animal a “living fossil.” Today only four species of horseshoe crab remain and even they are not widely distributed worldwide.
		A horseshoe crab is virtually a walking hotel, with any number of creatures living attached to it's shell, from barnacles to blue mussels, slipper shells, bryozoans, sponges, flatworms, and microscopic bacteria and diatoms.
		Horseshoe crabs have been observed mating from April till December, but mating activity peaks during the highest tides in late May and early June, at a time of the full or new moon.
	www.njmsc.org /Education/Lesson_Plans/Build_A_Horseshoe_Crab.htm (1255 words)

	Horseshoe Crab (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		LAL and the Horseshoe Crab Adapted from Endotoxins
		Horseshoe crabs have been useful to a few people through the ages (loosely speaking they have always been around), including food for Asian pacific and native American Indian inhabitants, spears (their tails) for early American Indians of Roanoke Island (NC), fertilizer for some tide water farmers, and bait for fishermen's traps.
		The blood of the horseshoe crab has been an area of interest because of its blue color, which is due to a copper-based oxygen acceptor rather than the iron-based receptor seen in mammals and other animals.
	www.lalusergroup.org /html/horseshoe_crab.html (1168 words)

	Life History of the Horseshoe Crab
		Horseshoe crabs are often referred to as "Living Fossils" since the fossil record shows that very similar species existed as far back as 250 million years ago.
		Horseshoe crabs grind up their food with the base of their legs and push it into their mouths which are located between their legs (image).
		Horseshoe crabs take 9-10 years to reach sexual maturity and can live to be 16-17 years old.
	www.greatblue.com /vbirder/realbirds/dbhsc/HSCLife.html (972 words)

	Horseshoe Crab Movies
		The horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, is an arthropod that is more closely related to spiders than crabs.
		Horseshoe crabs have gills located just behind their appendages that allow them to breathe underwater.
		The carapace is the smooth frontmost part of the crab; it has on it the eyes, the walking legs, the chelicera (pincers), the mouth, the brain, and the heart.
	www.junglewalk.com /video/horseshoe-crab-movie.htm (573 words)

	Horseshoe Crab
		The horseshoe crab places a clam near its mouth (third photo down on left) in the center of its underside where its legs are attached and grinds and crushes with the burr-like sections of the legs.
		The spike-like tail serves as a rudder, and, if the crab is flipped upside down, it may bend its abdomen at the point where it joins the main shell (carapace) and dig into the sand with the tail to support itself while it turns over.
		While dead horseshoe crabs are often found along the Assateague beach, live ones may be easily discovered by wading in the waters of Toms Cove (map).
	www.assateague.com /horsesho.html (381 words)

	Horseshoe Crab Crisis
		We are in the midst of what appears to be a serious decline in spawning horseshoe crabs and the famed migratory shorebirds which feed on their eggs.
		Huge numbers of horseshoe crabs, estimated in the hundreds of thousands, are observed in the backmarsh area within the breached shorefront area.
		Horseshoe crabs are thought to have flourished in Delaware Bay for the same reason that land reclamation did: long stretches of unbroken and uninterrupted shoreline.
	www.delawarebay.com /CRISIS.HTM (2662 words)

	Horseshoe Crab Research Center
		Fishermen catch horseshoe crabs for use as bait in the lucrative eel and conch fishery.
		Scientists are studying the relationship between the percentage of blood extracted per horseshoe crab to the likelihood of mortality in the animal.
		Horseshoe crabs are being tagged and released annually to provide information on movement patterns and the distribution of the horseshoe crab population.
	www.research.vt.edu /resmag/sc2001_2/horseshoe_crab.html (791 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Horseshoe Crab; Interstate Fishery Management Plans
		Pursuant to the Act, NMFS hereby declares a Federal moratorium on fishing for horseshoe crabs in Virginia waters and issues regulations prohibiting the possession of horseshoe crabs in Virginia waters and the landing of horseshoe crabs in Virginia, regardless of where they were caught.
		Commission Finding of Noncompliance Because of concern that the horseshoe crab population may be in the process of being depleted and the need to collect comprehensive information on the horseshoe crab fishery, the Commission adopted an ISFMP to improve data collection programs for horseshoe crabs in 1999.
		Addendum 1 caps the Atlantic coast state landings in the year 2000 at 2,275,296 horseshoe crabs; the Commonwealth of Virginia is allowed a landings quota of 152,495 horseshoe crabs - a 25-percent reduction from the average calculated using 1995-1997 as the base period.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-IMPACT/2000/October/Day-16/i26499.htm (3785 words)

	The Horseshoe Crab: News
		The horseshoe crab, known to generations of locals as the king crab, now really is king.
		Governor Thomas R. Carper today saluted regional students for their horseshoe crab preservation efforts and he continued to press the federal government to ban fishing of the 350-million-year-old species around the mouth of Delaware Bay.
		To intensify the horseshoe crab conservation efforts, officials also announced that Broadkill Beach should be a horseshoe crab sanctuary by the end of the summer, a declaration that will officially ban the harvesting of the species along the community’s 3.8-mile coastline.
	www.horseshoecrab.org /news/news.html (1261 words)

	ScienceDaily: Horseshoe Crab Studies Providing New Insight Into Valuable Ancient Creatures
		Horseshoe crabs bury clusters of pale green eggs in the sand, but during mass spawnings vast numbers of eggs get churned up to the surface where they are eaten by the birds.
		Blood extraction from horseshoe crabs is usually non-lethal, and thus the pharmaceutical industry is not thought to be a major factor affecting crab populations.
		Horseshoe Crab Decline Threatens Shorebird Species (February 21, 2006) -- Researchers from Virginia Tech and the New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife have documented a reduction in the number of red knot birds throughout the Delaware Bay tied to a decline in horseshoe...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/1999/06/990610071701.htm (3162 words)

	Horseshoe Crab Unit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Horseshoe crabs are utilized by biomedical researchers to test purity of drugs and by watermen for whelk and eel bait.
		By the completion of this unit, students will be able to understand the importance of the horseshoe crab and its connection to the environment and to the local economy.
		Map the migration pattern of the horseshoe crab and the birds that rely on the crabs for food.
	www.k12.de.us /warner/hscgame.htm (1420 words)

	Introduction to the Xiphosura (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Horseshoe Crabs : On the left, a ventral (underside) view of a modern horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus, showing the many legs and gills.
		In the past, horseshoe crabs have been harvested in large numbers for fertilizer and for biomedical research.
		No living species of horseshoe crab is endangered yet, but harvesting and habitat destruction have reduced their numbers at some locations and caused some concern for these animals' future.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /arthropoda/chelicerata/xiphosura.html (473 words)

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