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Topic: Horst and grabens

	Modeling of Extensional Systems Detaching on Evaporites
		Modeled grabens developed sequentially away from the canyon (eastward) as salt was expelled from beneath undeformed strata.
		Modeled grabens spread at typical rates of 1 to 2 mm a-1, for a salt viscosity of 1´1018 Pa s, and the entire system strained at rates from 6.0´10-14 s-1 to 0.5´10-14 s-1.
		Overburden adjacent to the canyon flexed as salt was expelled and formed an arching horst and graben.
	www.beg.utexas.edu /resprog/salttectonics/modelingofextensional.htm (468 words)

	Canyonlands National Park - Grabens - US-Parks.com
		The grabens in the Needles District of Canyonlands National Park are a system of linear collapsed valleys caused by the movement of underlying salt layers toward the Colorado River canyon.
		Grabens are normally associated with "horsts," which are the up-thrown blocks of rock.
		Graben growth is thought to be a slow process where small, seismically undetectable movement occurs: as little as one inch per year.
	www.us-parks.com /canyonlands/grabens.html (678 words)

	Canyonlands National Park - Areaparks.com
		The grabens in the Needles District of Canyonlands National Park are a system of linear collapsed valleys caused by the movement of underlying salt layers toward the Colorado River canyon.
		Grabens are normally associated with "horsts," which are the up-thrown blocks of rock.
		Graben growth is thought to be a slow process where small, seismically undetectable movement occurs: as little as one inch per year.
	canyonlands.areaparks.com /parkinfo.html?pid=9384 (563 words)

	temp
		Tanner, W.F., 1983: Diapirism, grabens, and horizontal tension.
		Another, (b) explains the trench as the true graben that is formed on the crest of the flexure, or tilted anticline, where the crust bends so that it can drop into the mantle as it is being destroyed or consumed.
		If the trench is a true first-order graben, standing low, then the first-order stress field must be dominated by horizontal tension (not by vertical compression, which is not the same thing as horizontal tension, despite many statements to the contrary).
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/8098/Symposium/Diapirism-grabens-and-horizontal-tension.htm (4177 words)

	ESA - Mars Express - The grabens of Claritas Fossae
		A graben forms when a block of the planet’s crust drops down between two faults, due to extension, or pulling, of the crust.
		Grabens are often seen together with features called ‘horsts’, which are upthrown blocks lying between two steep-angled fault blocks.
		Geographically, the grabens separate the eastern volcanic plains of the Solis Planum region from the western Daedalia Planum lava plains.
	www.esa.int /esaMI/Mars_Express/SEMAVQMKPZD_2.html (523 words)

	Nemaha Strike-Slip Fault Zone by William McBee, Jr., #10055 (2003).
		Structural cross-section of graben in the Wetumka area, east-central Oklahoma, located southeast and basinward of Jennings and Cushing; it is on an en echelon fault trend east of the Whitetail trend.
		The Garber area, north-central Oklahoma, is characterized by a pop-up block with an associated graben (related to a releasing bend or representing a pull-apart “basin”) (Figure 5).
		This graben had been known for nearly forty years, but condemned by the industry because it was “low,” before a detailed study resulted in the completion of ten wells with new reserves in the Manning zone of the preserved Chesterian interval in the graben.
	www.searchanddiscovery.net /documents/2003/mcbee/index.htm (2528 words)

	The EUCOR-URGENT Project - EUCOR-URGENT Publications 2000-2006
		Paleogeography of the Upper Rhine Graben (URG) and the Swiss Molasse Basin (SMB) from Eocene to Pliocene.
		Tectonic implications of transpression and transtension: Upper Rhine Graben.
		Tertiary tectonics of the Dannemarie Basin, upper Rhine graben, and regional implications.
	comp1.geol.unibas.ch /index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=25&Itemid=29 (7279 words)

	graben.html
		Grabens are the subsidence of the land between two normal faults.
		Horsts, are the (relatively rare) oppoistes of grabbens.
		A horst is an uprisings of a fault block with scarps on either side.
	www.tinynet.com /Graben.html (203 words)

	Deformation of Rocks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Horsts and Gabens - Due to the tensional stress responsible for normal faults, they often occur in a series, with adjacent faults dipping in opposite directions.
		In such a case the down-dropped blocks form grabens and the uplifted blocks form horsts.
		In areas where tensional stress has recently affected the crust, the grabens may form rift valleys and the uplifted horst blocks may form linear mountain ranges.
	earthsci.org /teacher/basicgeol/deform/deform.html (2506 words)

	Alvin 3354 Transcript by Scott White
		Depth was 2669m when on top of the horst, with altitude of 10m from top of talus ramp.
		Horst tops are heavily sedimented, but probably lobate lavas beneath all the dirt.
		In the inner ditch of the graben, south of waypoint 6.
	www.soest.hawaii.edu /atl331/Alvin_Dives/3354/html/a3354ScottWhiteTranscript.html (2392 words)

	Rio Grande Rift
		The physiographic expression of continental extension includes the horst blocks, grabens, half grabens, and tilted ranges of the Basin and Range province, of which the Rio Grande rift is the easternmost expression.
		Horst and graben structures developed in the Rio Grande rift area with little rotation and a slow spreading rate.
		Has a near absence of syn-rift volcanism in the axial basins and a shift in extension away from the axial grabens into a broad belt along the east shoulder of the rift.
	www.emporia.edu /earthsci/student/tilton4/rgrift.html (1380 words)

	[No title]
		The relatively downfaulted blocks (grabens) filled in with sediment and piedmont slopes developed across the pediment and alluvial surfaces.
		horst and grabens are bonded on both sides by parallel normal faults.
		Horsts and Gabens - Due to the tensional stress responsible for normal faults, they often occur in a series, with adjacent faults dipping in opposite directions.
	geology.wcedu.pima.edu /~rvaldez/whatisit.html (834 words)

	ESA Science & Technology: The grabens of Claritas Fossae
		The image was taken during orbit 508 on 13 June 2004 with a ground resolution of approximately 40 metres per pixel.
		The displayed region is the eastern part of Claritas Fossae with tectonic grabens and the western part of Solis Planum at longitude 260° East and latitude of about 28° South.
		A graben forms when a block of the planet's crust drops down between two faults, due to extension, or pulling, of the crust.
	sci.esa.int /science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=35968 (349 words)

	FORWARD MODELING OF FAULTED DOMES: GEOLOGIC INSIGHTS FROM 3-D KINEMATIC MODELS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In cross sections from the model domes, the observed structural style is controlled by the faulted or unfaulted nature of the top of salt and by the direction of the cross section.
		If the top of salt is faulted, the dip of the grabens increases with the dip of the horsts until the horsts reach a critical dip angle, beyond which the grabens begin to subside.
		If the top of salt is unfaulted, the major graben blocks of the dome have the same dip as the horst blocks, but must contain minor blocks that have a smaller dip angle.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2002AM/finalprogram/abstract_42688.htm (514 words)

	UUSS - Glossary of Terms
		graben A block of the earth's crust, usually elongated, that has subsided relative to adjacent rocks along bounding faults.
		Many of the valleys of western Utah are grabens.
		horst An elongated block of the earth's crust uplifted relative to surrounding rocks along bounding faults.
	www.seis.utah.edu /qfacts/glossary.shtml (3403 words)

	MIDCONTINENT RIFT SYSTEM IN IOWA
		In Iowa, the MRS are dominated by a huge, uplifted block (called a horst) of basalt that follows the axis of the rift across Iowa from south-central Minnesota to southeastern Nebraska near Lincoln.
		This block, named the Iowa Horst, ranges from 20 to 40 miles wide in Iowa and was thrust upward over 30,000 feet during the formation of the rift.
		These stresses caused the central graben to be forced upward through the pile of sedimentary rocks that had accumulated.
	www.igsb.uiowa.edu /Browse/rift/mrs.htm (685 words)

	ESA - Mars Express - Deep faults and disrupted crater at Acheron Fossae
		For practical use on the internet, the images have been reduced in their resolution – the data originally obtained from orbit at an altitude of 765 kilometres (orbit 37) and 1240 kilometres (orbit 143) have a resolution of 30 metres and 50 metres per pixel respectively.
		From the edge of a horst in Acheron Fossae to the bottom of a graben, the digital elevation data from the HRSC reveal height differences of more than 1700 metres.
		The large graben in the centre of the image is about 15 kilometres wide.
	www.esa.int /esaMI/Mars_Express/SEMKRR77ESD_0.html (693 words)

	The Rivers of the Garden of Eden
		Certainly Horst and Graben faulting along the Rift could, and would, change the surface topography.
		Horst and Graben faulting is defined as "elongate fault blocks of the Earth's crust that have been raised and lowered, respectively, relative to their surrounding areas as a direct effect of faulting.
		Horsts and grabens may range in size from blocks a few centimeters wide to tens of kilometers wide; the vertical movement may be up to several thousand feet."
	www.kjvbible.org /rivers_of_the_garden_of_eden.html (3772 words)

	Descriptions of Geologic Plays - CHUKCHI SHELF ASSESSMENT PROVINCE
		Trap types on the east flank of Chukchi platform include early-formed horsts and stratigraphic wedges that were possibly disrupted by Paleocene transtensional faults.
		Early-formed horst and stratigraphic wedge traps have been buried to greater depths than their Chukchi platform counterparts and are associated with higher levels of thermal maturity and poorer reservoir properties.
		Traps are primarily stratigraphic pinch-outs or fault truncations of the fluvial sandstones along the north-trending valley margins, as well as diapir-flank traps in a narrow graben west of Popcorn well.
	www.mms.gov /alaska/re/asmtdata/chukchi/chukplay.htm (3515 words)

	GeoDetectives, Landforms, Mountain building #4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Fault blocks are divided into two categories: horsts and grabens.
		A horst is an uplifted fault block and a graben is a fallen or down dropped fault block.
		A geographic region in the western United States known for horst and graben fault block structures is the Basin and Range.
	www.nps.gov /brca/Geodetect/Landfroms/mountains.htm (1189 words)

	Local Geology
		Essentially, whenever the earth’s crust is subjected to compression or tension, cracks or faults develop, and some blocks of rock drop along these fractures relative to the ground on either side.
		The blocks of rock that drop form a valley or depression in the ground surface, which is usually called a graben.
		Another term for graben and one that emphasizes the origin of these features is rift valley.
	www.rockwalkpark.com /htm1/localgeol.htm (700 words)

	Subduction erosion and basal friction along the sediment-starved convergent margin off Antofagasta, Chile
		This debris, including ∼30% pore fluid, fills subducting grabens and is subsequently incorporated into an ∼1.5-km-thick interplate reflective layer.
		The continued growth of lower plate grabens after subduction probably accommodates upper plate material, a process that erodes the upper plate.
		Erosion is aided by weakening of the upper plate rock framework beneath the continental slope.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2003/2001JB001569.shtml (373 words)

	[No title]
		The Hurricane Fault and associated graben structures are thus the result of Pliocene-Pleistocene east-west extension that caused down-to-the-west normal faulting.
		Main Street Horst is bounded on the west by the Main Street Fault and bounded on the east by the Sunshine Fault.
		Holocene movement has occurred along parts of many faults in the horst and grabens area between the Hurricane and Main Street Faults as evidenced by scarps in the alluvial deposits that are readily defined in the field and on aerial photographs.
	pubs.usgs.gov /mf/2003/2396/lhgeo.txt (10040 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		From this classification of faults, it can be seen that normal faults result predominantly from tensional stress, reverse faults and thrusts from compression (or shear), and strike slip faults from tension, compression or shear.
		A horst is an uplifted block bounded by two normal faults that strike parallel to each other (and which share the same upthrown block SYMBOL 222 \f "Symbol" the horst).
		Grabens and horsts are common in areas of very early rifting (e.g.
	www.utm.edu /departments/artsci/ggp/faculty/ElShazly/111CourseNotes/STRUCT.DOC (2637 words)

	[No title]
		The central portion of the Vale horst, the area of Vale Butte and Rhinehart Buttes, contains the Rhinehart fault and the Willow Creek fault and is characterized by many small normal faults.
		These small faults occur as either en echelon or horst and grabens and are oblique to the main trends in the area.
		Rhinehart Buttes is an erosionally resistant fossil hot spring, cored by a silicified zone centered on the north trending Rhinehart fault.
	nwdata.geol.pdx.edu /Thesis/Abstract.php?Th_ID=80 (601 words)

	Search Results for Horst - Encyclopædia Britannica
		Horst, Horst P. Britannica Book of the Year 2000
		On March 23, 2000, after months of international wrangling, German banker Horst Köhler was named the managing director and chairman of the executive board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), a...
		Störmer, Horst L. German-born American physicist who, with Daniel C. Tsui and Robert B. Laughlin, was coawarded the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery and explanation of the fractional quantum Hall effect.
	www.britannica.com /search?query=Horst&ct=&fuzzy=N (412 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		"When I and just about every other geologist was in school we were taught that the Great Basin is a bunch of horst and grabens," he said.
		"I could see there weren’t the series of horsts and grabens like we had been taught, but that the area was in fact part of the foldbelt running all the way down the Cordillera from Alaska to South America.
		"Because there was no concentrated geologic mapping done in Nevada, people traditionally misinterpreted eastern Nevada and believed it was a series of horst and grabens rather than thrust duplexes," he said.
	www.aapg.org /explorer/2003/11nov/nevada.cfm (1595 words)

	Field Trips: Canyonlands 99 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Grabens, grabens, grabens, there seem to be grabens on almost all of the terrestrial bodies that we have gotten a good look at in the solar system, and as such, we felt that we should get a close-up view of some of the nearby terrestrial grabens in southeastern Utah.
		Of course, there's a lot more than just grabens in Canyonlands National Park, and there's also a lot of interesting real estate on the way there: we passed through Monument Valley, and Natural Bridges National Monument on our way.
		Driving over the horsts was a little more challenging.
	www.lpl.arizona.edu /grad/fieldtrips/Canyonlands (917 words)

	Deep faults and disrupted crater at Acheron Fossae
		These images were taken by the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) on board ESA's Mars Express of the Acheron Fossae region, an area of intensive tectonic (continental 'plate') activity in the past.
		It is part of a network of extensional fractures that radiates outward from their central focus in the Tharsis 'bulge', a huge area of regional uplift where intensive volcanic activity occurred.
		These curved 'faults' were caused in the process of this uplift: cracks in the crust formed when the hot material rising from deep in the mantle of Mars pushed the overlying 'elastic' lithosphere (surface layers of rock) upward.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-05/esa-dfa050704.php (685 words)

	GES 101:1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Common features associated with tension are horsts and grabens.
		Horst- A piece of crustal material which has been lifted up by normal faulting.
		Graben- A piece of crustal material which has been dropped down by normal faulting.
	www.uccs.edu /~sjenning/ges101:5.html (377 words)

	Universe Today - Field of Fault Lines on Mars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This image, taken by the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) on board ESA’s Mars Express spacecraft, shows the Claritas Fossae tectonic grabens and part of the Solis Planum plains.
		The image was taken during orbit 508 in June 2004 with a ground resolution of approximately 40 metres per pixel.
		A ‘horst and graben’ system can occur where there are several parallel faults.
	www.universetoday.com /am/publish/printer_field_fault_lines_mars.html (420 words)

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