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	Nuremberg Trials - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The trials were held in the German city of Nuremberg from 1945 to 1949 at the Nuremberg Palace of Justice.
		The legal basis for the trial was established by the 'London Charter', issued on August 8, 1945, which restricted the trial to "trial and punishment of the major war criminals of the European Axis countries".
		The trials were conducted under their own rules of evidence ; the indictments were created ex post facto and were not based on any nation's law; the tu quoque defense was removed; and the entire spirit of the assembly was " victor's justice ".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nuremberg_Trials (1806 words)

	Hostages Trial - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		These twelve trials were all held before U.S. military courts, not before the International Military Tribunal, but took place in the same rooms.
		The Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution was Telford Taylor, the chief prosecutor for this case was Theodore Fenstermacher.
		On the question of partisans, the tribunal concluded that under the then current laws of war (the Hague Convention No. IV from 1907), the partisan fighters in southeast Europe could not be considered lawful belligerents under Article 1 of said convention [1].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hostages_Trial (867 words)

	Judicial Supplement 23 - The Prosecutor v. Dario Kordic and Mario Cerkez - Case No. IT-95-14/2-T
		The Trial Chamber found that, on the eve of the conflict in late 1992, Dario Kordic "combined political authority in Central Bosnia (as leader of the Bosnian Croats in the Lasva Valley) with military authority." 54 His military authority did not involve a formal rank but was a position he had won for himself.
		The Trial Chamber found that during this period the Viteska Brigade was in the thick of the fighting and that on 16 April 1993 Mario Cerkez was the commander.
		The Trial Chamber was satisfied that Mario Cerkez knew of the impending attacks by the troops under his command on Vitez, Stari Vitez and Veceriska and found that he "failed to take the necessary measures to prevent those attacks" 118 and to punish those responsible for them.
	www.un.org /icty/Supplement/supp23-e/kordic.htm (4774 words)

	The Avalon Project : Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 6
		We all remember the execution of hostages at Dinant during the war of 1914, the execution of hostages in the citadel of Laon, or the hostages of Senlis.
		The hostages shall therefore be chosen from sections of the population from which a hostile attitude may be expected.
		In making the selection it should be borne in mind that the better known the hostages to be shot, the greater will be the deterrent effect on the perpetrators, themselves, and on those persons who, in France or abroad, bear the moral responsibility--as instigators or by their propaganda-for acts of terror and sabotage.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/imt/proc/01-24-46.htm (16608 words)

	Bush Deal with Iranians
		At the trial, former CIA agent and now South Korean Ambassador Donald Gregg who both Brenneke and Russbacher claim to have participated in the 1980 Paris meeting, said he was never in Paris for the alleged meeting.
		At this trial, two secret service agents in charge of Bush's security in October 1980, swore under oath they could not state definitively or even with a high degree of confidence, where Bush was at all times during the campaign.
		WILLIAM CASEY, the former head of the CIA and principle negotiator in the alleged hostage delay, died on the eve of the Iran-Contra hearings.
	www.sonic.net /sentinel/usa3.html (13108 words)

	FindLaw's Writ - Okla. City U.L. Rev. 349: Justice For War Criminals of Invisible Armies
		Trial of terrorist war criminals by military tribunal may appear to be a novel concept, and suggestive of the way terrorists are handled in less developed democracies such as Egypt and Peru.
		Jury trials tend to be lengthy both because of the time-consuming process of jury selection and because, at many times during the course of the trial, legal arguments must be presented outside the presence of the jury to avoid prejudice to the [*387] fact finder.
		To solve the problem of successive trials when some of the terrorists involved in a particular incident are captured after the initial trial, the war crimes model for prosecution again proves useful.
	writ.news.findlaw.com /misc/okculr.html (17567 words)

	Encyclopedia: Subsequent Nuremberg Trials (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The judges in all these trials were American, and so were the prosecutors; the Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution was Brigadier General Telford Taylor.
		The twelve U.S. trials before the NMT took place from December 9, 1946 to April 13, 1949.
		The trials were: December 9 is the 343rd day (344th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Subsequent-Nuremberg-Trials (966 words)

	Trial of Wilhelm List and Others. The Hostages Trial. United Nations War Crimes Commission, 1949. Part II
		Hostages, reprisal prisoners and partisans were killed without any semblance of a judicial hearing.
		Reprisal prisoners were taken from hostage camps generally and at points distant from the place where the offences occurred.
		The rules applied in criminal trials regarding burden of proof, presumption of innocence, and the right of a defendant to appear personally to defend himself, are derived from this source.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /WCC/List2.htm (4955 words)

	[No title]
		They are to serve as hostages in the event that bandits appear, or anything against the Wehrmacht is undertaken in the territory mopped up or in their home localities, and in such cases they are to be shot.
		Following List’s order, the executions of Serbian civilians and hostages increased and reprisals against the Serbian population were conducted based on the ratio of "a hundred to one", the 100 to 1 ratio, 100 hundred Serbs killed for one German soldier killed.
		Boehme was placed on trial by the U.S. Military Tribunal for war crimes and crimes against humanity in Serbia for the mass executions of Serbian civilians in Kragujevac and adjoining towns and villages.
	www.pogledi.co.yu /kragujevac/english/1e.php (5129 words)

	United Press International: Putin: Hostage 'terrible trial' is over (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Two male hostages were killed in the early hours of Saturday and Russian special forces, who could hear the gunshots and shouts inside, prepared to rush in.
		Ninety hostages and 50 rebels were killed in the rescue effort, government authorities said, and two Chechens were being held for questioning.
		Dead Chechen female hostage takers, clad in fl and wearing headscarves, were shown in TV footage seated or draped in chairs within the empty theater.
	www.upi.com /view.cfm?StoryID=20021026-122004-2987r (939 words)

	Trial of Wilhelm List and Others. The Hostages Trial. United Nations War Crimes Commission, 1949. Part VI
		On the other hand, two trials reported in an earlier volume of this series have shown that a Chief of Staff may be held guilty of committing war crimes.
		Einsatzgruppe n Trial) was held (Nuremberg, September, 1947-April, 1948), dealt even more extensively with the plea of superior orders than did the Tribunal which conducted the Hostages Trial, and it may be of interest to quote certain passages from the judgment of the former which supplement
		It would seem that the relatively uncodified nature of the law on hostages and reprisals also is here regarded as a mitigating circumstance; the Tribunal is not claiming that the accused could be held guilty in the absence of any law on the point.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /WCC/List6.htm (1756 words)

	Trial of Wilhelm List and Others. The Hostages Trial. United Nations War Crimes Commission, 1949. Part I
		In its judgment the Tribunal dealt with a number of legal issues, including the legality of the killing of hostages and reprisal prisoners, the extent of responsibility of commanders for offences committed by their troops and the degree of effectiveness of the plea of superior orders.
		The defendant Maximillian von Weichs became ill during the course of the trial and, after it had been conclusively ascertained that he was physically unfit to appear in court before the conclusion of the trial, his motion that the proceedings be suspended as to him was sustained.
		The interpretation thus given and consistently announced throughout the trial by this Tribunal is not an idle gesture to be announced as a theory and ignored in practice-it is a substantive right composing one of the essential elements of a fair and impartial adjudication.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /WCC/List1.htm (2900 words)

	attica
		The Circuit Court said Elfvin's verdict sheet in the liability trial was defective, and the damages trials were invalid because Elfvin let the juries revisit matters already settled by the liability jury, thereby violating Pfeil's Seventh Amendment rights.
		As prisoners and hostages stumbled blindly or fell to the ground, state troopers, correction officers, deputy sheriffs, and park police opened fire with shotguns, pistols, Thompson submachine guns, and.270 caliber rifles loaded with dum-dum bullets.
		The verdicts were tossed because the appellate court found Elfvin's charge to the jury in the first trial incompetent and his decision to permit the jury in the second trial to revisit issues already settled in the first trial intolerable.
	www.acsu.buffalo.edu /~bjackson/attica.htm (5048 words)

	October Surprise: The Evidence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The 'Times' and the 'Washington Post', by their silence on the Brenneke trial and its implications (as well as their failure to report on a number of significant related trials going on in federal courts) may not exactly be lying, but they are not doing much to enlighten their readers, either.
		The 53'rd hostage, Cynthia Dwyer, who was in Iran and who had not yet been taken hostage, told Reverend Moore, an american minister who was there and interviewing her at the time by phone, that the CIA had sabotaged the rescue attempt.
		Why Khomeni was going to release the hostages, because he doesn't understand the system of government, he thinks Reagan is in the white house tonight, he's going to put Carter and his family in jail tomorrow morning, and, here we go.
	www.csun.edu /CommunicationStudies/ben/news/octsurp.html (5834 words)

	Israel/South Lebanon: Israel's forgotten hostages: Lebanese detainees in Israel and Khiam Detention Centre
		Amnesty International believes that those captured and held in Israel or Khiam without charge or trial or beyond the expiry of their sentences are held as hostages, to be used as a bargaining counter with Islamist militia groups.
		Between 1982 and 1992 more than 90 foreign hostages were also abducted in Lebanon, most of them held by armed Islamic groups who demanded the release of members of their group in Kuwait or clarification of the fate of the Iranian hostages.
		Such trials are permitted under the Israeli Penal Code inasmuch as Israel claims jurisdiction over anyone, whether or not an Israeli national, who commits an offence against the State of Israel anywhere in the world.
	amnestyusa.org /women/document.do?id=54ECFFC8BBA011D58025690000693486 (8376 words)

	DEBKAfile - Saddam’s “Dirty Dozen” Will be Allawi’s Hostages
		The new ruler gave the impression that he was assured and calm enough to hold Saddam under US outer protection for as long as needed in order to properly prepare his trial on war crimes and crimes against humanity.
		What Allawi did not tell the media is that he aims to keep Saddam and his circle under tight control and on tenterhooks, as hostages of the new regime.
		The insurgents will be given to understand that violence against the prime minister will be met with the fast trial and execution of a member of Saddam’s “dirty dozen.” It will therefore be in Saddam’s vital interest to keep his successor in good health.
	www.debka.com /article_print.php?aid=870 (609 words)

	Encyclopedia: Nuremberg Military Tribunals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In total, of the 180 defendants 140 were found guilty of at least one of the charges.
		25 persons received death sentences, two of which were subsequently converted into lifetime imprisonments (Georg Lörner and Karl Sommer from the Pohl Trial); 19 were sentenced to lifetime imprisonment, 96 were handed down prison sentences of varying lengths, and 36 were acquitted.
		The defendant Johannes Blaskowitz committed suicide during the High Command Trial, and Maximilian von Weichs was removed from the Hostages Trial due to illness.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Nuremberg-Military-Tribunals (327 words)

	Trial of Wilhelm List and Others. The Hostages Trial. United Nations War Crimes Commission, 1949. Part V
		It was therein held that under certain very restrictive conditions and subject to certain rather extensive safeguards, hostages may be taken, and after a judicial finding of strict compliance with all preconditions and as a last desperate remedy hostages may even be sentenced to death.
		In the instances of so-called hostage taking and killing; and the so-called reprisal killings with which we have to deal in this case, the safeguards and pre-conditions required to be observed by the Southeast Judgment were not even attempted to be met or even suggested as necessary.
		the Tribunal apparently considered that sufficient uncertainty existed in the law relating to hostages and reprisals to justify its ruling that the killing of hostages could be legal in certain circumstances and it took the opportunity to make clear its regret that the matter had not been dealt with by international agreement.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /WCC/List5.htm (3148 words)

	Hostages Give Testimony at Raduyev Trial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Raduyev, the most senior Chechen rebel commander to be put on trial, is charged with terrorism, banditry, hostage-taking and organizing murders and illegal armed formations.
		Witnesses described the violence that exploded in Kizlyar when Raduyev and other rebels took hundreds of hostages at a local hospital and used some of them as human shields.
		One woman said Chechen fighters came to her house in the middle of the night and opened fire on the door, killing her mother.
	dev.themoscowtimes.com /stories/2001/11/27/014.html (253 words)

	Walsh Iran / Contra Report - Chapter 27 President Reagan
		The meeting was prompted by the President's concern for the safety of the remaining hostages and his fear that the spate of speculative stories which have arisen since the release of David Jacobsen may put them and others at risk.
		He had convinced himself that he was not trading arms for hostages, that he was selling arms to develop a new opening with Iran, and that the recovery of the hostages was incidental to a broader purpose.
		I was told at that time that there was a possibility that the hostages might be released, but I do not recall that the shipment of HAWK missiles was involved.
	www.fas.org /irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_27.htm (13745 words)

	baynews9.com - News : Prison Hostages-Trial, which moved at 4:31 p-m Eastern time. The
		Wassenaar began questioning potential jurors today and asked them whether they had seen the hostage crisis on television.
		Several jurors who indicated they had seen news accounts of it said they had not formed an opinion in the case.
		Wassenaar has a court-appointed attorney to assist him but he will be allowed to directly question the woman he allegedly took hostage and raped.
	baynews9.com /content/36/2005/3/14/74506.html (159 words)

	Weblog: Call Them Hostages - Christianity Today Magazine
		Reuters reports that a fax from Australian hostage Diana Thomas said they were able to cook their own meals and order takeout food from a Kabul restaurant.
		Mercer's parents and those of the other American hostage, Dayna Curry, had been scheduled to return to Kabul over the weekend but were apparently delayed.
		The trial issues are yours to keep, regardless.
	www.christianitytoday.com /ct/2001/141/12.0.html (513 words)

	Zionist Organization of America - October 21, 1999 - ZOA Criticizes Mandela's Claim That Iranian Jewish Hostages Will ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		If there is sufficient evidence to put them to trial their lawyers will be entitled to be there.
		Any observers who want to come to ensure a free and fair trial will be permitted." (Agence France Presse, Oct. 20, 1999) The Jerusalem Post reported (Oct.20, 1999) that Israeli Foreign Minister David Levy was "clearly ired" by Mandela's statement.
		Those who apologize for the brutal Iranian regime should be denounced." The 13 Jewish hostages, who have been held prisoner by the Iranian government since early this year, are scheduled to be tried soon on the charge of "treason." Some of them are accused of the "crime" of wanting to emigrate to Israel.
	www.zoa.org /pressrel/19991021b.htm (171 words)

	News
		In the Middle East Karbala's Iranian Consul has been taken hostage by Iraqi militants and at the Arab League sumitt in Egypt, Sudan is trying to discourage United Nations sanctions threatened after conflict in Darfur.
		The United States is refusing an al-Qaeda member from testifying at the trial of September 11 2001 terrorist suspect Moroccan Mounir al-Motassadek and the country's president, George W. Bush, has nominated Porter J. Goss for the job of CIA Director.
		In the trial of Mounir el-Motassadeq, a German court were told by captured Al Qaeda leaders that the man played no part in the planning of the September 11 2004 terrorist attacks.
	open-site-talk.org /forums/about144.html (1757 words)

	Witness: Accuser, family acted like hostages at ranch - Michael Jackson Trial - MSNBC.com
		On Tuesday, a comedian who helped the family of Jacksonâs accuser by giving them $20,000 testified that she believed the boyâs mother suffered from a âhostage syndromeâ that made her feel trapped.
		Louise Palanker told jurors that she believed the woman had felt like a hostage since age 16 when she married a man who allegedly abused her.
		Palanker said she tried to get in touch with the mother after seeing the TV documentary âLiving With Michael Jacksonâ in which Jackson and his accuser held hands, and Jackson acknowledged letting children sleep in his bed.
	msnbc.msn.com /id/7276231 (709 words)

	Hostages (1943) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A group of twenty-six Czechoslovakian citizens are jailed until a 50,000 crown reward by the Gestapo uncovers the supposed killer of a Nazi officer whom virtually everyone suspects committed suicide.
		The hostages include the leader of the underground resistance movement (as played by William Bendix), whose cover is that of a washroom attendant in the nightclub where the "victim" was last seen alive.
		Will the hostages be released in dangerous world of bribery, deception and corruption that characterized invading armies during World War Two?
	www.imdb.com /Title?Hostages+(1943) (217 words)

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