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Topic: Hostile media effect

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Media bias

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Kim Philby

	AAP Written Testimony on Patient Safety
		Exposure to media violence, particularly violence perpetrated by dramatic heroes or, in the case of video games, the children themselves, results in an increased acceptance of violence as an appropriate means of conflict resolution.
		Perhaps the most insidious and potent effect of media violence is that it desensitizes viewers to "real life" violence and to the harm caused its victims.
		Media education teaches us to be selective, critical viewers who make informed choices and can evaluate and modulate media’s effect on ourselves and on society.
	www.aap.org /advocacy/washing/media_violence2.htm (2168 words)

	Media bias - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Media bias is a term used to describe a real or perceived bias of journalists and news producers within the mass media, in the selection of which events will be reported and how they are covered.
		Media bias is studied at schools of journalism, university departments (including Media studies, Cultural studies and Peace studies) and by many independent watchdog groups from various parts of the political spectrum.
		The news media tend to appeal to a specific audience, which means that stories that affect a large number of people on a global scale often receive less coverage in some markets than local stories, such as a public school shootings, a celebrity wedding, a plane crash, or similarly glamorous or shocking stories.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Media_bias (2745 words)

	hostile media effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The hostile media effect, sometimes called the hostile media phenomenon, refers to the finding that ideological partisans consistently tend to think that media coverage is biased against their particular side of the issue.
		This effect is interesting to psychologists because it appears to be a reversal of the otherwise pervasive effects of confirmation bias: in this area, people seem to pay more attention to information that contradicts rather than what supports their pre-existing views.
		Studies have found hostile media effects related to other political conflicts, including strife in Bosnia and in U.S. presidential elections.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /hostile_media_effect.html (507 words)

	Liberal bias - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Another main allegation is that the media routinely portrays Republicans in an unflattering light, pointing to media coverage of Ronald Reagan, Dan Quayle, and George W. Bush as examples.
		Many of these critics also say that most media outlets are owned by wealthy individuals, many if not most of whom are on the right (for example, Rupert Murdoch, the owner of FOX News; FOX is often a target of those who charge conservative bias).
		Moreover, they say, both the print and broadcast media survive from advertising revenues, which makes the media rely to an extent on corporations; they thus claim that these media are less likely to present information that could harm potential advertisers.
	www.eastcleveland.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Liberal_media (1334 words)

	Media bias in the United States - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Claims of media bias in the United States include, though are not exhausted by, the issues of liberal or conservative biases.
		Some outspoken critics of the media have gone so far as to claim that this is a sign of an Anti-American bias, and a deliberate attempt to diminish public support, with the ultimate goal of forcing a total withdrawal of American forces.
		The media in the United States, for all its faults, is less biased than the media in many parts of the world, because of constitutional guarantees of freedom of the press.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Conservative_bias (4045 words)

	Encyclopedia: Media bias
		Mass media is the term used to denote, as a class, that section of the media specifically conceived and designed to reach a very large audience (typically at least as large as the whole population of a nation state).
		Media studies, a communication science, studies the nature and effects of mass media upon individuals and society.
		Culture of fear is the term used by some sociologists, anthropologists, media critics and intellectuals in general to refer to a culture in which the feelings of fear and anxiety are carefully and repeatedly created and fed by the mass media and other sources - through the manipulation of words, facts...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Media-bias (3472 words)

	Media coverage of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This article, Media coverage of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, is about the coverage of the conflict in the media, and the efforts of all parties involved to win the "war of words".
		Almost every mass media outlet has been accused of media bias, that is to say, slanted reporting either in favor of the Palestinians or of the Israelis (exacerbated by what psychologists call the "hostile media effect").
		Some media organizations seem to believe that the truth is the average of two extremes, thereby neglecting the responsibility to find the truth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Israeli-Palestinian_conflict (1752 words)

	Media bias in the United States - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is quite possible for a media outlet to be conservative on some subjects and liberal on others: for example to be fiscally conservative, yet still favor liberal social policy.
		While critics of conservative bias in media often point, explicitly or by example, to right wing pundits' such as Rush Limbaugh, it is important to distinguish between news media, which in a free society generally acknowledge a commitment to objectivity, and commentary, which has no such obligation.
		Major U.S. news media spin the news in ways they think will make it appealing to their customers and advertisers, but outright lies are rare, and mistakes are usually acknowledged.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Liberal_bias (4045 words)

	Media Effect: The Psychology of Television (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Media effects seek an explanation in terms of the purposes, functions or uses as controlled by the choice patterns of receivers.
		Media system dependency theory suggests that in order to understand media related phenomena, it is important to analyze dependency relationships within and across levels of analysis.
		Media system theory is one of the many theories that provides insight into the complexity of new media technologies.
	www.lucidexperience.com /HypnoPapers/529.html (8107 words)

	Conservative bias (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Conservative bias is the mirror image of liberal bias, a belief that the media is biased in favor of conservative views.
		Typically characterized by the belief that the politics of the owners of the news media, rather than the politics of the reporters, is the primary source for bias.
		Media Matters for America A non-profit progressive research and information center dedicated to comprehensively monitoring, analyzing, and correcting conservative misinformation in the U.S. media.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Conservative_bias.html (455 words)

	Perceptions of News Credibility about the War in Iraq: Why War Opponents Perceived the Internet as the Most Credible ...
		As proposed by the third-person effect (Davison, 1983; Perloff, 1999), when partisan groups are exposed to nominally neutral news coverage in mass media, they tend to perceive it as having a larger undesirable influence on others than on themselves and, thus, perceive the news as unfavorable to their side.
		When a slant or bias by media is present, proponents of one side of an issue who are exposed to news unfavorable to their side tend to assess the news coverage or media as more slanted or biased than do proponents of the other side (Arpan and Raney, 2003).
		Media use and the perceived credibility of a medium might be affected by the perception of its alignment with official government positions.
	jcmc.indiana.edu /vol12/issue1/choi.html (8771 words)

	Online NewsHour: Analysis \| Media Faces Perceptions of Bias \| August 17, 2006 \| PBS
		Media experts analyze the reasons behind the perceptions of bias in the war's coverage.
		And the reason for that is kind of interesting, and that is people see the media as biased when their starts to be some analysis, as Andy said.
		Media coverage of the Israel-Hezbollah fighting has presented different perspectives on the conflict.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/media/july-dec06/bias_08-17.html (2277 words)

	Hostile media effect Summary
		Advertising Effects; Cultivation Theory and Media Effects; Desensitization and Media Effects; Fear and the Media; National Television Violence Study; Violence in the Media, Attraction To; Violence in the Media, History of Research On.
		The hostile media effect, sometimes called the hostile media phenomenon, refers to the theory that ideological partisans often think that media coverage is biased against their particular opinions on an issue.
		This effect is interesting to psychologists because it appears to be a reversal of the otherwise pervasive effects of confirmation bias: in this area, people seem to pay more attention to information that contradicts rather than what supports their pre-existing views.
	www.bookrags.com /Hostile_media_effect (1462 words)

	[No title]
		A theoretical context for discussing the Middle East public relations war is the analysis of Chanan Naveh on the role of the media in foreign policy decision-making [23] and also the “hostile media effect”, sometimes known as the hostile media phenomenon [24].
		The hostile media effect posits that ideological partisans consistently tend to think that media coverage is biased against their side of the issue [24].
		In an interesting analysis, Gunther and Schmitt have suggested [2] both that the effect may be unique to mass media and that it may be the sense of broad reach and thus of potential influence on others invoked by mass media that generates perceptions of hostile content.
	student.cs.ucc.ie /cs1064/jabowen/IPSC/articles/article0010781.html (5661 words)

	What Goes In Must Come Out: Children's Media Violence Consumption at Home and Aggressive Behaviors at School \| ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Research regarding the media violence and aggressive behavior has often been hampered by emphasis on the question of whether media violence actually promotes aggressive behavior or, in contrast, whether aggressive children simply prefer media violence, consistent with their behavioral style.
		Instrumental hostile attribution was significantly correlated with a preference for violent video games, amount of television watched per week, the violent television exposure index, the violent video game exposure index, the violent media exposure index, the relational hostile attribution scores, and peer ratings of relational aggression.
		Hostile attributions were associated with multiple indices of exposure to violent media and teacher and peer ratings of violent behavior.
	www.mediafamily.org /research/report_issbd_2002.shtml (3742 words)

	Communication in Contemporary Society--Highlight on Students
		HME is the tendency by partisans to perceive hostile bias in news coverage that appears evenhanded and objective to a neutral audience.
		This thesis argues that media consumers perceive hostile media bias with varied intensity in response to a neutral media report concerning an issue about which they have formed an opinion that is different from other opinions introduced in this report.
		Media consumers perceive a stronger media bias when the media focus on group conflicts that evoke the consumers' group identity and prompt them to react as group members rather than as individuals.
	www.jhu.edu /pgp-as/communication/students.html (538 words)

	Social Psychology Illustration Example (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Democrats claimed that the media’s coverage of the scandal was unfair and that similar accusations of marital infidelity against President Bush were brushed under the carpet by the media.
		Their argument, however, was that the media was unfairly targeting Kenneth Starr and downplaying the importance of "character" for the occupant of the highest office in the land.
		This is the essence of the hostile media phenomenon.
	www.ksu.edu /psych/bartel/social/illustration.html (251 words)

	Cancelling Each Other Out? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Both groups were critical of the media for insufficiently covering positive stories and the social implications of economic policies, though to be sure the content of these two perceived blindspots was likely to differ between the two groups.
		Disproportionately, advocacy groups called on the media to adopt a pro-active role as advocates of social reforms and challengers of the status quo.
		We need more critical evaluation of interest group attacks on the media in light of actual media coverage, groups' expectations and relations with the media, and the impact of financial and social inequalities on the relative political efficacy of their critiques.
	info.wlu.ca /~wwwpress/jrls/cjc/BackIssues/21.4/karlberg.html (2842 words)

	Laura Arpan (Ph
		The effect of country of origin on judgments of multinational organizations involved in a crisis.
		Effects of spokesperson nationality on perceptions of a multinational organization in a crisis situation.
		Exemplification of public opinion and hostile media judgments: The effect of supportive and unsupportive quotes on perceptions of new story bias and influence.
	www.comm.fsu.edu /info/Arpan (524 words)

	Al Gunther (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		As a professor in the Life Sciences Communication Department, I teach undergraduate courses in journalism and graduate seminars in communication theory and research.
		- The hostile media effect, which deals with interpretation and evaluation of mass media content and especially perceptual biases in the media audience.
		I have studied this idea in the context of science-related controversies such as the use of primates in lab research and a broad range of disputes over biotechnology developments, especially genetically modified foods.
	www.lsc.wisc.edu /algunther.htm (230 words)

	Action Vault - Hostile Intent Interview
		In Aware Entertainment's Hostile Intent, its power is challenged by a reclusive hacker so tremendously talented that he has cracked even Leviathan's encryptions.
		Hostile Intent combines the features of tactical and arcade action games in that realistic weapons and vehicles are used in gameplay, but players are not restricted by realistic damage as in most tactical shooters.
		Andrew Roberto: The open-ended gameplay of Hostile Intent posed a challenge in that enemy NPC characters have to be able to respond to events that we, the developer, may not have anticipated.
	actionvault.ign.com /features/interviews/hostileintentint.shtml (1269 words)

	Two views of the same news find opposite biases \| Reclaim the Media
		All media - from cable TV and downloaded music to daily newspapers and billboards - shape our culture and our democracy just as they are shaped by them.
		Media Literacy means becoming conscious, skilled consumers of all media, and understanding the political, cultural and economic forces that help shape the way media works.
		The tendency to see bias in the news -- now the raison d'etre of much of the blogosphere -- is such a reliable indicator of partisan thinking that researchers coined a term, "hostile media effect," to describe the sincere belief among partisans that news reports are painting them in the worst possible light.
	reclaimthemedia.org /media_literacy/two_views_of_the_same_news_find_opposite_biases (1114 words)

	2006 Abstracts, Communication Theory & Methodology
		Two experiments verified such effects, students perceived informal surroundings in IM and, in one experiment, decreased presence of the instructor, but results of hypothesized effects on the perceived authority of the instructor were mixed.
		Hostile Media Perception: Exploring the Role of Involvement, Third-Person Perception, and Media Skepticism • Jounghwa Choi, Myeng Ja Yang and Jeong-Heon Chang, Michigan State • Hostile media perception is a phenomenon, which shows the significance of individual factors in evaluation of media content.
		The influence of post-debate commentary on candidate evaluations: Examining “hydraulic” media effect • Hyunseo Hwang, Sun-Young Lee, Douglas McLeod, and Dhavan Shah, University of Wisconsin-Madison • A vast body of post-debate analysis and criticism is practiced by all news media during presidential election years, saying that it affects viewers’ evaluations of candidates and voting decisions.
	www.aejmc.org /_events/convention/abstracts/2006/ctm.php (4299 words)

	Video Game FAQs
		The claim has been made that in terms of the general public's beliefs about media violence effects, we are currently in a situation that is very similar to where the public was some 30 years ago in the tobacco/lung cancer issue.
		The tobacco industry certainly had some influence on the media, because of their advertising revenues, but the violent media industries are essentially a part of the same companies that own and control the news media.
		Given the scientific evidence that exposure to media violence increases aggression in both the short-term and the long-term, and given my belief that the level of aggression in modern society could and should be reduced, I believe that we need to reduce the exposure of youth to media violence.
	www.psychology.iastate.edu /faculty/caa/Video_Game_FAQs.html (2935 words)

	Science: Behavior and Evolution
		Of itself, the hostile media effect is nothing new; selective perception been well-studied beginning from the late 1940's.
		Media reports that strive to get "both sides" are often the target of ire of both sides, but they certainly provide a forum for conversation with people whom you disagree with...
		Again, this is a media studies question rather than psychology, but I would be the first to say a reporter's obligation is to the truth, as far as it can be ascertained.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-dyn/content/discussion/2006/07/21/DI2006072101008_pf.html (5397 words)

	CALS News: Hostile media or fair and balanced reporting? (5/13/2004)
		Media bias may be in the eye of the beholder
		This phenomenon-when partisans on both sides of a contentious issue view the same piece of media coverage as biased toward the other side-is nothing new to writers, editors and reporters, according to Al Gunther, a professor of life sciences communication in the UW-Madison’s College of Agricultural and Life Sciences.
		The reserachers found that the perception of hostile media content disappeared when partisans thought the story was merely a student essay.
	news.cals.wisc.edu /newsDisplay.asp?id=1022 (598 words)

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