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	Cathode - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Diagram of a copper cathode in a Daniell's cell.
		In a galvanic cell, the cathode is where the positive pole is connected to allow the circuit to be completed: as the anode of the galvanic cell gives off electrons, they return from the circuit into the cell through the cathode.
		In a semiconductor diode, the cathode is the N–doped layer of the PN junction.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cathode (560 words)

	Cathode ray tube - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The cathode ray tube or CRT, invented by Karl Ferdinand Braun, is the display device that was traditionally used in most computer displays, video monitors, televisions and oscilloscopes.
		The first version to use a hot cathode was developed by J. Johnson (who gave his name to the term Johnson noise) and H. Weinhart of Western Electric and became a commercial product in 1922.
		Cathode rays exist in the form of streams of high speed electrons emitted from the heating of cathode inside a vacuum tube.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cathode_ray_tube (2237 words)

	Cathode ray tube (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The cathode ray tube or CRT, invented by Karl Ferdinand Braun, is the display device used in most computer display s, video monitor s, television s and oscilloscope s.
		Cathode ray s are streams of high-speed electron s emitted from the heated cathode of a vacuum tube.
		In a cathode ray tube, the electrons are carefully directed into a beam, and this beam is deflected by a magnetic field to scan the surface at the viewing end (anode), which is lined with phosphorescent material (usually based on transition metal s or rare earth s).
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Cathode_ray_tube.html (1192 words)

	Method and apparatus for vacuum vapor deposition - Patent 4919968
		Use of such hot spots as vapor source for vacuum coating is, however, impaired by the fact that a short time after beginning of the vapor emission from a hot spot molten material in the form of droplets is also hurled away.
		With planar cathodes the direction distribution of the emitted ions obeys nearly the cos law, that is, the stream of vaporized metal observed in a direction, which.alpha.
		One of the cathodes, the coating of which is to be determined, is set without igniting a spark on it by way of a current meter at the potential of one of the other cathodes.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4919968.html (3955 words)

	Victor 1913 Coolidge Tube (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The hot cathode is a flat spiral tungsten filament in a metal cylinder (made of molybdenum, according to Dr. F.
		“……As a cathode I ordinarily use a tungsten filament, and this may be conveniently heated by current from a storage battery, or transformer with suitable regulating devices so that the temperature of the cathode or filament may be adjusted at will.
		The introduction of the “Hot Cathode” opened a new era in the practice of radiology.
	home.comcast.net /~znhakim/11_victor_1913_coolidge.htm (255 words)

	Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Characterization of the arc evaporation of a hot boron cathode
		Cathodic arc discharge with a hot boron cathode has been characterized by high-speed photography, mass spectroscopy and ion energy analysis.
		During operation, the cathode surface exhibits an extended molten area in which moving cathode spots could be detected by the high-speed cine-camera.
	www.tu-chemnitz.de /physik/TPH/abstracts/a85.html (106 words)

	Transene - Cathode Coatings
		Cathode Coatings - 200 and - 400 are recommended where grid-to-cathode spacing must be held very closely.
		Cathode Coating - 300 and - 400 permit cathodes to be operated at elevated temperatures; while tube transconductance shows excellent stability during life.
		Cathode coatings - 600 and - 700 are electrophoretic types designed to achieve very high packing density of emission carbonates.
	www.transene.com /cathode.html (852 words)

	World Intellectual Property Organization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The emission properties of a thermionic cathode, or hot cathode, depend on the temperature of the cathode surface.
		A field emission cathode, or cold cathode, is sometimes favored to a hot cathode in medical procedures and other applications.
		The cathode may include a thin diamond film, and may include a getter material that is activated to improve the quality of the vacuum within the housing, as described is U. patent application Ser.
	www.wipo.int /ipdl/IPDL-CIMAGES/view/pct/getbykey5?KEY=03/07669.030123&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (3549 words)

	Old Radio Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In a directly heated cathode, the filament itself is coated with the element thorium (a good emitting material) and serves as the cathode.
		In an indirectly heated cathode, a standard tungsten filament is place inside a thorium coated metallic cylinder and electrically separated from it by a layer of glass or porcelain.
		A tube having 5 elements, a Cathode to emit electrons, a Grid to control the flow of the electrons, a second grid referred to as a screen grid, for additional control, isolation, or for injecting a second signal, a third grid known as a suppressor grid, and a Plate to receive the electrons.
	www.wshu.org /oldradio/glossary.asp (861 words)

	Why are tubes still used? .:An Article By Eric Barbour:. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		All modern vacuum tubes are based on the concept of the Audion--a heated "cathode" boils off electrons into a vacuum; they pass through a grid (or many grids), which control the electron current; the electrons then strike the anode (plate) and are absorbed.
		The cathode (and oxide coating) is heated orange-hot, not as hot as the thoriated filament--about 1000 degrees Celsius.
		And the life of the of a cathode is dependent on the cathode temperature, the degree of vacuum in the tube, and purity of the materials in the cathode.
	www.classahighperformance.com /why_are_tubes_still_used.htm (6188 words)

	Cathode ray tube
		The Cathode Ray Tube site - Images and history of old technical glassware and physical instruments, many of which are used for demonstrations in courses worldwide.
		CRT Data Sheets - Cathode Ray Tube data - scanned images from original datasheets.
		John Moore Electronics Consultancy - Expertise in cathode ray tube raster and calligraphic displays, liquid crystal shutters, and liquid-crystal-on-silicon spatial light modulators.
	www.nebulasearch.com /encyclopedia/article/Cathode_ray_tube.html (1162 words)

	Vacuum Tubes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		We apply power to the heater after 30 -45 seconds the cathode is hot enough to work.
		As long as we keep the cathode hot and the voltage applied electrons will flow across the vacuum from cathode to the plate.
		If the polarity of the voltage changes, making the cathode positive and the plate negative the flow will stop for as long as the cathode is positive in respects to the plate no electrons flow.
	www.booksabill.biz /vacuum_tubes.htm (1179 words)

	Specialty Fluorescent Lighting
		LCD Lighting, Inc. announces the development of a new manufacturing process-technology called "Robo-Bend", which now allows serpentine Hot Cathode Lamps to be manufactured with automated bending processes.
		By reducing the number of cathodes in a backlight, the power loss (cathode fall) is greatly reduced.
		LCDL's "Robo-Bend" 8mm and 9mm hot cathode lamps feature long life, high lumen output, excellent dimmability and are available in a full spectrum of tri-band phosphors.
	www.lcdl.com /robobend4_4.html (218 words)

	Performance of 50 Completed ATP Projects
		The company had also developed a 15 kW hot cathode plasma torch that was capable of extremely low electrode contamination in the plasma plume.
		Hot cathode plasma torch technology is being used to test the performance of alternative thermal coatings, which would allow gas turbines to operate at higher temperatures and higher efficiencies.
		The new company is exploiting the commercial potential of the hot cathode plasma torch technology in testing thermal coatings for gas turbines.
	www.atp.nist.gov /eao/sp950-2/chapt2-7.htm (1967 words)

	The Series 959 Vacuum Gauge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Series 959 is available as a hot cathode controller only or as a hot cathode/Pirani controller when the Pirani option is added.
		At low pressure, the hot cathode's pressure is displayed, and at high pressure, the Pirani's pressure measurement is displayed.
		The relative sensitivity of the gas measured is multiplied by the sensor's nitrogen sensitivity.
	www.mksinst.co.uk /hps959details.html (1054 words)

	Radio FAQ Part 4 — Vacuum Tubes
		But the actual cathode itself, the tube with barium on it, isn't glowing like the tungston wire in a HOT cathode is. Still, it gives off lots of electrons.
		OK, so you build your cathode, anode and grid, put them in the tube, fish the wires out to the outside world, pump down the low vacuum using your refridgeration pump, turn on some current to the cathode, and get everything hot while you keep the pump running.
		Once everything is nice and hot, you turn on your diffusion pump and go from 10E-2 to 10E-4 torr, down to 10E-8 to 10E-10 torr that we need for the tube to work well.
	homepage.mac.com /msb/163x/faqs/radiofaq-mvt.html (1058 words)

	the Electronic Bell Jar - X-Rays from Receiving Tubes
		The operating regions of hot cathode rectifiers and x-ray tubes are shown in Figure 1.
		A ‘normal’ hot cathode vacuum diode, such as a rectifier tube, operates in a region where the tube current varies nearly linearly with the voltage drop.
		The latter was deposited on the inside of the bulb, opposite the cathode, and was capacitively coupled to the Oudin coil by means of a layer of aluminum foil which was wrapped on the outside of the bulb.
	www.belljar.net /xray.htm (2056 words)

	The Moller's Atomic Hydrogen Generator (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		For negative cathode it is usual electron emission, but for positive cathode we can assume that current is a result of hydrogen dissociation, and protons (ionized hydrogen) are working in this case.
		The cathode was connected to positive terminal of the generator.
		In one experiment with heating of the cathode with half-period pulses produced by diodes, efficiency about 250% and gave reason to think that a possible mistake had been made or about a physical mechanism of this phenomenon.
	jlnlabs.imars.com /mahg/mahg1.htm (1455 words)

	[No title]
		Forming a metal-powder compact or a ceramic shape by applying pressure and heat simultaneously at temperatures high enough for sintering to occur.
		] A plastics mold in which the runners are kept hot by insulation from the chilled cavities.
		] A velocity microphone that depends for its operation on the change in resistance of a hot wire as the wire is cooled by varying particle velocities in a sound wave.
	www.accessscience.com /Dictionary/H/H20/DictH20.html (2624 words)

	Lessons In Electric Circuits -- Volume III (Semiconductors) - Chapter 13
		The cathode cylinder would be heated by the filament wire enough to freely emit electrons, without the undesirable side effects of actually carrying the heating current as the filament wire had to.
		In the triode, the amount of current from cathode to plate (the "controlled" current is a function both of grid-to-cathode voltage (the controlling signal) and the plate-to-cathode voltage (the electromotive force available to push electrons through the vacuum).
		Similar in construction to the grid, the screen was a wire mesh or coil positioned between the grid and plate, connected to a source of positive DC potential (with respect to the cathode, as usual) equal to a fraction of the plate voltage.
	www.ibiblio.org /obp/electricCircuits/Semi/SEMI_13.html (7356 words)

	Fuller Ultraviolet Corporation - Photo Display of Sterile Conditioners
		Generally, there are three types of ultraviolet germicidal tubes: namely, the hot cathode germicidal tube, the cold cathode germicidal tube, and the slimline germicidal tube.
		Hot cathode tubes have the same electrical characteristics of a standard preheat type fluorescent tube.
		In addition, the tube burning cycle is affected dramatically if operated in cold ambient temperatures such as cooling rooms, refrigerators, etc. Hot cathode lamps are frequently hard to start at low temperatures.
	www.fulleruv.com /lamps.htm (886 words)

	High Pressure & Vacuum
		Cold Cathode: The major difference between hot and cold cathode sensors is in their methods of electron production.
		In a cold cathode device, electrons are drawn from the electrode surface by a high potential field.
		The main advantages of cold cathode devices are that there are no filaments to burn out, they are unaffected by the inrush of air, and they are relatively insensitive to vibration.
	www.omega.com /literature/transactions/volume3/high3.html (1674 words)

	Bulletin
		The hot cathode lamps are identical in electrical characteristics to the standard preheat design fluorescent lamp.
		The cold cathode lamp, instead of having tungsten filaments for electrodes, has sturdy cylindrical electrodes, and the lamp is started instantly by means of a high voltage rather than by a glow switch starter.
		Lamp life, as with the standard hot cathode lamp, is governed by the life of the electrodes.
	www.fulleruv.com /bulletin82.htm (996 words)

	Laco Technologies - LVG959/ -High Range Vacuum Gauges/ -Vacuum Gauges & Measurement
		Our selection of both hot and cold cathode gauges are capable of measuring a high range of pressure.
		The CE marked Series 959 is a combination gauge controller that will operate a hot cathode and Pirani style sensor to measure pressure from 10-10 to 1,000 Torr.
		The controller degasses the hot cathode sensors by electron beam, with remote filament and degas control and pressure indication during degas.
	www.lacotech.com /product_pages/LVG959_1258048850.html (300 words)

	Neon Lights (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		With five rows of cold cathode in each reflector, the installation will consist of a linear length of 450 meters, achieved with 188, 8-ft. units, which would require a total transformer voltage of 163,860V.
		For cold cathode, every pair of electrodes requires a voltage drop of approximately 300V.
		The electrode losses accumulate to 54kW for cold cathode and only 2,880W if custom-made, hot-cathode slimline lamps are installed at the same light output.
	www.signweb.com /neon/cont/neonlightsb.htm (972 words)

	bit-tech.net Forums - hot cold cathode?
		cold cathodes are actually warm and do take time to warm up to their full luminosity, but i dont think its supposed to melt the plastic
		By cold cathode they mean cold as in not 1000C, not cold as in below room temp cold.
		By cold cathode, what they actually mean is they do not require a heater at each end in order to strike, unlike standard flourescent bulbs - they will illuminate from cold.
	forums.bit-tech.net /showthread.php?t=57573 (1198 words)

	Solid State Technology - Pressure measurement in ion implanters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The effect of gauge outgassing — typical vacuum pumpdown curves for a hot cathode gauge and a cold cathode gauge.
		Although a cold cathode gauge is reluctant to start at low pressures (starting depends on a random ionization event triggered by a cosmic ray), there is no starting delay at 1 mTorr or higher.
		Although the unit cost of a cold cathode IM gauge sensor can exceed that of a glass-envelope BA gauge tube, the cost-of-ownership (COO) can be lower because of the extended lifetime in an ion implanter — typically three times that of a B-A gauge tube.
	sst.pennnet.com /Articles/Article_Display.cfm?Section=Archives&Subsection=Display&ARTICLE_ID=65790&KEYWORD=vacuum (1401 words)

	Cold Cathode EXIT Signs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The technical term for what most of us know as a standard fluorescent lamp is "hot cathode." This is because the metal electrodes at each end must be very hot before they can operate, over 1,500 degrees fahrenheit.
		A cold cathode lamp's electrodes operate at 400 degrees; hence it was considered cold by comparison!
		The main advantage of these lamps over standard hot cathode lamps is a longer life.
	www.lightpanel.com /comparison/coldcathode.htm (148 words)

	Cathode Tan: Hot Coffee Goes To Fahrenheit - Gaming Blog : Trained To Ill
		From some posts by a reviewer on Blues, it appears that the game's director David Cage previously claimed it was an ESRB reaction to the Hot Coffee fiasco.
		They requested that the content be removed to maintain the title's M rating as well as assured it would be deleted from the disc's content to avoid any mods from unlocking it.
		Clearly though, Hot Coffee will continue to have a chilling effect on game development even now that the controversy isn't mainstream news fodder.
	cathodetan.blogspot.com /2005/09/hot-coffee-goes-to-fahrenheit.html (417 words)

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