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Topic: Household production functions

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	Michelle Yaiser
		The distinction between enterprises and households is not in all cases sufficient to draw a satisfactory production boundary.
		The household that buys the direct services rendered by other households is thought of as buying at cost, in its capacity as a consumer, the direct services from a production account to which is debited the cost of services.
		Production of primary products, that is, the characteristic products of agriculture, fishing, forestry, mining, and quarrying
	www.bc.edu /bc_org/avp/cas/soc/SocialMoments/yaiser8.htm (9691 words)

	Anthropological theories of value - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Starting with Marxist definitions of consumption and production, he introduces Mauss’s idea of "objects that are not consumed" and constructs a list of things that are neither consumption nor production.
		Graeber’s list includes those human activities that are not consumption, in the narrow sense of simply purchasing something, and are not production, in the sense of creating or modifying something intended for sale or exchange.
		Also Gary Becker's household production functions and similar topics note that people often purchase goods and then combine them with time to produce something that has meaning or practicality to them (which produce utility).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Anthropological_theories_of_value (453 words)

	Human Capital, Time Allocation, Home Production,& the Life Cycle
		Each household is seen as seeking to maximize its utility (a household utility function), which is based on consumption of "commodities" (Zj) which are themselves produced by the household by combining inputs of market goods (Xj) and time (Tj).
		Likewise, household production theory suggests that the consumer's ultimate demand is for good health, and medical care is the market service used to produce good health.
		The presence in many developing countries of separate household budgets (cf., a number of the papers in the Dwyer and Bruce book), where the husband has responsibility for certain types of expenditures (e.g., shelter) and the wife takes care of other expenses (food, children), is nicely concordant with the bargaining approach.
	econ.la.psu.edu /~dshapiro/463ia.htm (3609 words)

	** HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTION THEORY: Deaton and Muellbauer, chap
		This is an empirically testable implication of the separability of production decisions from the consumption decisions.
		Household labor (T = 5) is allocated as follows: 0.794 (15.88 %) to household activities, 2.250 (45 %) to wage labor, and 1.956 (39.12 %) to leisure.
		Note that the household still appears to be "better off" compared to the one in the base scenario, even while facing a much lower household income.
	www.aae.wisc.edu /aae733/hw/solh2.htm (2172 words)

	Forests in Palestine ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Perhaps the most important are the ecological functions of trees, notably by providing water retention, soil protection, biological diversity preservation, and climate stability.
		Nowadays, wood is mainly used as a source of fuel and as an input for the production of tourist and decorative crafts.
		Perhaps most important are the ecological functions of trees and forests- including micro-climate, filtration of air pollutants generated from urban areas, fixation of mobile sand, dunes and soils, protection of crops against the wind and regulation of the surface water flow through forests and woodlands.
	www.arij.org /pub/Forests%20in%20Palestine/index-1.htm (6262 words)

	Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The objective of this study is to analyze the Swedish time-use data within the framework of household production theory.
		I use the same Gronau-specification of the household production function that they used, but I apply it to the data from ten years later (from the 1993 wave of the HUS data).
		Her main research areas are household labor supply and earnings as well as gender discrimination in the labor market.
	pascal.iseg.utl.pt /~cisep/IATUR/abstracts/abstract79.htm (279 words)

	Eastern Economic Journal: Household production and consumption of news-information services: An empirical study
		The decline is partly attributable to the change in the economic environment of the household and to the subsequent development of time-saving substitute news sources such as television and cable news services, magazines and so on.
		Since news consumption is a product of both market-purchased goods (newspapers, television, magazines, etc.) and household time, households will choose the lowest cost method of "producing" and consuming news in response to changing relative full prices.
		The rising labor force participation of women since 1970 is especially important in interpreting trends in household production and consumption, arguably increasing the opportunity cost of newspaper readership by women relative to men.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3620/is_199401/ai_n8711558 (1372 words)

	Production function analysis for smallholder semi-subsistence and semi-commercial poultry production systems in three ...
		By regions, the variable for number of birds had the strongest effect on the production in all model, except the highland semi-commercial model, the highest elasticity was found in the lowland model (0.81) followed by the highland semi-commercial model (0.69), the midland model (0.55) and the highland semi-subsistence model (0.42).
		The production increased by 5.7% for the lowland, 3.1% for the midland, 0.9% for highland semi-subsistence and 7.7% for the highland semi-commercial model when the amount of feed per bird is increased by 10%.
		The positive and strongest impact of the number of birds on the production (except the highland semi-commercial model) showed that the smallholder poultry production is largely extensive, and consistent with the nature of the smallholder poultry production, where the output is dependent largely on number of birds.
	www.cipav.org.co /lrrd/lrrd17/6/tung17069.htm (5255 words)

	Buchanan: Collected Works; Brennan and Buchanan, The Reason of Rules: Constitutional Political Economy, Chapter 5: ...
		In that work, the arguments in an individual's utility function have been redefined so that they represent composite "commodities," the Z's, which are themselves produced by the household through combinations of inputs, the X's, which are purchased as ordinary goods in the marketplace.
		Household production functions describe the relevant trade-offs among the separate inputs, the X's, that are variously combined to generate the Z's.
		Existing preference functions and the institutions generated by past choices are "relatively absolute absolutes," subject to change, but only through time—change that might be influenced only marginally by choices made now.
	www.econlib.org /library/Buchanan/buchCv10c5.html (5197 words)

	EconPort - Glossary
		That is, the gradient of the gradient of a function.
		Given a production function AF(K,L) changes in A are Hicks-neutral, meaning that they do not affect the optimal choice of K or L. The subject comes up in practice only for aggregate production functions.
		There are, however, other aspects of household behavior that have also been investigated in the microeconomics literature, such as the household´s supply of labor, the production of commodities (mainly, services) within the household (household production), saving decisions, retirement decisions, and many more.
	www.econport.org:8080 /econport/request?page=web_glossary&glossaryLetter=H (3801 words)

	2. Classification of ruminant production systems in sub-Saharan Africa
		Livestock production systems may be classified according to a number of criteria, the main ones being integration with crop production, the animal-land relationship, AEZ, intensity of production, and type of product.
		Moreover, a livestock production system can be considered either as a component of a mixed crop-livestock farming system or may constitute the whole farming system, according to whether or not livestock production is the sole activity of the farm.
		In this study, then, the characteristics of livestock production systems are assessed by the type of livestock and livestock products, by the function livestock have and by the management practices likely to be found in the system.
	www.fao.org /docrep/005/y4176e/y4176e05.htm (1440 words)

	Marketsim is designed to help students in microeconomics classes better understand how markets work by taking on the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Households have the incentive to trade with one another because groups of households will have different production and utility functions.
		Households are now limited to purchasing output from the firms and selling labor to firms.
		Variables that can be altered include: names of the goods, consumer utility functions, household production functions, firm production functions, number of periods, and length of period.
	www.as.ysu.edu /~tsporter/Overview.htm (613 words)

	Measuring unpaid work in NZ 1999 - Statistics New Zealand
		Moreover, the volume of household production is significant: on average, people spend more time in unpaid work than they do in market work.
		From Figure 2 it can be seen that the two household functions that contributed most to the total value of unpaid work were nutrition, which accounted for 28 percent, and housing, which contributed 27 percent.
		To measure household production fully would involve valuing all of the inputs to that production; that is, labour, materials, power, use of fixed assets, etc. Only by undertaking this complete valuation is it possible to derive a value consistent with the price of a good or service purchased in the market.
	www.stats.govt.nz /products-and-services/Articles/unpaidwork-Jun01.htm?print=Y (1603 words)

	A Time (Use Survey) for Every Purpose / MacArthur Network on the Family and the Economy
		Some household services are impersonal, and we don't care whether they are performed by a family member, a live-in hired housekeeper, a household services firm, or purchased outside the home.
		On the other hand, if the rate of growth of productivity in non-market work over this period was actually greater than the rate of growth of productivity in market work, it is conceivable that conventional measures understate increases in real output.
		Emphasizing the production of human capabilities is not the same as a traditional welfare-oriented approach, though it certainly urges consideration of welfare.
	www.olin.wustl.edu /macarthur/papers/wp-folbre1.htm (10376 words)

	HumanCapitalAustER99.html
		The main evidence supporting the public choice model, derived from the literature on educational production functions is shown to be deficient.
		The disparity may be explained by the observation that both production function estimation and Hanushek's method of aggregating results by counting t-statistics are unsatisfactory and outdated.
		The inadequacy of the production function approach as a method of estimating the parameters of educational technology was noted by Levin (1974) and is discussed further by Färe, Grosskopf and Weber (1989).
	www.uq.edu.au /economics/johnquiggin/JournalArticles99/HumanCapitalAustER99.html (8042 words)

	Gary Becker on the Family
		Becker's families seem to function as firms, but the people in firms always relate to the firms as individuals: either as owners or part-owners or as employees, with these relationships embodied in individual property ownership (wages, stocks, titles to property, etc.) which make individual rationality intelligible.
		The production of human capital is presently entrusted to an archaic, anti-individualist, sentimental, irrational Luddite form of organization: the family.
		But if our system is dependent for the production of labor on irrational parent behavior, the economist's description of the system is flawed in its own terms.
	www.idiocentrism.com /becker.htm (1834 words)

	Gary S. Becker - Nobel Prize
		A basic idea in Becker's analysis is that a household can be regarded as a "small factory" which produces what he calls basic goods, such as meals, a residence, entertainment, etc., using time and input of ordinary market goods, "semi-manufactures", which the household purchases on the market.
		The second is the time expenditure for production and consumption of the good in question for a specific good, this time expenditure is equivalent to wages multiplied by the time spent per unit of the good produced in the household.
		Alongside Becker's analysis of the distribution of labor and allocation of time in the household, his most influential contribution in the context of the household and the family is probably his studies on fertility, which were initiated in an essay entitled, An Economic Analysis of Fertility, 1960.
	home.uchicago.edu /~gbecker/Nobel/nobel.html (1780 words)

	THC-WCF
		The natural family household serves as a unit of both production and consumption, one built on altruism and love, where the principle of selfless sharing actually works.
		In its essence, industrialization means breaking apart these human-scale productive households, and distributing the human parts to factories: both to material factories such as textile mills, industrial canneries, automobile plants, or offices; and to social and educational factories such as mass state schools or day care centers.
		What we call "economic growth" rests, in some part, on the steady transfer of ever-more productive functions from the household, where such work is not monetized and so is uncounted, to industrially-organized entities, whether corporate or state.
	www.worldcongress.org /wcf1_spkrs/wcf1_acc.htm (1445 words)

	Rural household strategies and livestock management
		Around 45% of the households do not hold cattle; another 25% have too few animals to raise cash or to use own draught power without negative impacts on their herd (Arntzen, 1989).
		There is no evidence that regional differences in stocking rates have influenced household involvement in livestock production, or the size of the average herd holding by households.
		For example, in Palapye, the upper stratum households hired labour more frequently (64.4% versus the average of 26.2%), were able to provide permanent herding more frequently (28.5% versus 11.2%) and gave fodder more regularly (68.5% versus 44.5%).
	www.fao.org /Wairdocs/ILRI/x5452E/x5452e05.htm (1171 words)

	POPULATION, FAMILY, GENDER: ADDITIONAL READINGS
		For example, health is a function of meals that are in turn prepared through the efforts of a cook using the market inputs of groceries, kitchen appliances, electricity, and a number of production factors.
		Since time spent in household production cannot be allocated to the market, and time spent in the market cannot be allocated to household production, neither household nor market activities can be studied isolation.
		Household utility function is weakly separable into the goods and times used to produce the same commodity.
	ssr1.uchicago.edu /PRELIMS/Pfg/pfgadd.html (11010 words)

	Economics Graduate Courses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The application of economic principles to production problems on typical farms in the state; methods and techniques of economic analysis of the farm business; application of research findings to production decisions; development of area agricultural programs.
		An analysis of the behavior of individual households and of consumers in the aggregate with respect to consumption of agricultural products; the impact of these decisions on demand for agricultural resources, the competition among agricultural regions and for markets; and the interdependence between agriculture and other sectors of the economy.
		Production functions, productivity measurement and hypotheses about economic growth.
	www2.ncsu.edu /grad/econ_grad_pgm/grad_courses.html (1897 words)

	Small Business World : commodity production (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		We hope that you found your visit to be of value and we look forward to being of service to you in the future.
		continually manifest in practice in the actual production of the commodity, because it has ever to be reconverted in the process of production of this commodity.
		commodity production functions necessary for production of the commodity and.
	www.small-biz-world.com /commodity/commodity-production.htm (275 words)

	1. A Model of Fertility and Firewood Collection in the Presence of Scarcity
		It is immaterial whether the household uses its agricultural production directly in the production of C or sells it to purchase other inputs for use in producing C, including alternative cooking fuels such as electricity or kerosene.
		The household head maximizes (2) by choosing the number of children in the household and the division of labor between firewood collection and agricultural production.
		If households can easily trade agricultural output for alternative fuels then they are likely to respond to increasing scarcity by shifting labor from collection to agricultural production, which may not favor children.
	www.worldbank.org /html/prddr/prdhome/peg/wps19/indexp3.htm (1836 words)

	Eustat-HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTION SATELLITE ACCOUNTS 2003
		The basic objective of the Household Production Satellite Accounts is to provide a global view of productive activities carried out in the home and estimate the economic value thus contributed.
		The functions to concentrate a higher proportion of Gross Added Value were those of Nutrition (46.6%) and Housing (31.3%) and, to a lesser extent, the functions of Providing of Care (14.8%) and Clothing (8.4%).
		As for the work situation of the population that carried out unpaid household work, it was distributed as follows: 53.5% was carried out by the population classed as “Housewife/husband”, 26.3% was carried out by the “Employed”, 13.2% by the “Retired”, 4.1% by the “Unemployed”, 1.1% by “Students” and the rest by “Others”.
	www.eustat.es /elem/ele0002600/not0002607_i.html (584 words)

	Literature on Hedonic Property Value Models
		WTP is specified as a hedonic function of the duration and severity of the cold (measured alternatively by symptoms experienced and the Quality of Well-Being (QWB) index) and of respondents' socioeconomic characteristics.
		A value function estimated from dichotomous choice contingent valuation responses showed that the value of a change in the level of the horse farm amenity was sensitive to the size of the change, with no evidence of value that is independent of the size of the change.
		Contributions focus on environmental demand theory; household production functions and environmental benefit estimation; hedonic methods; constructed markets; environmental health effects; the aesthetic benefits of environmental improvement; recreation; the application of welfare evaluation techniques to materials damages; and conceptualizing total economic value and its nonuse components.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /ssc/labs/cameron/nrs98/hedoninv.htm (20092 words)

	The Prize in Economics 1992 - Presentation Speech
		In traditional theory, the household was supposed to have a choice between income, and by means of this income, consumption of purchased consumer goods on the one hand, and leisure on the other hand.
		Becker's basic idea is rather to look upon the household as "a small factory" producing services for the members of the household with an input of time and purchased consumer goods, the latter being regarded as intermediate inputs in the production process taking place in the household.
		Therefore, parts of the earlier social and economic functions of the family are moved to other institutions such as businesses, schools, day care centers for children and various public institutions.
	nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1992/presentation-speech.html (791 words)

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