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Topic: How Europe Underdeveloped Africa

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	FROM SLAVE SHIP TO SPACE SHIP
		Africa had 90 percent of the world's known reserves of cobalt, over 80 percent of the global reserves of chrome, and a hefty share of platinum and industrial diamonds.
		Rolling back French neo-colonialism from Africa is partly the result of the decline of the strategic value of Africa and partly due to the rise of French economic aspirations for the newly liberated former members of the Warsaw Pact.
		Indeed, Europe is the mother of all modern ideologies--good and bad--Liberalims, Capitalism, Marxism, Fascism, and Nazism.
	web.africa.ufl.edu /asq/v2/v2i4a2.htm (2602 words)

	Africa Economic Analysis - The myth of Neo-colonialism
		Africa is in political and economic turmoil today, defenders of imperialism say, because it failed to take advantage of its inheritance from colonial rule.
		Blaming all of Africa’s problems on colonialism and the machination of neo-colonialists strikes a cord with many educated Africans angry at the west because of its historical humiliation and exploitation of their continent.
		It is what enables it to control and use the resources of underdeveloped nations in a manner advantageous to the developed nations and at the expense of the economies of underdeveloped countries.
	www.africaeconomicanalysis.org /articles/gen/neocolonialismhtml.html (4413 words)

	Africa: Time to Focus on Invisible Wealth
		Africa is seen to participate in IPR as late comers already faced with other priority issues and lacking capacity to enforce IPR regimes.
		Africa has become a mining ground for intellectual property with many researchers focusing on the biosphere and culture, without promoting systems that protect property, chances of abuse can be high.
		Africa must urgently seize this opportunity of protecting intellectual property not only in order to protect her own and make her people more innovative and provide solutions to African problems, but also to attract more investment and exchange of goods from other countries.
	www.africabiotech.com /news2/article.php?uid=59 (1196 words)

	How Europe Underdeveloped Africa - Assata Speaks - Hands Off Assata - Let's Get Free - Revolutionary - Pan-Africanism - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Africa, being the original home of man, was a major participant in the processes in which human groups displayed an ever increasing capacity to extract a living from the natural environment.
		In Africa, too, it was to be found that the rise of the state and superior classes led to the practice whereby common subjects prostrated themselves in the presence of the monarchs and aristocrats.
		Africa is also diversifying its trade by dealing with socialist countries, and if that trade proves disadvantageous to the African economy, then the developed socialist countries will also have joined the ranks of the exploiters of Africa.
	www.assatashakur.org /forum/showthread.php?t=8723 (11654 words)

	How Europe underdeveloped Africa \| Workers' Liberty
		Underdevelopment is nothing to do with a lack of talent or energy by the people of the country.
		A new chapter opened in Africa: in a sudden “scramble” at the end of the 19th century, practically the whole continent was divided up as colonies for the European powers.
		When fl Africa was put under colonial rule in the late 19th century it had already been shattered and devastated by four centuries of the slave trade.
	www.workersliberty.org /node/4334 (3152 words)

	Africa Economic Analysis - Slave trade: a root of contemporary African Crisis
		The intention is not to produce another nationalist tract on how whites, driven by lust for material possession and armed with firearms, gin and a bag full of tricks, subjugated innocent Africans who were living blissfully close to nature.
		While Europe invested profits from the trade in laying the foundation of a powerful economic empire, African kings and traders were content with wearing used caps and admiring themselves in worthless mirrors while swigging adulterated brandy bought with the freedom of their kinsmen.
		Africa's contemporary history may have been different had its rulers and traders demanded capital goods for use in building the economy rather than trinkets and booze.
	www.africaeconomicanalysis.org /articles/gen/slavehtm.html (3465 words)

	[No title]
		Africa, the second largest continent on earth, is among the least developed.
		In a penetrating and perceptive analysis, Walter Rodney examines this phenomenon in How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, delving into the European and African past showing how the present came into being, and what the trends are for the near future.
		In simple language, the author illuminates the concept of development and underdevelopment; shows us the growth of Africa before the coming of the Europeans(using concrete examples); then illustrates how Africa contributed to European capitalist development, both in the pre-colonial and colonial periods.
	www.founders.howard.edu /HUPress/depot/howeurope.htm (256 words)

	The impact of the slave trade on Africa, by Elikia M’bokolo
		At the beginning of the 18th century a prophetess in her twenties, Kimpa Vita (also known as Doña Beatrice), turned the slave traders’ racist arguments on their head and began to preach that "there are no Blacks or Whites in heaven" and that "Jesus Christ and other saints are fl and come from the Congo".
		That is why, throughout the 19th century, African societies had no trouble responding positively to the inducements of industrialised Europe, which had converted to "lawful" trade in the produce of the land and was henceforth hostile to the "unlawful" and "shameful" trade in slaves.
		But the Africa of the 19th century was very different from the continent which Europeans had encountered four hundred years earlier.
	mondediplo.com /1998/04/02africa (2478 words)

	How Europe Underdeveloped Africa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		How Europe Underdeveloped Africa is a book written by Walter Rodney in which he portrays an Africa that was deliberately exploited and underdeveloped by European colonial regimes.
		Rodney argues that a combination of power politics and economic exploitation of Africa by Europeans led to the poor state of African political and economic development evident in the late 20th Century.
		In the book's preface, Rodney praises the state of Tanzania, which had pursued the sort of Marxist political ideology that Rodney advocated.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/How_Europe_Underdeveloped_Africa (180 words)

	Arthur Turner's Paper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The purpose of this paper is to prove that before European slave trade, Africa was indeed a developing civilization according to Walter Rodney's definition of development described in his book titled "How Europe Underdeveloped Africa." It has always been a difficult task to examine what a culture's prospective future could have been.
		Even though Africa was not fully uniformed before the arrival of the Europeans, there were similarities in the lifestyles of the tribes that bonded all the tribes together (Oliver 34).
		How can a culture fully develop after a large number of their people have been shipped out of the continent.
	muweb.millersville.edu /~columbus/papers/turner.html (3082 words)

	Africa Bound
		Africa’s winner-takes-all politics lies at the heart of everything that has gone wrong with Africa… It is the reason why it has fallen behind the rest of the world economically, the reason for its wars and poverty.
		The major difference of course, between Africa and Europe was that the colonial powers grew powerful precisely because they colonised Africa and ripped it off for some five hundred years, accumulating capital that powered the industrial revolution.
		That the countries of Africa were forced into a world capitalist order in the space of a few decades, a process that Europe took hundreds of years (accompanied by endless religious, ethnic and ‘tribal’ wars) to arrive at, is simply ignored by Dowden.
	www.williambowles.info /ini/ini-0336.html (1577 words)

	World Hunger Notes -- Dispossessing Africa's Wealth by Patrick Bond
		Fortunately we don't need to because even the Bank is occasionally compelled to confess how Africa is drained of 'genuine savings' through depletion of minerals and forests, and other eco-social factors which ostrich-like economists invariably ignore.
		In South Africa, the value of minerals in the soil fell from $112 billion in 1960 to $55 billion in 2000, according to the UN, while Africa as a whole suffers negative net annual savings.
		This article first appeared in Pambasuka News, a "weekly forum for social justice in Africa," which may be accessed at www.pambazuka.org and where signup is available for its weekly email newsletter.
	www.worldhunger.org /articles/05/africa/bond.htm (1871 words)

	HIST 4438 Syllabus
		The Scramble for Africa: White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912.
		A. How did geography impact the early development of cultures and societies in Africa.
		A. Describe the evolution of language, the impact of religion and the expansion of societies within the continent of Africa.
	www.cmsu.edu /africanastudies/html/hist4438.html (1367 words)

	Rodney, Cabral and Ngugi as Guides to African Postcolonial Literature
		Walter Rodney's How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, Amilcar Cabral's National Liberation and Struggle, and Ngugi Wa Thiong'o's "Writing Against Neocolonialism" reveal the political, economic, and social circumstances that formed the sensibility of most African writers.
		The new African ruling middle class is underdeveloped, has no economic power, and, therefore, reflects the culture of the metropolitan bourgeoisie with whom it economically allied itself to exploit the own people.
		The development of the novel in Africa was also due to the rise of a class -- all the authors, Achebe, Laye, Ngugi, were members of an emerging educated African elite, and their works were directed at foreign audiences and local audiences who belonged to their own socio-economic classes.
	www.postcolonialweb.org /africa/omoregie11.html (4566 words)

	USAfricaonline.com \| Insight \| Africa \| Asagwara
		August 10, 2005: Recently, Africa's debt burden, its relief and the general poverty in Africa took center stage.
		Rodney analyzed how Europe's appropriation of Africa's human and mineral resources for centuries, led to the continent's loss of power and economic impoverishment.
		Africa is the only continent to have become poorer in the last 25 years, according to the United Nations.
	www.usafricaonline.com /asagwarag8.africa.html (3194 words)

	Dispossessing Africa’s Wealth - Social and Economic Policy - Global Policy Forum
		In addition Africa’s citizens experience depletion of assets like forests and mineral resources, and suffer the impact of pollution as a result of mining.
		There is a timeless line of argument from Walter Rodney's 1973 book 'How Europe Underdeveloped Africa': 'The question as to who and what is responsible for African underdevelopment can be answered at two levels.
		In the latter case, instead of accumulation and class formation via an organic middle class and productive capitalist class, Africa has seen an excessively powerful 'comprador'-oriented ruling elite whose income is based upon financial-parasitical accumulation and political- bureaucratic patronage power, which in turn is then subject to vast capital flight.
	www.globalpolicy.org /socecon/develop/africa/2005/1027disposs.htm (2095 words)

	Globalization and Marginalization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The era of the labor imperative was when the labor of Africa's sons and daughters was what the West needed for its industrial takeoff.
		There were times when Africa had 90 percent of the world' s known reserves of cobalt, over 80 percent of the global reserves of chrome, and a hefty share of platinum and industrial diamonds.
		The sad news is that while Phase II of French decolonization in Africa is part of the happier story of progress towards African independence, French decolonization is simultaneously part of a more sorrowful story about the end of the Cold War and that is the wider marginalization of Africa in the world.
	www.ritesofpassage.org /df99-articles/slave.htm (2266 words)

	RaceandHistory.com AFRICA: THE TRUTH!
		Cotton weaving is estimated to have been around East Africa from between the 10th and the 14th centuries, brought by the Persians, and stone spindles, which were excavated at Kilwa, have been dated to the age between the 10th and 16th centuries, and demonstrated "great development in the manufacture of cloth, probably cotton".
		In the early days of their trade with West Africa, Europeans were content to purchase cloth throughout the coastal areas for resale.
		Having subjugated large parts of Africa, crippled African industries by denying the colonies concerned the right to impose protective tariff barriers against cheaply produced European goods; enslaved the people because of superior fire power and the cynical application of a divide and rule policy, Europeans would parrot obscene phrases about so-called African inferiority.
	raceandhistory.com /selfnews/viewnews.cgi?newsid1056550527,73033,.shtml (1011 words)

	How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Walter Rodney 1973 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		How Africa Developed Before the Coming of the Europeans up to the 15th Century
		Europe and the Roots of African Underdevelopment — to 1885
		Africa’s Contribution to the Capitalist Development of Europe — the Colonial Period
	www.marxists.org /subject/africa/rodney-walter/how-europe/index.htm (149 words)

	Leftbooks highlights the Black Struggle for Liberation
		The Guyanese historian ranges over five centuries of world history to explain how "Africa lost power." The world capitalist market and subsequent industrial revolution was launched by the African Holocaust.
		How Europe Underdeveloped Africa is this revolutionary scholar's best known work.
		Against a background of the vast contributions of ancient and modern Africa to world culture, peace and industry, Dr. Du Bois documents the historic injustices of the rape of Africa from the slave trade to its partition by the colonial powers.
	www.iacenter.org /leftbooks/lb-102405.htm (1527 words)

	Colonial & Postcolonial Literary Dialogues: Text Page
		The author of How Europe underdeveloped Africa copyrighted in 1981 is Walter Rodney.
		He was concerned with the deprivation of the oppressed classes inside any given country and also with the oppression of the subject peoples of the earth by oppressing nations.
		It is truly evident that Europe has colonized all of America, which resulted in the underdevelopment of mentalities and whole cultures in Africa and all over the globe.
	www.wmich.edu /dialogues/texts/howeunderdeva.html (534 words)

	30 years later, a celebration for ‘How Europe Underdeveloped Africa’
		Rodney's colleagues at the University of Dar es Salaam, where he was based when he wrote the ground-breaking book, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, met recently to talk about the man and his legacy, in a conference titled, Walter Rodney: The Revolutionary Intellectual.
		It does not excuse Africa's underdevelopment, but acknowledges that past wrongs have been committed against the continent naming genocide and its people.
		outh of Africa, the generation born after Rodney's death, his son Shaka conveyed his hope in the future, by reading a segment of his father's 1979 speech: "I believe that our young people are beginning to get re-politicised...
	www.guyanacaribbeanpolitics.com /wpa/kimani.html (2769 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Coming at a time when he was on a six-nation tour of Africa, the apology is yet another sad reminder of how Europe has underdeveloped Africa in the past five centuries under the guise of civilisation.
		As Walter Rodney puts it in his book How Europe underdeveloped Africa: "When one tries to measure the effect of European slave trading on the African continent, it is very essential to realise that one is measuring the effect of social violence rather then trade in any normal sense of the world."
		It should help to break age-old myths portraying Africa as a haven of pestilence and barbarians, and instead refocus world attention, and especially that of corporate America, on Africa as a paradise for investment, world-class tourist resorts and a fast-dawning democratic culture that promises political stability and tranquility.
	dickinsg.intrasun.tcnj.edu /clintontrip/nation330.html (297 words)

	ZNet Commentary: World Bankers And Oil Barons Loot Africa
		I thought of Walter Rodney's 1973 book, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa (Tanzania Publishing House), where he expresses concern that North-South 'dependencies had always been prolonging the life of capitalism by taking the edge off the internal contradictions and conflicts which were a part of the capitalist system.'
		Fortunately we don't need to because even the Bank is occasionally compelled to confess how Africa is drained of 'genuine savings'through depletion of minerals and forests, and other eco-social factors which ostrich-like economists invariably ignore.
		Amongst South Africa's many merits is freedom for academics and state officials to say such cheeky things (because of our irrelevance).
	www.zmag.org /sustainers/content/2005-10/04bond.cfm (1906 words)

	African Culture Online - African Culture Forums, News, Articles, Photos, Radio - Walter Rodney, How Europe ...
		Karl Marx also commented on the way that European capitalists tied Africa, the West Indies, and Latin America into the capitalist system; and (being the most bitter critic of capitalism) Marx went on to point out that what was good for Europeans was obtained at the expense of untold suffering by Africans and American Indians.
		It would be much too sweeping a statement to say that all racial and color prejudice in Europe derived from the enslavement of Africans and the exploitation of non-white peoples in the early centuries of international trade.
		At home, it was responsible for a talk or certain rhetoric of freedom, but it was never extended from the bourgeoisie to the oppressed workers; and the treatment of Africans must surely have made such hypocrisy a habit of European life, especially within the ruling class.
	www.africancultureonline.com /forums/showthread.php?t=8279 (3135 words)

	DR. WALTER RODNEY (1942-1980) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Walter Rodney stated in the Preface to to his pioneering work, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, that "The purpose has been to try and reach Africans who wish to explore further the nature of their exploitation, rather than to satisfy the `standards' set by our oppressors and their spokesmen in the academic world."
		Of particular scholarly interest to Rodney was the economic history of Guyana, and the legacy of slavery and colonialism in Africa.
		How Europe Underdeveloped Africa offered a Marxist analysis of the impact of colonialism and capitalism in underdeveloping Africa and, consequently, the African world.
	www.cwo.com /~lucumi/rodney.html (282 words)

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