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	Inventor of the Week: Archive: Howard Aiken
		Electrical engineer, physicist, and computing pioneer Howard Hathaway Aiken was born in 1900 in Hoboken, New Jersey.
		It took seven years before Aiken and his team completed the computer, which they called the Mark I. The machine was very large at 51 feet long and 8 feet high, with 26 foot panels stretching out of the back.
		Aiken continued to teach at Harvard, working on computers and publishing numerous articles on electronics and switching theory, until his retirement in 1961.
	web.mit.edu /invent/iow/aiken.html (545 words)

	Howard Aiken: Makin' a Computer Wonder
		Aiken needed numbers for his theory of space-charge conduction in vacuum tubes, but the problems were beyond the capability of desktop calculators of the day.
		Aiken's computer, originally named the IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator and later the Harvard Mark I, ran at the pace of three calculations per second, a turtle compared to today's simplest digital calculators.
		Aiken was involved in the construction of three more computers, as well as establishing at Harvard the world's first full-scale degree program in what we now call computer science.
	www.news.harvard.edu /gazette/1998/04.09/HowardAikenMaki.html (0 words)

	Howard Aiken Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		Howard Hathaway Aiken was born on March 8, 1900, in Hoboken, New Jersey, and was raised in Indianapolis, Indiana.
		Aiken proposed that the punched-card calculators then in use (which could carry out only one arithmetic operation at a time) could be modified to become fully automated and to carry out a wide range of arithmetic and mathematical functions.
		Aiken contributed to the early computing years by demonstrating that a large, calculating computer could not only be built but could also provide the scientific world with high-powered, speedy mathematical solutions to a plethora of problems.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/howard-aiken (0 words)

	Howard H. Aiken
		Howard Hathaway Aiken was born March 8, 1900 in Hoboken, New Jersey.
		Aiken began to talk about his idea and to do some research into what could be done.
		Aiken retired from teaching at Harvard in 1961 and moved to Ft. Lauderdale, Florida.
	www.thocp.net /biographies/aiken_howard.html (372 words)

	Howard Aiken
		On March 8, 1900, Howard Aiken was born in Hoboken, New Jersey, although he was raised in Indianapolis, Indiana.
		Aiken saw part of Babbage's calculating machine in the attic of a physics lab at Harvard and was amazed.
		Aiken was heavily criticized for using electro-mechanical power especially since he was doing frontier work with vacuum tubes, but it was inexpensive, and that was one of his needs at the time.
	www.athsalumni.org /howardaiken.htm (0 words)

	Howard Aiken: Makin' a Computer Wonder
		Aiken needed numbers for his theory of space-charge conduction in vacuum tubes, but the problems were beyond the capability of desktop calculators of the day.
		Intrigued, Aiken had Lanza lead him to the machine, which turned out to be a set of brass wheels from English mathematician and philosopher Charles Babbage's unfinished "analytical engine" from nearly 100 years earlier.
		Aiken was involved in the construction of three more computers, as well as establishing at Harvard the world's first full-scale degree program in what we now call computer science.
	www.hno.harvard.edu /gazette/1998/04.09/HowardAikenMaki.html (1114 words)

	Howard Aiken Biography \| World of Mathematics
		As a graduate student in physics, Aiken completed a great deal of work requiring many hours of long and tedious calculations; it was at that time that he began to think seriously about improving calculating machines to reduce the time needed for figuring large numerical sequences.
		Aiken's idea impressed IBM enough that the company agreed to back the construction of his Mark I. In 1939 IBM President Thomas Watson, Sr., signed a contract that stated that IBM would build the computer under Aiken's supervision and with additional financial backing from the U.S. Navy.
		Aiken had a conservative outlook with respect to electronic engineering and sacrificed the speed associated with electronic technology for the dependability of mechanics; only after World War II did he begin to feel comfortable using electronic hardware.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/howard-aiken-wom (0 words)

	Aiken biography
		Aiken wrote a report on how he envisaged the machine, and in particular how such a machine designed to be used in scientific research would differ from a punched card machine.
		Aiken was much influenced in his ideas by Babbage's writings and he saw the project to build the ASCC computer as completing the task which Babbage had set out on but failed to complete.
		Grace Hopper worked with Aiken from 1944 on the ASCC computer which had been renamed the Harvard Mark I and given by IBM to Harvard University.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Biographies/Aiken.html (0 words)

	[No title]
		Aiken claimed that the punched card calculators manufactured by IBM were capable of all the necessary operations that an automatic calculator must perform to meet the needs of science.
		Aiken "visualized [the machine] as a switchboard on which are mounted various pieces of calculating machine apparatus." Although he did not have the specific details of how the various components were to function together, the Mark I was ultimately very similar to the description in his proposal.
		Aiken politely replied that at that time the Mark I was engaged full-time with work for the war effort and could not be spared to solve their interesting problems.
	ed-thelen.org /comp-hist/TheCompMusRep/TCMR-V12.html (0 words)

	Virtual Travelog \| Charles Babbage and Howard Aiken. How the Analytical Engine influenced the IBM Automatic Sequence ...
		The published notes from The Moore School Lectures (held in 1946) are rather scathing with respect to Aiken and his understanding of the direction in which the new electronic computing machines would lead.
		On the other hand, Aiken was absorbed in his own way of doing things and does not appear to have been aware of the significance of the new electronic machines.
		Unlike Aiken and his machine, Grace Hopper and some of her colleagues went on to have a significant influence in the early development of compilers and language design.
	www.virtualtravelog.net /entries/2004/03/charles_babbage_and_howard_aiken_how_the_analytical_engine_influenced_the_ibm_automatic_sequence_controlled_calculator_aka_the_harvard_mk_i.html (1846 words)

	George C. Howard and Family Collection
		In early 1846, Howard took over the management of the Fox troupe and began billing them as "Howard and Foxes." The troupe toured through New England, securing engagements in previously theater-hostile towns because of the air of respectability lent by their status as a family.
		Aiken's dramatization was produced at the Troy (N.Y.) Museum in September 1852 with Howard as St. Clare, Caroline as Topsy, Cordelia as Eva, and the playwright as George Harris.
		Howard undertook the management of the Troy Adelphi Theatre in 1857, but the season failed and George, Caroline, and Cordelia were soon back on the road.
	www.hrc.utexas.edu /research/fa/howard.html (0 words)

	Howard Aiken (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Born in Hoboken, New Jersey in 1900 and raised in Indianapolis, Indiana, Howard Aiken was awarded a B.A. of Science from the University of Wisconsin in 1923.
		Aiken's graduate work on improving the vacuum tube design involved systems of differential equations for which there were no exact solutions so that their only solution involved extremely labor intensive numerical techniques.
		Aiken made this choice as a design choice which allowed him to build his machine more quickly and cheaply than other alternatives.
	www.csulb.edu /~cwallis/wallis/computability/aiken.html (0 words)

	Williams (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Aiken and his coworkers, such as Lieutenant Grace Hopper, began what was arguably the most important development in naval technology in the twentieth century, affecting the nature and use of virtually all other technologies.
		Aiken and his mathematicians were anomalies among academic and even service laboratories, in that they were almost all in uniform; this suited them well in their Navy propaganda role.
		Aiken, “a superb mentor,” was constantly attentive, in his office at all hours with the door open and his back to the machine; if it stopped he was out in a flash to see what was wrong, quickly pitching in wherever necessary to help get it producing numbers again.
	www.nwc.navy.mil /press/Review/1999/summer/art4-su9.htm (0 words)

	The Harvard Crimson :: News :: Former Professor Howard Aiken Dies; Invented Large-Scale Digital Computer
		Howard Hathaway Aiken, professor of Applied Mathematics Emeritus and a pioneer in computer research, died in his sleep early Wednesday morning in St. Louis, Mo. He was 73.
		Professor Aiken was a member of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences from 1939 to 1961 when he left to become Distinguished Professor of Information Technology at the University of Miami in Florida.
		Founder of Howard Aiken Industries, Inc., a New York consulting firm, Professor Aiken was recognized as a top consultant and authority on computers and other related fields.
	www.thecrimson.com /article.aspx?ref=112651 (0 words)

	Howard Aiken - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He is supposed to have said (in 1947): "Only six electronic digital computers would be required to satisfy the computing needs of the entire United States." This remark is also attributed to Thomas J. Watson, but was probably said by neither.
		In 1970, Aiken received IEEE's Edison Medal 'For a meritorious career of pioneering contributions to the development and application of large-scale digital computers and important contributions to education in the digital computer field.'
		Howard Aiken was also an Officer in the United States Naval Reserve.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Howard_Aiken (0 words)

	Inventor Howard Aiken Biography
		Howard Hathaway Aiken with his colleagues at Harvard, and with some assistance from International Business Machines, by 1944 had built the Mark I, the world’s first program-controlled calculator; an early form of a digital computer, it was controlled by both mechanical and electrical devices.
		resents the first complete publication of Aiken's 1937 proposal for an automatic calculating machine, which was later realized as the Mark I, as well as recollections of Aiken's first two machines by the chief engineer in charge of construction of Mark II, Robert Campbell, and the principal programmer of Mark I, Richard Bloch.
		Howard Aiken studied at the University of Wisconsin, Madison obtaining a doctorate from Harvard in 1939.
	www.ideafinder.com /history/inventors/aiken.htm (678 words)

	Amazon.com: Howard Aiken: Portrait of a Computer Pioneer (History of Computing): Books: I. Bernard Cohen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Science historian I. Bernard Cohen knew Aiken and tells the whole story in Howard Aiken: Portrait of a Computer Pioneer, both an engaging life story of a unique man and a tale of the rancorous struggle for recognition between strong personalities.
		We catch a glimpse of how Aiken's self-described "laziness" in graduate school led him to dream of a machine that would ease the burden of complex calculations.
		Cohen is a mild partisan on Aiken's behalf but argues convincingly that subsequent developments in our understanding of computer design moot or at least temper the problem--acknowledging that crucial contributions were made on both sides, he suggests that the problem never would have arisen today.
	www.amazon.com /Howard-Aiken-Portrait-Computer-Computing/dp/0262032627 (0 words)

	aiken (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Aiken worked at: Madison Gas 1923-28; General engineer, Westinghouse Electrical and Manufacturing Company 1928-31; Line Material Company 1931-32; Harvard University Master's degree in physics 1937 and doctorate in physics 1939.
		At the Computation Laboratory, Aiken completed new work/findings in mathematical linguistics, the automatic translation of languages, switching theory, and the use of magnetic cores and drums as computer components.
		Aiken also helped create a computer science program as well as a computing center at University of Miami.
	www.libsci.sc.edu /bob/ISP/aiken.htm (0 words)

	IlmuKomputer.Com - Komunitas eLearning Gratis Ilmu Komputer Indonesia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Howard Aiken lahir pada 9 Maret 1900 di Hoboken, New Jersey, Amerika.
		Aiken adalah orang yang mencetuskan ide untuk dibuat sebuah mesin penghitung yang dapat membantu penelitian yang kemudian mesin ini diberi nama Mark I, cikal bakal komputer modern seperti yang ada saat ini.
		Aiken sendiri tidak mengetahui cara kerja alat Babbage, jadi Mark I bukanlah `contekan` dari mesin Babbage.Mark I merupakan hasil karya Aiken yang mengagumkan.
	ilmukomputer.com /pengantar/tokoh/tokoh-howardaiken.php (0 words)

	Howard Hathaway Aiken (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Howard Aiken was born March 9, 1900, in Hoboken, New Jersey and died March 14, 1973, in St. Louis, Mossouri.
		Aiken did engineering work while he attended the University of Wisconsin, Madison.
		The first such machine, the Mark I, was completed by Aiken and his partners in February 1944: 51 feet long and 8 feet high, it weighed 35 tons and contained about 500 miles of wire and more than 3,000,000 connections.
	homepages.transy.edu /~jmiller/web706/PF28.htm (0 words)

	Howard Aiken: Portrait of a Computer Pioneer price comparison at MSN Shopping
		Howard Hathaway Aiken (1900-1973) was a major figure of the early digital era.
		More university curriculum for computer science.This biography of Aiken, by a major historian of science who was also a colleague of Aiken's at Harvard, offers a clear and often entertaining introduction to Aiken and his times.
		Bernard Cohen argues convincingly for Aiken's significance as a shaper of the computer world in which we now live.
	shopping.msn.com /Prices.aspx?itemId=1171921 (0 words)

	Howard Johnson Express Inn Aiken Hotel in South Carolina : Aiken Hotels
		Howard Johnson of Aiken is located on Aikens south side, off of Highway 19, and this is a Gold Medal property.
		Aiken is home to horse shows, Triple Crown Racing, and Polo Dee.
		Aiken offers 8 golf courses, all of which are convenient from Howard Johnson.
	www.1800usahotels.com /USA/SC/Aiken-Hotels/Howard_Johnson_Express_Inn_Aiken (272 words)

	The IBM ASCC
		Perhaps it overstates the case, but the claim is bolstered by a report in Brennan [9] of Aiken's 1938 visit to Wallace Eckert's Astronomical Computing Laboratory, as well as by a footnote in Tim Bergin's
		News of the device spread, and Howard H. Aiken, a Harvard doctoral student in physics, met with Eckert and Lake.
		Aiken wanted to make a calculator that could retain mathematical rules in its memory and not require reprogramming for each new set of problems.
	www.columbia.edu /acis/history/ascc.html (0 words)

	This is a Howard Aiken Page
		I found this interesting picture of Howard Aiken on the internet.
		He is best know for his invention of the first automatic computer also known as a programmable mechanical computer.
		Howard would live on to design three more computers,, the last of which he created in 1952.
	www.wellesley.edu /CS/courses/CS110/History/HowardAiken.html (0 words)

	Howard Aiken - MSN Encarta
		Aiken, Howard H. Aiken, Howard H. (1900-1973), American computer engineer and mathematician.
		Aiken invented the first large, American, calculating machine that worked...
		Search Encarta for Aiken, Howard H. K-12 Success
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761589179/Howard_Aiken.html (0 words)

	George C. Howard: An Inventory of His Family Papers at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center
		In the fall of 1850 George L. Fox was hired at the National Theatre (N.Y.), though he continued to work with George C. Howard throughout the 1850s.
		Cordelia Howard (1848-1941) retired from the stage in 1861 at thirteen years of age.
		Researchers will occasionally find typed notes and enclosure sheets in the collection that were inserted by George P. Howard.
	www.lib.utexas.edu /taro/uthrc/00058/00058-P.html (0 words)

	Howard Johnson Aiken (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Howard Johnson of Aiken offers 63 comfortable rooms with prices that will fit into any budget.
		Room amenities include iron, ironing board, coffee maker, hair dryer, cable, fridge and microwave.
		We are located on Aiken's south side, within walking distance of many restaurants and shops.
	www.howardjohnsonaiken.com (0 words)

	Howard Aiken Quotes
		4 Quotes for 'Howard Aiken' in the Database.
		If your ideas are any good, you'll have to ram them down people's throats.
		All Quotes are provided for educational purposes only and contributed by users.
	www.worldofquotes.com /author/Howard-Aiken/1/index.html (0 words)

	Howard Aiken: Portrait of a Computer Pioneer (History of Computing) - Price Comparison (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Howard Aiken: Portrait of a Computer Pioneer (History of Computing) - Price Comparison
		You are here: Books > Howard Aiken: Portrait of a Computer Pioneer (History of Computing)
		Howard Aiken: Portrait of a Computer Pioneer (History of Computing)
	books.compricer.com /0262531798 (0 words)

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