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	Howard Aiken - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Aiken was inspired by Charles Babbage's Difference Engine.
		Grace Hopper popularized the story that the word "bug" (in the sense of a technical problem) was inspired by a moth crushed in a relay of the Mark I, but this is not true.
		In 1970, Aiken received IEEE's Edison Medal 'For a meritorious career of pioneering contributions to the development and application of large-scale digital computers and important contributions to education in the digital computer field.'
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Howard_Aiken (317 words)

	IEEE History Center - Legacies: Howard Aiken
		Howard Hathaway Aiken, the son of Daniel and Margaret Emily (Mierisch) Aiken, was born at the turn of the century, on 8 March 1900, in Hoboken, New Jersey.
		Aiken's first calculator, the Mark I, was assembled in February 1944, and presented by the International Business Machines Corporation to Harvard University in 1944.
		Aiken was a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Sigma Xi (the science research honor society), the National Research Council, and the Institute of Radio Engineers.
	www.ieee.org /organizations/history_center/legacies/aiken.html (548 words)

	Encyclopedia: Howard Aiken
		Howard Hathaway Aiken is considered one of the pioneers of the computer field, being the primary engineer behind IBM's Harvard Mark I computer.
		In 1947, Aiken completed his work on the Harvard Mark II computer, which was an improvement over the Mark I, but it used electromechanical relays.
		He is also well known for his 1947 comment, "Only six electronic digital computers would be required to satisfy the computing needs of the entire United States." Aiken's Mark I is responsible for the addition of the term "debug" in modern vocabulary when a moth was found crushed in a relay.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Howard-Aiken (841 words)

	Aiken (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Howard Aiken studied at the University of Wisconsin, Madison obtaining a doctorate from Harvard in 1939.
		Aiken wrote a report on how he envisaged the machine, and in particular how such a machine designed to be used in scientific research would differ from a punched card machine.
		Aiken was much influenced in his ideas by Babbage's writings and he saw the project to build the ASCC computer as completing the task which Babbage had set out on but failed to complete.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Mathematicians/Aiken.html (598 words)

	Howard H. Aiken
		Howard Hathaway Aiken was born March 8, 1900 in Hoboken, New Jersey.
		Aiken began to talk about his idea and to do some research into what could be done.
		IBM was to build the machine with Aiken acting as head of the construction team and donate it to Harvard with the requirement that IBM would get the credit for building it.
	www.thocp.net /biographies/aiken_howard.html (372 words)

	Today in Technology History - Mar 9
		On this date 101 years ago, Howard Hathaway Aiken, the inventor of an early computer, was born.
		While studying for a doctorate at Harvard University, Aiken got the idea of building a calculating device capable of solving certain differential equations that would have taken a very long time to compute by hand.
		Aiken's computer, called the "Mark I," was a gigantic marvel: It was 51 feet long and weighed more than 30 tons, with roughly 500 miles of wiring inside.
	www.tecsoc.org /pubs/history/2001/mar9.htm (256 words)

	Howard Aiken: Makin' a Computer Wonder
		Aiken needed numbers for his theory of space-charge conduction in vacuum tubes, but the problems were beyond the capability of desktop calculators of the day.
		Aiken's computer, originally named the IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator and later the Harvard Mark I, ran at the pace of three calculations per second, a turtle compared to today's simplest digital calculators.
		Aiken was involved in the construction of three more computers, as well as establishing at Harvard the world's first full-scale degree program in what we now call computer science.
	www.news.harvard.edu /gazette/1998/04.09/HowardAikenMaki.html (1114 words)

	Howard Aiken - The MIT Press
		Howard Hathaway Aiken (1900-1973) was a major figure of the early digital era.
		This biography of Aiken, by a major historian of science who was also a colleague of Aiken's at Harvard, offers a clear and often entertaining introduction to Aiken and his times.
		Aiken's Mark I was the most intensely used of the early large-scale, general-purpose automatic digital computers, and it had a significant impact on the machines that followed.
	mitpress.mit.edu /catalog/item?sid=C2B32362-6E44-4CBF-86C7-1084DE4B0ECF&ttype=2&tid=4013 (245 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Aiken claimed that the punched card calculators manufactured by IBM were capable of all the necessary operations that an automatic calculator must perform to meet the needs of science.
		Aiken "visualized [the machine] as a switchboard on which are mounted various pieces of calculating machine apparatus." Although he did not have the specific details of how the various components were to function together, the Mark I was ultimately very similar to the description in his proposal.
		Aiken politely replied that at that time the Mark I was engaged full-time with work for the war effort and could not be spared to solve their interesting problems.
	ed-thelen.org /comp-hist/TheCompMusRep/TCMR-V12.html (7492 words)

	Inventor of the Week: Archive: Howard Aiken
		Electrical engineer, physicist, and computing pioneer Howard Hathaway Aiken was born in 1900 in Hoboken, New Jersey.
		It took seven years before Aiken and his team completed the computer, which they called the Mark I. The machine was very large at 51 feet long and 8 feet high, with 26 foot panels stretching out of the back.
		Aiken continued to teach at Harvard, working on computers and publishing numerous articles on electronics and switching theory, until his retirement in 1961.
	web.mit.edu /invent/iow/aiken.html (545 words)

	Mark I and the ENIAC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Aiken has said it was only a question of money and which company was willing to pay the bill, but admitted on the same time that in his view, vacuum tubes were unreliable and he preferred slower and more reliable relays.
		Aiken was rewarded for his job by many honorary doctorates, medals and memberships in important scientific societies worldwide.
		Aiken was greatly concerned with the apperance of the machine, and dispite war time and lack of materials, Mark I was covered with steel and glass.
	www.inf.fu-berlin.de /lehre/SS01/hc/eniac (4272 words)

	Inventor Howard Aiken
		Howard Hathaway Aiken with his colleagues at Harvard - and with some assistance from International Business Machines - by 1944 he had built the Mark I, the world’s first program-controlled calculator; an early form of a digital computer, it was controlled by both mechanical and electrical devices.
		resents the first complete publication of Aiken's 1937 proposal for an automatic calculating machine, which was later realized as the Mark I, as well as recollections of Aiken's first two machines by the chief engineer in charge of construction of Mark II, Robert Campbell, and the principal programmer of Mark I, Richard Bloch.
		The desire for answers to the questions raised by his doctoral thesis in physics led Howard Aiken to the conclusion that he would have to build a calculating machine unlike anything ever seen before at Harvard -- a computer.
	www.ideafinder.com /history/inventors/aiken.htm (529 words)

	9 March: This Date in History
		Howard Hathaway Aiken, born on 09 March 1900, a Harvard researcher, developed a large-scale digital calculator to solve nonlinear differential equations for his thesis work.
		Aiken, with the support of IBM, developed the first fully automatic calculating machine: The Mark I was 15.5-m-long and 60cm wide, and it was powered by a fifteem-meter-long mechanical shaft attached to a five-horsepower electric motor.
		Aiken's work was heavily influenced by the theories and proposals of English mathematician Charles Babbage [26 Dec 1791 – 18 Oct 1871] and the writings of Babbage's protégé, Ada Lovelace [10 Dec 1815 – 27 Nov 1852], daughter of the poet Byron [22 Jan 1788 – 19 Apr 1824].
	www.safran-arts.com /42day/history/h4mar/h4mar09.html (11844 words)

	looking.back -- August
		Howard Hathaway Aiken, designer of the Harvard Mark I was born 8 March 1900 and died in 1973.
		Aiken conceived the plans for a large scale calculator in 1937 and sought a sponsor and partner to implement his ideas as a machine to assist Harvard University researchers in their computational undertakings.
		As great a contribution to the development of computers as was the Harvard Mark I (ASCC), Aiken and Watson never really resolved their differences, Aiken refusing to sign a non-disclosure agreement some years later when Watson's son provided the opportunity to make amends by hiring Aiken as a consultant.
	ei.cs.vt.edu /~history/50th/August.html (1683 words)

	References for Aiken (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		I B Cohen, Babbage and Aiken : with notes on Henry Babbage's gift to Harvard, and to other institutions, of a portion of his father's difference engine, Annals of the history of computing 10 (1988), 171-193.
		I B Cohen, Howard H Aiken and the computer, A history of scientific computing (New York, 1990), 41-52.
		Howard Hathaway Aiken, Harvard University Gazette 69 (37) (1974).
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /history/References/Aiken.html (89 words)

	Howard Hathaway Aiken -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Aiken and Redcliffe Plantation state parks are within its boundaries.
		Aiken himself faced considerable trauma in his childhood when he found the bodies of his parents after his father had killed his mother and committed...
		George David Aiken was born on Aug. 20, 1892, in Dummerston, Vt. In 1934 he was elected lieutenant...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9004179 (741 words)

	Howard Aiken Biography / Biography of Howard Aiken Main Biography
		A noted physicist and Harvard professor, Howard Aiken (1900-1973) designed and built the Mark I calculator in the late 1930s and early 1940s.
		Aiken's later conceptions, the Mark II, Mark III, and Mark IV, each surpassed its previous model in terms of speed and calculating capacity.
		Howard Hathaway Aiken was born on March 8, 1900, in Hoboken, New Jersey, and was raised in Indianapolis, Indiana.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-howard-aiken (221 words)

	Makin' Numbers: Howard Aiken and the Computer (History of Computing): Current Amazon U.S.A. One-Edition Data
		These books are based on interviews with Aiken and his contemporaries, on many early reports and other documents, and to some degree on Cohen's personal knowledge of Aiken from the time when Cohen, now Thomas professor for the history of science emeritus, started to teach at Harvard...
		Presents a biography of Howard Hathaway Aiken (1900-1973) who was a major figure in the early years of the digital era.
		This made all the difference in the world; keep in mind that Babbage was the last person to try building a large general purpose calculator, and his failure kept the whole field in stasis for close to a hundred years.
	www.1-brs.com /us-reviewed/0262032635.html (682 words)

	aiken (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Aiken worked at: Madison Gas 1923-28; General engineer, Westinghouse Electrical and Manufacturing Company 1928-31; Line Material Company 1931-32; Harvard University Master's degree in physics 1937 and doctorate in physics 1939.
		At the Computation Laboratory, Aiken completed new work/findings in mathematical linguistics, the automatic translation of languages, switching theory, and the use of magnetic cores and drums as computer components.
		Aiken also helped create a computer science program as well as a computing center at University of Miami.
	www.libsci.sc.edu /bob/ISP/aiken.htm (264 words)

	The History of Computing: Howard Hathaway Aiken (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In 1937, electrical engineer and physicist, Howard H. Aiken of Harvard University conceived the idea of wiring together the components of a unit record system and controlling them by a roll of paper punched tape.
		While he completed his doctorate at Harvard, Aiken continued the computer's development with the assistance of IBM and its engineers until 1944.
		Grace Hopper worked with Aiken from 1944 on the Mark I computer which was used by the US navy for gunnery and ballistics calculations.
	www2.fht-esslingen.de /studentisches/Computer_Geschichte/grp4/aiken.html (144 words)

	Howard Aiken -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Howard Aiken -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		Howard Hathaway Aiken is considered one of the pioneers of the (A machine for performing calculations automatically) computer field, being the primary engineer behind (additional info and facts about IBM) IBM's (additional info and facts about Harvard Mark I) Harvard Mark I computer.
		With help from (additional info and facts about Grace Hopper) Grace Hopper and funding from (additional info and facts about IBM) IBM the machine was completed in 1944.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/h/ho/howard_aiken.htm (241 words)

	NWC Review, Summer 1999: Williams (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Aiken and his coworkers, such as Lieutenant Grace Hopper, began what was arguably the most important development in naval technology in the twentieth century, affecting the nature and use of virtually all other technologies.
		Aiken was well aware of ongoing experimental work using vacuum tubes to replace relatively slow mechanical relays, but he believed it was worth sacrificing some speed to be able to put a device to use immediately.
		Aiken, “a superb mentor,” was constantly attentive, in his office at all hours with the door open and his back to the machine; if it stopped he was out in a flash to see what was wrong, quickly pitching in wherever necessary to help get it producing numbers again.
	www.nwc.navy.mil /press/Review/1999/summer/art4-su9.htm (9969 words)

	Smart Computing Article - Who’s Who In Computing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Although Aiken credited IBM engineers B. Durfee, Frank E. Hamilton, and Clair D. Lake as co-inventors, Aiken is considered the driving force behind the projects, and his work influenced future mathematicians and the design of future machines.
		Aiken also recognized the importance of having future mathematicians program computers, and he convinced Harvard to establish graduate degrees in what would become computer science.
		Aiken was considered the driving force of the project, but Lake has been credited with its implementation.
	www.smartcomputing.com /email.asp?emid=8069 (9655 words)

	Dictionary of Computers - Aiken, Howard Hathaway
		In 1944 the team completed one of the first computers, the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (known as the Harvard Mark I), a programmable computer controlled by punched paper tape and using punched cards.
		Aiken was born in Hoboken, New Jersey, and studied engineering at the University of Wisconsin.
		His early research at Harvard in the 1930s was sponsored by the Navy Board of Ordnance and in 1939 he and three IBM engineers were placed under contract to develop a machine to produce mathematical tables and to assist the ballistics and gunnery divisions of the military.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/dictionaries/computers/data/m0017360.html (251 words)

	The IBM ASCC
		Perhaps it overstates the case, but the claim is bolstered by a report in Brennan [9] of Aiken's 1938 visit to Wallace Eckert's Astronomical Computing Laboratory, as well as by a footnote in Tim Bergin's
		News of the device spread, and Howard H. Aiken, a Harvard doctoral student in physics, met with Eckert and Lake.
		Aiken wanted to make a calculator that could retain mathematical rules in its memory and not require reprogramming for each new set of problems.
	www.columbia.edu /acis/history/mark1.html (497 words)

	Read about Howard Aiken at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Howard Aiken and learn about Howard Aiken here! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Research Howard Aiken and learn about Howard Aiken here!
		Grace Hopper and funding from IBM the machine was completed in 1944.
		In 1947, Aiken completed his work on the fully electronic
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Howard_Aiken (208 words)

	Howard Hathaway Aiken -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The many notable performances of British actor Leslie Howard had in common a quiet, persuasive English charm.
		Includes biographical sketches of John Howard and covers a section in French.
		Overview of the birthplace of the twenty-seventh President of the United States, William Howard Taft.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9004179?tocId=9004179 (741 words)

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