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Topic: Hoxha

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Enver Hoxha

Nexhmije Hoxha

Enver Hoxha Tungjatjeta

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	Enver Hoxha - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1968, Albania withdrew from the Warsaw Pact in response to the Soviet-led invasion of Czechoslovakia.
		Hoxha was exhumed in 1992 and informally reburied.
		Hoxha's death on April 11, 1985, at the age of 76 led to some relaxation in internal and foreign policies under his successor Ramiz Alia, as communist party rule weakened throughout Eastern Europe, culminating in Albania's abandonment of one-party rule in 1990 and the reformed Socialist Party's defeat in the 1992 elections.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Enver_Hoxha (1424 words)

	Enver Hoxha killer file (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Hoxha's uncle is a political activist involved in the declaration of Albania as an independent state on 28 November 1912.
		Hoxha is made chairman of the council's executive committee and the National Liberation Army's supreme commander, with a military rank of colonel-general.
		Meanwhile in early May, Hoxha is disinterred from his tomb at the Cemetery of the Martyrs of the Nation and reburied in a public cemetery.
	www.moreorless.au.com /killers/hoxha.html (4021 words)

	Enver Hoxha
		Ultra-orthodox in his leanings towards the model of communist rule adopted in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin, Hoxha severed relations with his former Yugoslav communist allies following their ideological breach with Moscow in 1948, executing defence minister Koçi Xoxe (pron.
		Mao's death in 1976 and the defeat of the left in China's subsequent inner-party struggle led to Albania's retreat into political isolation, as relations between the two countries cooled in 1977 - 1978.
		Hoxha's death on April 11, 1985 led to some relaxation in internal and foreign policies under his successor Ramiz Alia[?] as communist party rule weakened throughout eastern Europe, culminating in Albania's abandonment of one-party rule in 1990 and the reformed Socialist Party's defeat in the 1992 elections.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/en/Enver_Hoxha.html (264 words)

	HOXHA, ENVER. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Hoxha was also minister of foreign affairs (1946–53) and commander in chief of the army (1944–54).
		Under Hoxha’s rule, Albania remained one of the least economically developed and one of the most isolated countries in Europe.
		Hoxha died in office in 1985, and was succeeded by Ramiz Alia.
	www.bartleby.com /aol/65/ho/Hoxha-En.html (165 words)

	Albania - The Hoxha Regime (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Hoxha's efforts to impose a rigid, repressive political and government structure on Albania met with little active resistance until the country's declining standard of living and poor economic performance led to such dissatisfaction that unrest began to spread in 1965-66.
		In response, the Hoxha government initiated the Cultural and Ideological Revolution in February 1966, which was an attempt to reassert communist party influence on all aspects of life and rekindle revolutionary fervor.
		Whatever gains the Hoxha leadership achieved in socioeconomic terms were diminished by the sharp repression in all areas of life, and Hoxha's decision to keep Albania isolated retarded the country's technological growth to such an extent that it became economically inferior to all of its neighbors (see Economic Policy and Performance, ch.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-254.html (487 words)

	USCA1 Opinion 05-1454
		Hoxha filed this petition, claiming that the IJ's decision, affirmed by the BIA, is not supported by substantial evidence, and that the BIA violated its own regulatory procedure by streamlining Hoxha's case and affirming the IJ's decision without opinion.
		Hoxha "heard the children screaming" and "saw flames coming out of the room." His son "had flames on his arm and another child also and my son's hands were taken afire." Hoxha took his son to the hospital, where his son remained for seventeen days.
		Hoxha also contends that he was wholly unprepared for questioning regarding the inconsistencies between his first and second declarations, and between those declarations and his testimony, because his lawyer did not review the declarations with him prior to the hearing before the IJ.
	www.ca1.uscourts.gov /cgi-bin/getopn.pl?OPINION=05-1454.01A (3568 words)

	BookRags: Enver Hoxha Biography
		Hoxha was born on October 16, 1908, the son of a Muslim landowner from the southern Albanian town of Gjirokastër.
		During this period Hoxha's government received large amounts of Soviet aid for the initial phases of socialist construction; at the same time it became a fully integrated member of the socialist bloc, participating in both the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and the Warsaw Pact.
		Hoxha especially was not prepared to accept either the Soviet leader's attempts at destalinization in the USSR and elsewhere or his overtures to Tito's Yugoslavia.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/enver-hoxha (1474 words)

	Short Biography of Enver Hoxha
		Enver Hoxha was born in Gjirokaster, in the south of Albania, on October 16, 1908; his father was a modest employee, for many years an emigrant in America; his mother was a housewife.
		Enver Hoxha suffered a heart attack in 1973, and although he was able to recover fairly well, he could no longer devote the maximum of his being to this new struggle.
		Enver Hoxha in his period of activity of fifty years had given the Albanian people freedom and national dignity, he had brought his people from the darkness of the feudalism towards a society, which, although not ideal, was more just and more advanced.
	www.mltranslations.org /Albania/EnverNL.htm (2240 words)

	Albania Hoxha's Antireligious Campaign
		A dogmatic Stalinist, Hoxha considered religion a divisive force and undertook an active campaign against religious institutions, despite the virtual absence of religious intolerance in Albanian society.
		Although there were tactical variations in Hoxha's approach to each of the major denominations, his overarching objective was the eventual destruction of all organized religion in Albania.
		Hoxha's brutal antireligious campaign succeeded in eradicating formal worship, but some Albanians continued to practice their faith clandestinely, risking severe punishment.
	www.country-studies.com /albania/hoxha's-antireligious-campaign.html (719 words)

	Enver Hoxha, The Artful Albanian: the Memoirs of Enver Hoxha, edited and introduced by Jon Halliday, Chatto & ...
		Hoxha's own distinctive contribution to this science where no witnesses survive to tell otherwise is to arraign his opponents as agents of a foreign power and then have them `commit suicide', supposedly in remorse (Nako Spiru, pp 101-4, and Mehmet Shehu, pp 333-6).
		Hoxha even confirms Premtaj's story when he talks about the `service' of Yugoslav agent Dusan Mugosa 'in the region of Vlora in the spring and summer of 1943' (p75), by which he can only mean the part played by the Yugoslavs in the murder of Lulja and the leaders of the Vlore regional committee.
		Hoxha shows himself to be a true protege of his Yugoslav mentors here, and there is not much evidence of a defence of Albania's national interests at this time.
	www.revolutionary-history.co.uk /backiss/Vol3/No4/RevHoxha.html (1960 words)

	Albania - Domestic Repression under Hoxha and Alia
		Enver Hoxha was one of the last Stalinist leaders in Eastern Europe and continued to employ Stalinist techniques for controlling the population long after most other East European countries had shifted from outright terror and repression to more subtle bureaucratic-authoritarian methods.
		Hoxha regarded the security police as an elite group, and it underpinned the power of the ACP and then the APL during the period they dominated Albania's one-party political system.
		After Hoxha's death, Alia was apparently unable or unwilling to maintain the totalitarian system of terror, coercion, and repression that Hoxha had employed to maintain his grip on the party and the country.
	countrystudies.us /albania/166.htm (986 words)

	Nexhmije Hoxha - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1943 she was elected to the Secretariat of the (Communist) Albanian Women's League, and served as chairwoman from 1946 to 1952.
		After her husband died in 1985, Nexhmije Hoxha was elected Chairwoman of the Democratic Front (an umbrella association) and defended her husband's heritage during the period of reforms (1990-1991).
		She was forced to resign as chairwoman of the Democratic Front in December 1990, and was replaced by Prime Minister Adil Çarçani.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nexhmije_Hoxha (273 words)

	Hoxha, Enver - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		HOXHA, ENVER [Hoxha, Enver], 1908-85, Albanian Communist leader and general.
		Hoxha was also minister of foreign affairs (1946-53) and commander in chief of the army (1944-54).
		The politics of culture and power: the roots of Hoxha's postwar state.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-hoxha-e1n.html (414 words)

	Degenerate - Comrade Loulou and the Fun Factory - Chapter 4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Hoxha would eventually come to fear Greek claims on Albanian territory so much that he would make it illegal to name a child Christos, Nicholas or Alexander.
		Hoxha undertook a massive literacy campaign and after forty years, Albania had a 90% literacy rate (identical to the United States).
		Hoxha immediately banned the gjakmarrje or blood feud which would devour entire communities over the most trivial disagreements, and the life expectancy jumped to a high point of seventy-three years during the last years of Loulou's life.
	www.diacritica.com /degenerate/5/enver4.html (1036 words)

	Degenerate - Comrade Loulou and the Fun Factory - Chapter 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Hoxha's adventures through the bordellos and union halls of Paris enhanced his reputation as a revolutionary, and he soon become locked in a dispute for party leadership with Mehmet Shehu, a volunteer in the Spanish Civil War who returned to Albania at about the same time Hoxha was fired in Brussels.
		An ardent nationalist as well as a Communist, he frequently clashed with the fraternal Yugoslav "advisors" Hoxha welcomed, and committed suicide in 1947 when as minister in charge of Albania's economy, he found himself powerless to resist Yugoslav domination of his country.
		Hoxha's flight to the highlands was probably the best thing that ever happened to him, which is the worst thing that ever happened to his country.
	www.diacritica.com /degenerate/5/enver3.html (1497 words)

	Albania: What happened to Remzi Hoxha? - Amnesty International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		On the anniversary of the "disappearance" of Remzi Hoxha, on 21 October 1995, Amnesty International and Albanian human rights organizations are joining his family in urging the Albanian authorities to clarify his fate.
		"The family of Remzi Hoxha has now waited nine long years to learn his fate; it is the duty of the Albanian state to respond to their appeal and to bring those responsible for his 'disappearance' to justice," the organizations said.
		Nine years ago Remzi Hoxha, aged 40, was driven away from his workplace in Tirana by men who, according to witnesses, wore civilian clothes in a car which was later reportedly identified as belonging to the National Information Service (SHIK), the secret police.
	web.amnesty.org /library/Index/ENGEUR110042004 (521 words)

	washingtonpost.com: Albania's Chemical Cache Raises Fears About Others (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In the mid-1970s, U.S. and Albanian officials now believe, Hoxha arranged the purchase of several hundred canisters of lethal military chemicals to be used in weapons against invading armies.
		Hoxha's intentions in acquiring the chemicals can be reliably deduced from his record as Europe's long-serving communist autocrat.
		To keep control over his population, Hoxha stoked fears of an imminent invasion by any of a number of foreign armies said to be plotting together to destroy what he called his "workers' paradise" -- a favorite phrase among communist leaders.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A61698-2005Jan9?language=printer (2326 words)

	Post-War Albania
		Hoxha and Shehu dominated Albania and denied the Albanian people the most basic human and civil rights by presenting themselves, as well as the communist party and state security apparatus they controlled, as the vigilant defenders of the country's independence.
		But through it all, Hoxha engineered an elaborate cult of personality whose spokesmen elevated his persona to the status of a god-man. When he died in 1985, few Albanian eyes were without tears.
		Hoxha and Shehu were also alarmed at the prospect that Moscow might prefer less dogmatic rulers in Albania.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/AlbanPW.html (5233 words)

	Albania - Shifting Alliances
		Hoxha managed to withstand this challenge and to resist the pressure to de-Stalinize, despite the fact that the Soviet Union resorted to punitive economic measures that caused Albania considerable hardship.
		In 1960 the Soviets attempted to engineer a coup against Hoxha, but were unsuccessful because Hoxha had learned of their plans in advance and had purged all pro-Soviet elements in the party and government.
		Hoxha sanctioned a cautious opening toward neighboring countries such as Yugoslavia and Greece, although he continued to be concerned about the domestic effects of moving too far from foreign policy that excluded all countries except China.
	countrystudies.us /albania/144.htm (825 words)

	Enver Hoxha - Consistent Fighter against Revisionism
		Comrade Enver Hoxha stood at the head of the CPA and the National Liberation Army.
		Under the leadership of Comrade Enver Hoxha socialism in Albania was constructed and the dictatorship of the proletariat was made a reality.
		Enver Hoxha was a front rank fighter for the close connection of the Albanian Party with the working masses.
	www.mltranslations.org /Germany/Hoxha.htm (1519 words)

	Hoxha Enver - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta
		Hoxha, Enver (1908-1985), First Secretary of the Albanian Workers' Party (1943-1985) and the leader of Communist Albania from the 1940s until his...
		The Albanian Communist Party was founded in November 1941, and Enver Hoxha, a young Western-educated schoolteacher, was elected its General...
		Zogu consolidated his regime by liquidating his opponents and placing the country under martial law.
	au.encarta.msn.com /Hoxha_Enver.html (90 words)

	Enver Hoxha, ENVER HOXHA, ENVER, Hoxha, Shqiperia, enver hoxha, Histori, Historia Enverit, Historia Shqiptare, HISTORIA ...
		Hoxha, the son of a Muslim cloth merchant, studied at the French lycÚe at Kor‘ and reportedly also at the American Technical School in Tiran‘.
		In 1939, when Italy invaded Albania, Hoxha was dismissed from his teaching post for refusing to join the newly formed Albanian Fascist Party, and he opened a retail tobacco store at Tiran‘, which became headquarters for a communist cell.
		Hoxha became first secretary of the party's Central Committee and political commissar of the communist-dominated Army of National Liberation.
	web.ukonline.co.uk /shqip/HISTORY/enver_hoxha_shqiperia__albanian_dictator.html (844 words)

	Gjirokaster, Albania - Travel Photos by Galen R Frysinger, Sheboygan, Wisconsin
		After Italy occupied Albania in 1939, Hoxha led the underground resistance movement and in 1941 formed the Albanian Communist Party (known as the Albanian Party of Labor or Workers' Party from 1943 to 1991, when it was renamed the Socialist Party).
		When Albania was freed from foreign occupation in 1944, Hoxha became head of the provisional government; he remained prime minister until 1954 and also held the position of foreign minister from 1946 to 1953.
		His isolationist Stalinist regime was allied with the USSR until the Soviet renunciation of Stalinism led to a formal break in 1961.
	www.galenfrysinger.com /gjirokaster_albania.htm (216 words)

	Albania Puts Hoxha's Widow On Trial for Misuse of Funds - New York Times
		Nexhmije Hoxha, widow of the Albanian ruler Enver Hoxha, went on trial today on charges of embezzling public funds and could face the death penalty if convicted.
		Hoxha, 71 years old, is the the most senior figure associated with the Albanian Communist Government to face trial since her husband was overthrown in 1991 and Albania began moving toward democracy.
		Hoxha, believed by manyl to have initiated many of her husband's policies.
	query.nytimes.com /gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE4D81339F93AA35752C0A965958260 (250 words)

	Albania
		The fact that Hoxha enshrined them in Albania's supreme law is indicative of how he--like his mentor, the Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin--exploited his people's collective memory to enhance the might of the communist system, which he manipulated for over four decades.
		Hoxha appealed to the Albanians' xenophobia and their defensive nationalism to parry criticism and threats to communist central control and his regime and justify its brutal, arbitrary rule and economic and social folly.
		Only Hoxha's death, the timely downfall of communism in Eastern Europe at the end of the 1980s, and the collapse of the nation's economy were enough to break his spell and propel Albania fitfully toward change.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/albania/all.html (15247 words)

	Ever Hoxha
		Ever Hoxha, the son of a Muslim cloth merchant, was born in Albania on 16th October, 1908.
		Hoxha founded the Albanian Communist Party in November 1941 and led the resistance during the Second World War.
		Hoxha held the positions of Prime Minister (1944-54), Foreign Minister (1946-53) and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces (1946-54).
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /2WWhoxha.htm (227 words)

	BookRags: Ramiz Alia Biography
		Following the death of Enver Hoxha, Albania's longtime (1945-1985) dictator in April 1985, Ramiz Alia (born 1925) became the dominant political personality in the country.
		Hoxha had rejected these demands on the grounds that they represented a "betrayal" of the doctrines of Marxism-Leninism and posed a threat to Albania's sovereignty.
		Alia was staunchly loyal to Hoxha during this critical period that culminated in the rupture of Soviet-Albanian ideological and diplomatic ties.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/ramiz-alia (1281 words)

	TIME.com: New Strong Man -- Jan. 1, 1945 -- Page 1
		About all that was known abroad of Hoxha was: 1) he had been born at Argyrokastron (birthplace of Albanian independence and scene of Greece's famed stand against the Italian invasion in 1940); 2) he had been a professor of French before taking to politics and war.
		Hoxha said flatly that his country would fight to protect itself against Greek claims to southern Albania.
		As Premier, Hoxha promised private ownership of property, universal suffrage, national mobilization of labor to rebuild the devastated country, punishment of war criminals.
	www.time.com /time/archive/preview/0,10987,791826,00.html (474 words)

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