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Topic: Hubbles law

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	Hubble's Law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The dominant motion in the universe is the smooth expansion known as Hubble's Law.
		The recessional velocity of a galaxy at a particular distance inferred from Hubble's law is called the "Hubble velocity".
		Therefore in the vicinity of nearby clusters of galaxies, we cannot use Hubble's law to determine accurately the distance to the galaxy.
	astrosun.tn.cornell.edu /academics/courses/astro201/hubbles_law.htm (326 words)

	Hubble's Law: v= Hd (H - Hubble's constant). Hubble's Law gives the Age of the Universe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Hubbles law: the velocity at which a typical galaxy recedes (v) is proportional to its distance (d).
		Hubble measured the redshifts of a few dozen galaxies—this gave enough data to formulate Hubble's law and determine Hubble's constant.
		The age of the Universe is the inverse of Hubble's constant, i.e.
	www.321books.co.uk /encyclopedia/cosmology/hubbles-law.htm (264 words)

	Hubble’s Law: The Starting Point for All Things Cosmological
		In 1929, Edwin Hubble put forth the idea that the speed with which galaxies were traveling away from us was related to how far away they were.
		One of the best techniques (and the one Hubble used) involve comparing the brightness of a star or galaxy with something else, like a cepheid variable star of a known distance and brightness, from which the distance is inferred.
		Hubble’s Law tells us the rate at which the universe is expanding, and we can use that information to run the clock backward and get the age of the universe.
	www.astronomybuff.com /hubbles-law-the-starting-point-for-all-things-cosmological (1474 words)

	NASA - Two Hubbles Achieve Great Heights
		Hubble originally studied to become a lawyer and received his bachelor's degree from the University of Chicago in 1910.
		In his own words, Hubble said he "chucked the law for astronomy, and I knew that even if I were second-rate or third-rate, it was astronomy that mattered." In 1914, he returned to the University of Chicago to complete his doctorate in astronomy.
		The Hubble Telescope was originally designed in the 1970s and deployed in April 1990 by the crew of the Space Shuttle Discovery.
	www.nasa.gov /missions/deepspace/f_two-hubbles.html (706 words)

	Expanding Universe
		Hubble, who had been the first to establish that the universe included many other galaxies outside of our own, noticed something else: the galaxies were receding from us at a velocity proportional to their distance.
		The apparent linearity of Hubble's Law implies that the universe is uniformly expanding.
		Determining the Hubble Constant is something of a Holy Grail for cosmologists, because it holds the key to the age of the universe.
	archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu /Cyberia/Cosmos/ExpandUni.html (1154 words)

	Hubble's law - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hubble's law is the statement in physical cosmology that the redshift in light coming from distant galaxies is proportional to their distance.
		Though there was considerable scatter (now known to be due to peculiar velocities), Hubble was able to plot a trend line from the 46 galaxies he studied and obtained a value for the Hubble constant of 500 km/s/Mpc, which is much higher than the currently accepted value due to errors in his distance calibrations.
		The mathematical derivation of an idealized Hubble's Law for a uniformly expanding universe is a fairly elementary theorem of geometry in 3-dimensional Cartesian/Newtonian coordinate space, which, considered as a metric space, is entirely homogeneous and isotropic (properties do not vary with location or direction).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hubbles_law (1815 words)

	4Hardiecosmology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This would break the law of conservation of energy, which is one of the basic tenets of physics.) Therefore the universe is of finite age and/or of finite size.
		Although, as Ferris will tell you, Hubble was very much data-bound and hesitant to make the step from the law he had discovered to a theory concerning its meaning, he had shown that almost all galaxies appear to be moving directly away from us.
		Hubbles Law reveals that everyone sees the same thing, on a large scale, and it tells us how much the universe has expanded since it was formed.
	www.pcs.cnu.edu /~gwebb/4hardiecosmology.htm (2489 words)

	Hubble's Law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The dominant motion in the universe is the smooth expansion known as Hubble's Law.
		The recessional velocity of a galaxy at a particular distance inferred from Hubble's law is called the "Hubble velocity".
		Therefore in the vicinity of nearby clusters of galaxies, we cannot use Hubble's law to determine accurately the distance to the galaxy.
	astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu /academics/courses/astro201/hubbles_law.htm (326 words)

	Brief History of Cosmology
		Hubble was able to resolve Cepheids in M31 (the Andromeda galaxy) with the 100" telescope at Mt Wilson.
		The constant of proportionality H is called Hubble's constant (it was significantly over-estimated by Hubble himself).
		The Hubble Space Telescope was able to resolve Cepheid variable stars in galaxies in the Virgo cluster, ensuring a much better calibration of distance measures.
	www.damtp.cam.ac.uk /user/gr/public/bb_cosmo.html (606 words)

	Hubble Law Lab -- Text (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In the 1920's, Edwin Hubble measured the distances of the galaxies for the first time, and when he plotted these distances against the speed at which each galaxy was moving away he noted something strange: The further a galaxy was from the Milky Way, the faster it was moving away.
		So Hubble's discovery of the correlation between velocity and distance is fundamental in understanding the evolution of the universe.
		Hubble's Law predicts that the galaxies should lie on a straight line when plotted on a graph of distance vs. velocity.
	www.astro.livjm.ac.uk /courses/one/SOFTWA/HUBBLE/HUBBLE.HTM (1861 words)

	Galaxies
		Applying Newton's form of Kepler's third law to the sytem, the masses can be known if the distance, the angular size of the orbit, the period, and the position of the center of mass are also known.
		Hubbles Law-the farther away a galaxy is from us, the greater its radial velocity of recession will be.
		The Hubble law equation (v=Hd) v is radial velocity in km per second, H is the Hubble constant and d is the distance in millions of light years.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~bcash/galaxies.htm (3779 words)

	Quiz #1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Hubble’s law does not mean that humans, Earth, the solar system, or even individual galaxies and galaxy clusters are physically increasing in size.
		The constant of proportionality between recessional velocity and distance in Hubble’s law is known as
		The value of Hubble’s constant is the slope of the straight line—recessional velocity divided by distance—in Figure 16.2(b).
	physics.mtsu.edu /~astr/astr1031/Prelab/prelab12_Hubbles_law.htm (1006 words)

	Hubbles Law
		It was observed by Vesto that the light of many Galaxies was shifted towards the red end of the spectrum, the simplest explanation for this was that they were moving away from us.
		Hubble carried these observations further and discovered that the galaxies were receding from us at a speed proportional to their distance.
		- The higher the velocity of a galaxy is moving away the greater its redshift is. - This relation is known as Hubble’s Law.
	www.lancs.ac.uk /ug/gregoryd/html/hubbles_law.html (131 words)

	WWU Planetarium - Hubble's History
		The law of expansion was first formulated by Edwin Hubble in 1929.
		Hubble compared the distances to galaxies to their redshift, and found a linear relationship.
		He interpreted the redshift as being caused by the receding velocity of the galaxies.
	www.wwu.edu /depts/skywise/hubble_history.html (40 words)

	Hubbles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		But when his family, the Hubbles, see an ad for a dog show competition, they decide that he could be a great show dog.
		Hubbles and Plancks constants are that, constants, they are not...
		Hubbles "sweet 16" The Hubble telescope is celebrating "sweet 16th" year of service...
	www.midscampgrounds.info /albertaprovincialcampgrounds/hubbles (652 words)

	Relativity?? $50,000(US) Awards for mathematical Proof (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		MATHEMATICAL DEMONSTRATION ON HUBBLE'S LAW This paper differs itself from the belief that is preached by the Big Bang Theory and is able to unify all major astronomical observations in one systematic explanation.
		Paradox four: Relativity claims that light in vacuum space possesses the maximum speed in nature, then it uses this speed to claim, with equation, that speed of light at the mass center of a gravity body to be the highest in nature.
		However, the potential existence of Hubble's Law is by no means a support to the Big Bang Theory.
	hometown.aol.com /crebigsol/awards.htm (1038 words)

	The Big Bang and Hubbles Law - Bad Astronomy and Universe Today Forum
		[/quote]If I have done the arithmetic correctly, a Hubble constant of 72 kilometers per second per kiloparsec converts to 2.3 * 10e-19 meters/sec/meter (a tenth of a billionth of a billionth) for the current rate of expansion.
		Since there are 4.4e+17 seconds in 14 billion years, the cumulative expansion since the big bang is 10 centimeters/meter assuming that the current measured rate is accurate and valid.
		It would not be much of a stretch to assume that the Hubble constant has always been a variable and that, due to the much greater density in the early universe and the time dilation attendant thereto, the Hubble coefficient may well have been much less than unity giving the universe a much greater age.
	www.bautforum.com /showthread.php?t=21777 (1336 words)

	exam 2 - answers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Hubble's scheme divides galaxies into three general classes: ellipticals, spirals, and irregulars.
		Hubbles law states that all galaxies are receeding away from us with their velocity increasing with their distance (v=Hd).
		Hubbles law is experimental proof of an expanding universe.
	blueox.uoregon.edu /~karen/astro123/ex2a.html (719 words)

	Discussion: Escaping Pulsar Breaks Speed Records - Bad Astronomy and Universe Today Forum
		Any measurement using Hubbles law is doomed to failure.
		You can be sure that they didn't use "Hubble's Law" to measure the distance to this neutron star.
		Hubble's Law only works for distances to clusters of galaxies, and this thing in in our galaxy.
	www.bautforum.com /showthread.php?t=29081 (952 words)

	test1_review_15 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Describe the observations that lead to this law.
		Explain how to determine Hubble's constant from observations of spiral galaxies.
		How do we determine the age of the universe from Hubble's constant.
	www.marquette.edu /classes/day/test1_review_15.htm (218 words)

	Essentials of Geology : Chapter 1 : Animations
		Choose one of the links below in order to view an animation.
		The everyday phenomenon examined here is an essential principle underlying the Hubble's Expanding Universe theory; one could say its application shed light on fundamental questions about changes to the size of the Universe over time.
		This animation demonstrates the Doppler effect as applied to light by simulating the effect of a star's velocity upon the starlight as viewed from Earth.
	www.wwnorton.com /earth/egeo/animations/ch1.htm (171 words)

	Lesson Guides
		...state and explain Newton's three laws of motion and his law of Gravitation.
		...state and explain the natural law that will affect the rotational rate of the Earth and Moon in the future, and explain how these rates will change.
		...state Hubbles law and explain the facts that led to his law.
	science.gulfcoast.edu /johnmix/lesson.htm (977 words)

	Astro 105: Lecture XVII
		We have already talked about the Hubble law which comes from galaxy redshifts.
		As the coins recede, the distance between any two of them increases, and the rate of increase of this distance is proportional to the distance between them.
		Note that Hubbles law also gives you the age of the Universe.
	www.pas.rochester.edu /~afrank/A105/LectureXVI/LectureXVI.html (1347 words)

	Galaxies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The title of this lecture, "Realm of the Nebulae", is taken from the title of Hubble's classic 1936 book.
		Even today, many of the fundamental questions raised in the book are still active areas of extragalactic research.
		And it allows the red shift of a galaxy to be used to estimate its distance
	www.d.umn.edu /~hmooers/astro/Galaxies.htm (1477 words)

	Hubbles's law and the Dark Energy Component
		When it was discovered that distant Type 1a supernovae were fainter than otherwise predicted and it was concluded that the universe was accelerating in its expansion rather than contracting.
		Do you have any thoughts which way this particular situation with the Hubble's Law may go and is there a point when theory goes into darkness and becomes "ugly"?
		If you look at some of my other posts you will see I consider that the standard BB model has already become 'ugly', hence my added reference to 'epicycles'.
	www.physicsforums.com /showthread.php?t=62590 (532 words)

	EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Today: Relationship between galaxies distance and speeds of recession is known a “HUBBLES LAW”.
		2 assumption made on what Hubble Law show us as the universe as a whole:
		The universe can be similar to the surface of an expanding balloon.
	www.astro.utoronto.ca /~bolton/sci199y/h0_web/h0.html (85 words)

	hubblelaw07-02 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		I am confident that in the future, after more facts are obtained, some scientist is able to achieve it.
		However, calculation and the subsequent computer simulation seem to show that the onion model proposed in this book has accomplished one goal: confirmation of the long sought Hubble’s Law, although only qualitatively.
		Although Hubbles's Law appears feasible, it should also be easy for us to conclude that there exists no unique Hubble constant, because the distance of the celestial objects from a certain point changes daily while the speed of each of them can be maintained the same for a long time.
	members.aol.com /crebigsol2/hubblelaw07-02.html (1131 words)

	Galaxy Formation and Evolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Familiarise yourself with the use of two methods - Cepheid variables, and the Tully-Fisher relationship.
		Having described how we determine the distances to objects over some of the largest size scales, we proceed to describe "Hubbles Law" and its implications for our understanding of the evolution of the universe and our place within it.
		Also important in this context is proof of the existence of "dark matter".
	www.astro.livjm.ac.uk /courses/one/LECTUR/Galaxi.htm (334 words)

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