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	Main Hubble Page
		Named after the trailblazing astronomer Edwin P. Hubble (1889-1953), the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is a large, space-based observatory which has revolutionized astronomy by providing unprecedented deep and clear views of the Universe, ranging from our own solar system to extremely remote fledgling galaxies forming not long after the Big Bang 13.7 billion years ago.
		NASA Updates Shuttle Target Launch Date for Hubble Mission NASA managers officially are targeting August 07, 2008, for the launch of the fifth and final space shuttle servicing mission (SM4) to the Hubble Space Telescope.
		Hubble is not large by ground-based standards but it achieves heroically in space.
	hubble.nasa.gov (366 words)

	Edwin Hubble - MSN Encarta
		Hubble was the first to discover that fuzzy patches of light in the sky called spiral nebula were actually galaxies like Earth’s galaxy, the Milky Way.
		Hubble also found the first evidence for the expansion of the universe, and his work led to a much better understanding of the universe’s size.
		In 1929 Hubble compared the distances of the galaxies to the speed at which they were moving away from Earth, and he found a direct and very consistent correlation: The farther a galaxy was from Earth, the faster it was receding.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761551516/Hubble_Edwin_Powell.html (1620 words)

	Hubble law and the expanding universe
		Hubble's law is a statement of a direct correlation between the distance to a galaxy and its recessional velocity as determined by the red shift.
		The Hubble parameter is the ratio of the rate of change of the scale factor to the current value of the scale factor R: The scale factor R for a given observed object in the expanding universe relative to R
		The Hubble Law states that the distance to a given galaxy is proportional to the recessional velocity as measured by the Doppler red shift.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/astro/hubble.html (840 words)

	EDWIN HUBBLE 1889-1953 By Allan Sandage (1989, JRASC Vol. 83, No.6)
		There is Hubble's zone of avoidance, the Hubble galaxy type, the Hubble sequence, the Hubble luminosity law for reflection nebulae, the Hubble luminosity profile for E galaxies, the Hubble constant, the Hubble time, the Hubble diagram, the Hubble redshift-distance relation, the Hubble radius for the universe, and now the Hubble Space Telescope.
		Hubble's ability to know which clues to trust, which to discard, and then which to use to tie up the facts to make a case, was superior.
		As with Hubble's Cepheid paper 5 years before, and his space distribution paper to come 5 years in the future, Hubble's (1929b) discovery paper of the expansion was written so convincingly that it was believed almost immediately.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /diamond_jubilee/1996/sandage_hubble.html (4767 words)

	Universe Today » Hubble
		These new Hubble observations show that there are clearly three different populations of stars in globular cluster NGC 2808.
		Hubble revealed how a supernova is much more complicated than astronomers ever expected, and helped rewrite the textbooks on exploding stars.
		Hubble’s instruments revealed how the strange world, designated HD 209458b, is unlike anything else in our solar system.
	www.universetoday.com /category/hubble (3444 words)

	hubble
		In 1923 and 1924, Hubble used the largest telescope in the world—the 100-inch Hooker Telescope at Mt. Wilson—to examine the Andromeda Nebula.
		Hubble went on to find the distances to many other galaxies, eventually pushing the frontiers of the universe out to hundreds of millions of light-years.
		This relation, known as Hubble’s Law, was observational proof that the universe was expanding.
	www.wnet.org /hawking/cosmostar/html/cstars_hubble.html (254 words)

	"The universe according to Hubble"
		The Hubble Space Telescope, lookout for the planet since last year, has dazzled us with its amazing pictures, and brought us strange tales of galaxies, supernovas, and fl holes from the lonely reaches of space.
		Hubble's explanation also supported one of astronomy's favorite theories: that the universe began with a giant explosion called the Big Bang, which created matter and formed the galaxies.
		In essence, and this is important, Hubble had shown his fellow astronomers that if they could understand exactly where the universe is right now they could follow its journey back into the past and know how long it had been around.
	sln.fi.edu /inquirer/inquire2.html (1042 words)

	StarChild: The Hubble Space Telescope
		The Hubble Space Telescope was named after Edwin Hubble, an astronomer whose contributions to astronomy include a classification system for galaxies and the Hubble Constant.
		The Hubble Constant defines the relationship between a galaxy's distance from the Earth and the speed with which the galaxy is moving away from the Earth.
		Hubble is controlled by scientists here on Earth who use gyroscopes to measure the rate at which Hubble is moving.
	starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/StarChild/space_level2/hubble.html (582 words)

	The Hubble Constant
		What Hubble had thought were individual stars in his most distant galaxies were actually star clusters, thus he had not been observing ``standard candles,'' objects whose absolute luminosity did not vary with distance.
		The first major revision to Hubble's value was made in the 1950's due to the discovery of Population II stars by W. Baade.
		The uncertainties in the local determination of the Hubble Constant are still dominated by the uncertainty in the Cepheid P-L calibration, followed by uncertanties in the local flow field (non-Hubble expansion galaxy velocities).
	cfa-www.harvard.edu /~huchra/hubble (1275 words)

	The Hubble Constant
		What Hubble had thought were individual stars in his most distant galaxies were actually star clusters, thus he had not been observing ``standard candles,'' objects whose absolute luminosity did not vary with distance.
		The first major revision to Hubble's value was made in the 1950's due to the discovery of Population II stars by W. Baade.
		The uncertainties in the local determination of the Hubble Constant are still dominated by the uncertainty in the Cepheid P-L calibration, followed by uncertanties in the local flow field (non-Hubble expansion galaxy velocities).
	www.cfa.harvard.edu /~huchra/hubble (1293 words)

	It looks into the past but, for Hubble, an uncertain future - Science - www.smh.com.au
		Hubble was launched by the Space Shuttle Discovery on April 25, 1990, and opened a new era in astronomy.
		Hubble, flying above the atmospheric distortion that hinders even more powerful Earth-based telescopes, enabled scientists to confirm that the universe is rapidly expanding and to calculate precisely its age, at 13.7 billion years, according to NASA.
		Astronauts have serviced Hubble four times, and many scientists hoped that a fifth service mission would be funded to enable Hubble to function to 2011, when its infrared replacement, the James Webb Space Telescope, is scheduled to arrive.
	www.smh.com.au /news/Science/Hubble-turns-15/2005/04/26/1114462037248.html (667 words)

	The European Homepage For The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope - The man behind the name
		Edwin Hubble was born in Missouri in 1889, the son of an insurance executive, and moved to Chicago nine years later.
		Hubble was lucky enough to be in the right place at the right time.
		During his life, Hubble had tried to obtain the Nobel Prize, even hiring a publicity agent to promote his cause in the late 1940s, but all the effort was in vain as there was no category for astronomy.
	www.spacetelescope.org /about/history/the_man_behind_the_name.html (1298 words)

	Hubble Space Telescope - Aerospace Technology
		Hubble's Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS), enables the telescope to separate the light entering the camera in order to analyse properties such as temperature, radial velocity, rotational velocity and magnetic fields, across a spectral range from the UV (115nm) through the visible red and the near-IR (1,000nm).
		Hubble would be subject to the rigors of zero gravity and temperature extremes, which includes fluctuations of more than 100°F during each orbit as the Earth blocks out the Sun's light.
		This was specifically made of graphite epoxy (used for tennis racquets/golf clubs), due to the material being stiff, strong, lightweight and able to resist expanding and contracting in extreme temperatures.
	www.aerospace-technology.com /projects/hubble (792 words)

	Hubble Space Telescope: Research Links for Students
		Sites on Hubble are organized based up topics such as the history of Hubble, the nuts and bolts of Hubble, tracking Hubble's location, Hubble's contribution to space exploration, and the man behind the name.
		The Hubble Space Telescope is a cooperative program of the European Space Agency (ESA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to operate a long-lived space-based observatory for the benefit of the international astronomical community.
		Hubble Space Telescope evokes a new sense of awe and wonder about the infinite richness of our universe in dramatic, unprecedented pictures of celestial objects.
	www.cdli.ca /CITE/solar_hubble.htm (871 words)

	Hubble Space Telescope
		A shuttle visiting Hubble would be in a faraway orbit from which it could not fly over to the space station.
		Even if Hubble were not to be rescued, a small spacecraft still would have to fly up to the telescope to direct its re-entry into Earth's atmosphere.
		Hubble is similar in size to a large school bus.
	www.spacetoday.org /DeepSpace/Telescopes/GreatObservatories/Hubble/Hubble.html (2435 words)

	hubble
		In 1923 and 1924, Hubble used the largest telescope in the world—the 100-inch Hooker Telescope at Mt. Wilson—to examine the Andromeda Nebula.
		Hubble went on to find the distances to many other galaxies, eventually pushing the frontiers of the universe out to hundreds of millions of light-years.
		This relation, known as Hubble’s Law, was observational proof that the universe was expanding.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/hawking/cosmostar/html/cstars_hubble.html (254 words)

	The Hubble Law (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Hubble constant H is one of the most important numbers in cosmology because it may be used to estimate the size and age of the Universe.
		The Hubble constant is often written with a subscript "0" to denote explicitly that it is the value at the present time, but we shall not do so.
		The units of the Hubble constant are "kilometers per second per megaparsec." In other words, for each megaparsec of distance, the velocity of a distant object appears to increase by some value.
	csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr162/lect/cosmology/hubble_constant.html (450 words)

	The Hubble Program - Overview
		Hubble was pointed at the same patch of sky for several cumulative days and took long exposures.
		Hubble has a fixed focus which is set for looking at the distant stars and galaxies.
		Hubble has detected a few large objects of this kind (all smaller than Pluto though) - whether you want to call them planets or large comets is a matter of convention.
	hubble.nasa.gov /overview/faq.php (1973 words)

	Main Hubble Page
		Named after the trailblazing astronomer Edwin P. Hubble (1889-1953), the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is a large, space-based observatory which has revolutionized astronomy by providing unprecedented deep and clear views of the Universe, ranging from our own solar system to extremely remote fledgling galaxies forming not long after the Big Bang 13.7 billion years ago.
		Hubble to be Serviced Again Administrator Michael Griffin’s decision on October 31, 2006 to fly servicing mission SM4 in mid- to late-2008 will bring unique capabilities to Hubble in the form of two new science instruments, Cosmic Origins Spectrograph and Wide Field Camera 3.
		Hubble is not large by ground-based standards but it achieves heroically in space.
	hubble.nasa.gov /index.php (392 words)

	Hubble repair may prove too costly - space - 03 February 2005 - New Scientist
		Repairing the Hubble Space Telescope may not be worth the cost if NASA siphons the money away from other science programmes, astronomers told a US congressional committee on Wednesday.
		All four previous servicing missions to Hubble were almost entirely paid for with cash from the shuttle programme's coffers.
		But for missions that take $1 billion or more from science, the benefit of a Hubble fix is "not as clear", he says.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn6963 (761 words)

	Press Release - Hubble Space Telescope Stand-In Gets Starring Role
		However, Hubble has a major advantage: it is in space where there is no air to distort the images, giving it a sharper view of the universe than any telescope ever built.
		When NASA began building Hubble in the late 1970s, the space agency decided that the building of the primary mirror was so challenging and so crucial to the science program that it was a good idea to build a back-up copy.
		The corrective optics and new instruments were built and installed on Hubble by spacewalking astronauts during a shuttle mission in 1993, and the telescope has been at the forefront of astronomy ever since.
	www.gsfc.nasa.gov /news-release/releases/2001/h01-185.htm (516 words)

	Hubble (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The primary mirror of the Hubble telescope measures 2.4 m (8 ft) in diameter and weighs about 826 kg (1820 lbs).
		Shortly after this image was taken, the Hubble telescope was shipped to Kennedy Space Center and loaded into the cargo bay of the shuttle Discovery.
		The Hubble Space Telescope was first scheduled for launch in 1986.
	pds.jpl.nasa.gov /planets/welcome/hubble.htm (380 words)

	NASA - Hubble Space Telescope
		NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has probed the bright core of Comet 17P/Holmes, which, to the delight of sky watchers, mysteriously brightened by nearly a millionfold in a 24-hour period beginning Oct. 23, 2007.
		The Hubble photos show shells of stars around a bright quasar, known as MC2 1635+119, which dominates the center of the galaxy.
		NASA managers officially are targeting Sept. 10, 2008, for the launch of the fifth and final space shuttle servicing mission to the Hubble Space Telescope.
	www.nasa.gov /mission_pages/hubble/main/index.html (419 words)

	NASA to save Hubble, to astronomers’ delight - space - 31 October 2006 - New Scientist Space
		NASA Administrator Michael Griffin announced on Tuesday that a space shuttle will be sent to upgrade Hubble and add a few years to the lifetime of the venerable queen of the sky.
		A fifth shuttle mission to service the Hubble telescope was cancelled by former NASA chief Sean O'Keefe in 2004, citing astronaut safety following the Columbia accident (see Hubble condemned to slow death).
		If the same situation occurred during a Hubble mission, the astronauts could not take refuge on the ISS, because the telescope and the station are in very different orbits.
	space.newscientist.com /article/dn10411-nasa-to-save-hubble-to-astronomers-delight-.html (1068 words)

	ESA - Space Science - Hubble provides spectacular view of ongoing comet break-up
		Hubble caught two of the fragments, B and G, shortly after major activity outbursts.
		Sequential Hubble images of the B fragment, taken a few days apart, suggest that the chunks are pushed down the tail by outgassing from the icy, sunward-facing surfaces of the chunks, much like space-walking astronauts are propelled by their jetpacks.
		Analysis of the new Hubble data, and data taken by other observatories as the comet approaches the Earth and Sun, may reveal which of these break-up mechanisms are contributing to the disintegration of 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3.
	www.esa.int /esaSC/SEMZQJOFGLE_index_0.html (702 words)

	Edwin Hubble Biography Pt.1
		When he attended University, Hubble continued to excel in sports such as basketball and boxing, but he also found time to study and earn an undergraduate degree in mathematics and astronomy.
		Hubble had also devised a classification system for the various galaxies he observed, sorting them by content, distance, shape, and brightness; it was then he noticed redshifts in the emission of light from the galaxies, seeing saw that they were moving away from each other at a rate constant to the distance between them.
		From these observation, he was able to formulate Hubble's Law in 1929, helping astronomers determine the age of the universe, and proving that the universe was expanding.
	www.edwinhubble.com /hubble_bio_001.htm (224 words)

	ESA - Space Science - Hubble overview
		Funding began to flow in 1977 and it was decided to name the telescope after Edwin Powell Hubble who had discovered the expansion of the Universe in the 1920s.
		Hubble was finally launched in 1990 and the tension built up as astronomers examined the first images through Hubble’s eyes.
		A focusing defect prevented Hubble from taking sharp images – the mirror edge was too flat by a mere fiftieth of the width of a human hair.
	www.esa.int /esaSC/SEM106WO4HD_index_0_m.html (1049 words)

	SkyTonight.com - News from SkyTonight - Hubble Gets a Shot in the Arm
		Hubble's latest troubles began in mid-January 2004, when O'Keefe canceled future servicing missions out of concerns for astronaut safety in the wake of the Columbia disaster.
		Before examining how best to extend Hubble's scientific life, Louis J. Lanzerotti (New Jersey Institute of Technology and Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies) and his team of top scientists, engineers, and aerospace-industry executives evaluated whether Hubble is worth saving at all.
		They decided it is. "Hubble is an extraordinary accomplishment that has had major scientific and public impact and that has the capacity to do so for years to come," Lanzerotti said at a press conference.
	skytonight.com /news/3309806.html?page=1&c=y (562 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Why Hubble is being dropped
		With Hubble's replacement - the James Webb Telescope - not due in orbit until 2012 at the earliest, he hoped that Hubble could survive until the handover.
		The plan was that on a follow-on shuttle visit a propulsion module would be attached to Hubble to bring it down in a predictable way, on to an uninhabited region of the Earth.
		Although some of Hubble's scientists are reported to be preparing job applications at other institutes, there is still a lot of science Hubble can do.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/science/nature/3406079.stm (696 words)

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