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Topic: Hudson River Chain

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	Hudson River - LoveToKnow 1911
		HUDSON RIVER, the principal river of New York state, and one of the most important highways of commerce in the United States of America.
		It is not a river in the truest sense of the word, but a river valley into which the ocean water has been admitted by subsidence of the land, transforming a large part of the valley into an inlet, and thus opening it up to navigation.
		From Troy to the mouth of the Hudson the river is tidal, and from this point also the river is navigable, not because of the river water itself, but because of the low grade of the river bed by which the tide is able to back up the wat sufficiently to float good-sized boats.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Hudson_River (1992 words)

	Managing the Estuary -- The Center for Rivers and Estuaries
		Dredging the river bottom was one of the major management decisions that enabled the region to grow to its present size.
		Today the natural river and harbor channels still require periodic dredging, but chemical contamination of the sediments now complicates the matter both because the resulting sludge must be carefully disposed of and the dredging process releases contamination into the water.
		Hudson fish populations have been carefully tracked for almost 30 years by utility companies, but these data have been collected without regard to variables such as the distribution and health of organisms lower down the food chain.
	www.ldeo.columbia.edu /res/pi/Hudson/about/managing.php (549 words)

	Chaining of the Hudson in 1778 -- from the Half Moon Press
		The chain survived an unsuccessful sabotage attempt by Benedict Arnold in 1780, but, most significantly, it was never directly challenged by a single Royal Navy warship.
		So perfectly did it perform its function of blocking the Hudson River and Valley, and, by extension, the entire Northeast, from further British incursion that it effectively drove the next five years of conflict to the Southern states, unquestionably shortening the war.
		Considering that the iron left from Captain Machin's Hudson River barrier represents the United State's most famous Revolutionary War memento, it is not surprising that a pair of enterprising bunco artists attempted -- and succeeded at -- stealing it for their own.
	www.hudsonriver.com /halfmoonpress/stories/0298link.htm (2255 words)

	Many visitors to Cold Spring
		One Hudson River artifact said to be stored in the warehouse at Bannerman’s Castle was a link of the Great Chain, an enormous barrier that military planners stretched across the Hudson River in April of 1778.
		Although the British Navy never tested the strength of the Chain, it was deemed such an important defensive obstacle that American traitor Benedict Arnold included a valuable description and analysis of the Chain as a component of the classified information he leaked to the British Crown.
		Although initially West Point was a garrison and fort strategically located at a vital bend in the Hudson River, it eventually became the training ground for the Corps of Engineers, and later, for a large portion of the commissioned officers in the United States Army.
	www.hudsonvalleyoutfitters.com /ColdSpringHistory.htm (1235 words)

	Preassessment Screen Determination for The Hudson River, New York
		One pathway of PCBs from the capacitor plants to the Hudson River was a combination of wastewater and stormwater discharged during the manufacturing process.
		NYSDEC further discovered that PCBs from the Hudson Falls plant site were entering the Hudson River as part of the groundwater discharge to the river and contributing significantly to PCB loading to the sediment and water column (Farrar 1997; USEPA 1995a).
		River sediments, like surface water, serve as a medium for the transport of energy and nutrients, and as habitat for various aquatic biota, including benthic finfish and shellfish species.
	www.dec.state.ny.us /website/dfwmr/habitat/nrd/hudson.html (6910 words)

	Hudson River Park Trust
		Under the direction of the Hudson River Park Trust, the Estuarine Sanctuary Management Plan was prepared to identify management policies for the sanctuary in the areas of resource protection, public access and recreation, education, and research.
		Anadromous species (fish that move from the ocean to the river for breeding) are typically found in the estuary during spring and fall and include Atlantic tomcod, alewife, and American shad.
		The only catadromous species (fish that move from river to ocean for breeding) found in the sanctuary is the American eel.
	www.hudsonriverpark.org /facilities/estuarium.htm (450 words)

	Hudson River Chain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Hudson River Chain may refer to any of several chains used as a blockade across the Hudson River between New York and New Jersey, intended to prevent British naval vessels from entering the river during the American Revolutionary War.
		This barricade was constructed by placing chevaux-de-frise and stretching a chain to block the river between Fort Washington, on the island of Manhattan, and Fort Lee, across the river in New Jersey.
		A chain and boom were stretched across the river from Anthony's Nose to Fort Montgomery, at the lower entrance to the Highlands.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hudson_River_Chain (438 words)

	Hudson Valley Ruins: General Electric, Hudson Falls, NY by Rob Yasinsac
		Some say the river will "take care of itself" and bury the PCBs, others believe the contaminated soil must be removed or PCBs will continue to find their way into the food chain.
		Shortly before ceasing operations at Hudson Falls, GE was cited for polluting the Hudson due to "corporate abuse and regulatory failure." One year later, the Environmental Protection Agency outlawed discharges of PCBs in navigable waters.
		The Hudson River will never be as clean as it once was, though hopefully those responsible for damaging it will make the fullest efforts to remedy their errors.
	www.hudsonvalleyruins.org /yasinsac/hudsonfalls/hudsonfalls.html (553 words)

	Norwalk River Watershed Information
		The Norwalk River watershed lies in an area that's bounded by the Housatonic River watershed on the north and east, the Hudson River watershed on the west, and Long Island Sound on the south.
		One mile offshore is a chain of islands which serve as a wildlife refuge and, in specific areas, as a popular destination for boaters.
		Throughout the Norwalk River watershed, a new lending arrangement termed a watershed improvement loan is available to provide local property owners with another method for handling certain types of critical improvements, such as repairs to malfunctioning septic systems or removal or replacement of in-ground fuel tanks.
	www.norwalkriver.org /ws.htm (1009 words)

	HudsonWatch.net---Selling deception, the G.E. way
		The history of remediation in other rivers and lakes around the nation and the world proves that hydraulic suction dredging is safe, non-invasive, and something which can be conducted while recreation on the waterway continues unimpeded.
		Fact: While the River is becoming 'cleaner' in certain aspects because sewage and noxious chemical discharges into the River have been tightly regulated and limited since the mid-1970's, this 'healing' process has done little about the 'open sore' of PCB contamination.
		Further, the effect of PCB contamination on the food chain, upon wildlife, and upon the natural resources of the entire Hudson River estuary/ecosystem is only just beginning to be understood.
	www.hudsonwatch.net /hudson10.html (868 words)

	The Hudson River and the Hudson Highlands
		The river was a critical transport route from the interior to the coast in an age when good roads were virtually non-existent.
		British control of the river would hinder intercolonial trade, facilitate British troop movements both within the region and to and from Canada, and would effectively prevent the Continental Army from operating in the Hudson Valley and north, regions that typically provided substantial amounts of manpower to the Patriot cause.
		While the Hudson Valley is generally rolling terrain for most of its length, the 15 mile wide belt of the Hudson Highlands in the vicinity of West Point constitutes a crucial choke point on the river.
	www.unc.edu /~chaos1/hudson.html (411 words)

	Mud Yields Ghosts of Hudson River's Past
		Bell cautions that while her mapping project did not focus on the areas proposed for dredging, the portrait of the river that is emerging from her work suggests that both the government and the company are partly right.
		The area proposed for dredging — a chain of PCB hot spots extending from Troy to the company's old factories in Hudson Falls and Fort Edward — is marked by an interconnected system of dams and locks and canals that collectively make the waters far more placid than they are to the south.
		Since the Palisades on the river's western bank in Rockland County rose up in a volcanic eruption 180 million years ago, she said, the Hudson has been a timeless constant in the region.
	www.hudsonwatch.net /nytimes0103.html (1376 words)

	HUDSON RIVER - Online Information article about HUDSON RIVER
		Mohawk, which is the largest of all the tributaries to the Hudson, and contributes more water than the main river itself.
		From Troy to the mouth of the Hudson the river is tidal, and from this point also the river is navigable, not because of the river water itself, but because of the See also:
		Cornwall Landing, the river enters the Highlands, the second division of the tidal part of the Hudson and far the grandest of all.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /HOR_I25/HUDSON_RIVER.html (4517 words)

	West Point: The Great Chain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The key element of the West Point/Constitution Island fortifications was the "Great Chain" affixed across the river as of 30 April 1778.
		Ships which successfully negotiated the bend in the river would still confront the chain barrier, which was expected to bring them to a dead stop, thus facilitating engagement by batteries on the river banks.
		The chain floated on rafts assembled from 4 16' sharpened logs, anchored between Constitution Island and West Point.
	www.unc.edu /~chaos1/chain.html (260 words)

	Hudson River - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		However, the waterway from the lake is known as Feldspar Brook and the Opalescent River, feeding into the Hudson at Tahawus.
		The Hudson was originally named the "North River" by the Dutch, because the river was the major route north.
		The Hudson River serves as a political boundary between the states of New Jersey and New York, and further north between New York counties.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hudson_River (2083 words)

	State of the Hudson: Key to the country (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		General George Washington understood that Hudson River was the nexus of population, industry, agriculture, commerce, communications, and logistics.
		As a strategist, he recognized that the Hudson was at once an avenue and a barrier, particularly in the Highlands.
		The Hudson River Valley and its mighty river were essential to the birth of our Nation, and the achievements there are captured today in the Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area, now commemorating the 225th anniversary of the American Revolution.
	www.poughkeepsiejournal.com /hudson/stories/cjj100.shtml (1105 words)

	Hudson River PCBs and Chemistry
		This is of special concern in areas where fish are exposed to PCB contamination and may be consumed by humans (as in the Hudson River).
		At the Hudson River PCBs site, the best way humans can reduce their risk of exposure to PCBs is by following the NYSDOH health advisories for consumption of fish from the river.
		Use of PCB "fingerprinting" in EPA's Hudson River PCBs Reassessment allowed us to see that PCBs from the historic sediments of the Thompson Island Pool can be traced in the water of the Hudson River all the way to Kingston, New York, a distance of 100 river miles.
	www.epa.gov /hudson/pcbs101.htm (410 words)

	Hudson River Valley Lighthouses - Stony Point Lighthouse
		Stony Point, NY Stony Point Lighthouse, the oldest on the Hudson, marked the entrance to the Hudson Highlands for nearly a hundred years and was built in 1826, the result of a contract between Thomas Phillips, of New York City, and Jonathan Thompson, Superintendent of Lighthouses.
		The specifications called for the construction of "an octagonal Pyramid, to be built of blue split stone and the best quick lime and sand mortar" to serve as a beacon for the increased river traffic created by the opening of the Erie Canal the previous year.
		The building plan stated that the tower was to be twenty feet above the water table and have three stories and a cellar for the storage of whale oil.
	www.hudsonlights.com /stonypoint.htm (1471 words)

	Towns Fight U.S. Plan to Clean Up Hudson River (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Summary The Hudson River was recently named one of America's "most endangered" rivers because of wide contamination by cancer-causing chemicals.
		Reflecting the view of many Hudson Valley residents who oppose the cleanup plan, Merrilyn Pulver says that PCB levels found in fish from the Hudson River fish have been dropping, and the level of risk to human health is not high enough to warrant dredging.
		Pulver said many people in Hudson River communities along the proposed dredging area are also worried about what effects the project would have on their homes.
	news.nationalgeographic.com /news/2001/05/0530_hudsonriver_2.html (776 words)

	CLEARWATERS: Hudson River restoration: Role of natural resources trustees
		PCBs in the Hudson River: Role of sediments, EA Garvey et al.
		Contaminated sediments in the upper river remain a significant source of PCBs to the entire river environment at least as far south as New York Harbor where about half of the PCB contamination is derived from the two capacitor plants in the upper river (USEPA 2000).
		The Hudson River valley is a unique and nationally significant ecological, cultural, and economic resource.
	www.nywea.org /clearwaters/pre02fall/321040.html (1854 words)

	Henry Hudson - EnchantedLearning.com
		Hudson is credited with discovering the location which is now New York City (although da Verrazzano had previously sailed by the area in 1524).
		Hudson sailed up the river about 150 miles (240 km) and noted the abundance of rich land, but realized that this was not a waterway to India.
		Hudson died in 1611 after his crew mutinied and left Hudson, his son, and seven crew members adrift in a small, open boat in Hudson Bay.
	www.enchantedlearning.com /explorers/page/h/hudson.shtml (344 words)

	THE HUDSON BY BENSON J LOSSING
		They were constructed at the beginning of the war for independence, and became the theatre of a desperate and bloody contest in the autumn of 1777.
		We crossed the river from Lake Sinnipink to Anthony's Nose, through the point of which the Hudson River Railway passes, in a tunnel over two hundred feet in length.
		This is a lofty rocky promontory, whose summit is almost thirteen hundred feet above the river, and with the jutting point of the Donder Berg, a mile and a half below, gives the Hudson there a double curve, and the appearance of an arm of the sea, terminating at the mountains.
	www.threerivershms.com /hudsonch14.htm (1853 words)

	Tour of West Point (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Links forming the Great Chain stretched across the Hudson River at West Point during the Revolutionary War and served as a key element in the area defenses.
		Used from 1778 to 1782, the 500-yard chain floated on logs and was designed to act as a barrier to enemy ships.
		This was the second of two chains to be placed across the Hudson.
	www.usma.edu /tour/GreatChain.asp (86 words)

	Timeline, 1778
		These and the other raids north of the Mohawk River so frightened the inhabitants that most of those whom the Indians and Tories had missed moved down into the Mohawk Valley to gain protection in the forts.
		To help prevent British attacks up the Hudson River from New York City, the Rebels placed a new chain and boom obstruction across the Hudson River from Chain Cove on the west bank to West Point on the east bank.
		The chain was covered by artillery batteries on both shores of the river.
	threerivershms.com /Timeline1778.htm (2818 words)

	Fall Foliage on the Hudson River, INTRAV Luxury Tours (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Located at the head of the Hudson River and still operating under its original charter granted in 1686, Albany is a harmonious blend of historic attractions, interesting architecture, and pleasant shops tucked away along quiet streets.
		DISCOVER THE FABLED HUDSON RIVER, explored by Henry Hudson in 1609 with the hope of finding a North American passage to the Far East.
		source of several small lakes in the Adirondack Mountains, the river valley’s serene landscape soon became home to many Dutch settlements while its breathtaking beauty emerged as the setting for the tales of Washington Irving and the inspiration for the Hudson River School of Painting.
	www.luxurytour.com /intrav/usa/fallfoliagehudsonriver.html (1139 words)

	Riverkeeper.org, GE PCBs, History
		Large quantities of PCBs remain concentrated in river sediment in the Upper Hudson between Fort Edward and the Federal Dam in Troy.
		When the public was first informed of the PCB contamination of the Hudson in the mid-1970s, GE threatened to relocate its facilities — and the jobs and tax base it provided — outside of the state if it was held responsible for the contamination.
		GE went as far as issuing notices to its workers at Fort Edward and Hudson Falls that PCBs were a phony controversy cooked up by environmentalists to destroy their jobs.
	riverkeeper.org /campaign.php/ge_pcbs/the_facts/39 (332 words)

	education&programs
		Children will observe animals that live in the river, participate in an experiment and share their observations and learn the concepts of animal needs and movement.
		Students will role-play Hudson River animals and try to find their suitable habitats learning about the interdependence of living organisms and their environment.
		Ruff as a result of his management of the Hudson Riverama, an environmental teaching gallery in the Hudson River Museum and the first permanent museum exhibit about the natural and environmental history of the Hudson.
	www.museumhudsonhighlands.org /education.ivnu (2021 words)

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