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	Hudson River school - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Hudson River School was a mid-19th century American art movement by a group of landscape painters whose aesthetic vision was influenced by romanticism.
		In general, Hudson River School artists believed that nature in the form of the American landscape was an ineffable manifestation of God, though the artists varied in the depth of their religious conviction.
		Other important collections of Hudson River School art can be seen at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the New-York Historical Society, both in New York City; the Brooklyn Museum in Brooklyn, NY; the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC; and the Westervelt Warner Museum of American Art in Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hudson_River_School (1026 words)

	Hudson River - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Hudson River Railroad was chartered the next year as a continuation of the Troy and Greenbush south to New York City, and was completed in 1851.
		The width of the Lower Hudson River required major feats of engineering to cross, the results today visible in the Verrazano Narrows and George Washington Bridges, as well as the Lincoln and Holland Tunnels and the PATH and Pennsylvania Railroad tubes.
		The Hudson River serves as a political boundary between the states of New Jersey and New York, and further north between New York counties.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hudson_River (2092 words)

	Hudson River School Encyclopedia Article @ NativeArtworks.com (Native Artworks) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The Hudson River School was a mid-Nerval Main Page art movement by a group of American art 2 Selected artists working in the Hudson River School style whose aesthetic vision was influenced by Brahms.
		In general, Hudson River School artists believed that nature in the form of the American landscape was an ineffable manifestation of Victorianism, though the artists varied in the depth of their religious conviction.
		Other important collections of Hudson River School art can be seen at the Harry N. Abrams, Inc. and the Cultural history of the United States, both in New York City; the Hudson River Valley in Corot, NY; the Romanticism in Washington, DC; and the edit in Disclaimers.
	www.nativeartworks.com /encyclopedia/Hudson_River_School (1285 words)

	Hudson River History Tour
		Hudson thought he found what he was looking for when he entered New York bay and what is now the river named for him.
		After completion of the Erie Canal in 1825, the Hudson River became one of the nation's main arteries of trade, opening a gateway to the west and prompting a period of major economic and industrial expansion in the area.
		The Putnam County Historical Society Foundry School Museum in Cold Spring is housed in the schoolhouse used for the children of foundry workers, circa 1828.
	www.hudsonriver.com /history.htm (3769 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Hudson River school (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Geography Easternmost of the Prairie Provinces, Manitoba is bounded on the N by Nunavut (with a northeast shoreline on Hudson Bay), on the E by Ontario, on the
		Geography Quebec is bounded on the N by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay, on the E by the Labrador area of Newfoundland and Labrador and the Gulf of St. Lawrence, on the S by New Brunswick and the United States,
		Luminism was an outgrowth of the Hudson River school.
	www.encyclopedia.com /articles/06112.html (760 words)

	Hudson River School artists find inspiration in those hills
		‘‘Hudson River School” — the term universally accepted to label such 19th-century American landscape painters as Thomas Cole, Asher Durand, Frederic Church, Albert Bierstadt and John Kensett — was first used in the 1870s as a term of ridicule.
		Hudson River School painters employed Cole’s compositional style, depicting in a detailed and finished manner locations with topographical accuracy and with attention to light and atmosphere.
		The perfect atmosphere for an American school of landscape painting was created when late 18th-century industrialization in England ignited an interest in landscape painting and landscape tourism both in England and in the increasingly prosperous United States, where an aristocratic elite still looked to England for their cultural ideal.
	cityguide.pojonews.com /fe/Heritage/stories/he_hudsonriver_school.asp (1683 words)

	ArtLex on the Hudson River School
		As the American frontier moved westward, the Hudson River painters' views of this expanding territory found an enthusiastic audience.
		Durand represented the naturalistic strain of the Hudson River School.
		Hudson River with a Distant View of West Point (View of the Highlands from West Point), 1834, oil on canvas, 33 x 50 inches (83.82 x 127.00 cm), Butler Institute of American Art, Youngstown, OH.
	www.artlex.com /ArtLex/h/hudsonriverschool.html (788 words)

	Hudson River School Art - Artists, Artworks and Biographies
		The Hudson River School was comprised of a group of painters who created realistic, romanticized works, particularly in New York’s Hudson River Valley.
		Hudson River School paintings were often panoramic views done in a romantic, somewhat realist style.
		The Hudson River School is known for elevating landscape painting to a legitimate and respected painting subject and depicting a distinctively American setting.
	wwar.com /masters/movements/hudson_river_school.html (330 words)

	LANDSCAPE, LANDUSE AND THE ICONOGRAPHY OF SPACE IN THE HUDSON RIVER VALLEY: THE NINETEENTH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURY by ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		At present, however, we are focusing upon the physical engineering of the river during the 19th and early 20th centuries, and upon the imaginative construction of that same terrain - processes which we see as integral to understanding the Hudson River landscape as we know it today.
		While the Hudson River Railroad embankment is shown across the mouth of the bay, as well as the Berkshire and Albany trestle across its northern portion, these are painted as relatively minor elements in a placid, pastoral view of the scene.
		Although the pastoral views of the Hudson River landscape may have been largely purchased by members of the elite, these versions of the landscape were undoubtedly viewed by a wider segment of society.
	members.aol.com /cragscons/acsci.html (7186 words)

	Newington Cropsey Foundation: Hudson River School
		The Hudson River Painters believed that nature was a direct manifestation of God.
		Because nature was considered perfect, the Hudson River Painters attempted to draw and paint landscapes directly, not from memory or imagination, and without embellishments or contrivances.
		The Hudson River School was prevalent from the time of Trumbull’s discovery of Cole (1825) until about 1875.
	www.newingtoncropsey.com /hudson.htm (481 words)

	Hudson River School
		The Hudson River School was a loosely affiliated group of 19th century American landscape artists, many of whom were friends and traveling companions.
		Thus, the "Hudson River School" artists were not known by that term until the late 1870s, when the winds of taste were shifting in the art world.
		Hudson River School paintings were de-accessioned by museums, and even discarded as worthless by some owners.
	home.att.net /~hudsonriverschool/history_essay.htm (800 words)

	school
		To truly understand the immediate success and continuing popularity of the Hudson River School artists, it is necessary to fit their work into a larger cultural context.
		Thomas Cole is generally credited with launching the Hudson River School in 1825 with the exhibition in New York City of a group of his paintings which were the products of a trip that he had taken up the Hudson River.
		The Hudson River artists, were therefore in search of an art form that would allow them to express and celbrate that which set America apart from Europe.
	xroads.virginia.edu /~HYPER/DETOC/hudson/school1.html (910 words)

	Hudson River School
		The Hudson River School began in 1825 with the paintings of Thomas Cole.
		By the 1850's, there was a new generation of Hudson River School artists including Albert Bierstadt, John Casilear, Jasper Cropsey, Frederic Church, Sanford Gifford, Martin Heade, George Inness, John Kensett, Thomas Moran, and Worthington Whittredge.
		Visit the paintings of the Hudson River School at the Brooklyn Museum of Art, Corcoran Gallery of Art, Hudson River Museum, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, National Gallery of Art, New York Historical Society, and Smithsonian American Art Museum.
	www.lonker.net /art_hudson.htm (297 words)

	Hudson River school - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		They were particularly attracted by the grandeur of Niagara Falls and the scenic beauty of the Hudson River valley, the Catskills, and the White Mts.
		First of the group of artists properly classified with the Hudson River school was Thomas Doughty; his tranquil works greatly influenced later artists of the school.
		Thomas Cole, whose dramatic and colorful landscapes are among the most impressive of the school, may be said to have been its leader during the group's most active years.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/H/HudsonRS.asp (493 words)

	Thomas Cole National Historic Site - Hudson River School Art Trail
		The Hudson River School Art Trail project maps the locations from which these painted views can be seen, and enables the public to find and compare the painted and actual views today.
		The Hudson River School is the first coherent American art style, and was the prevalent genre of the19th-century.
		The Hudson River School Art Trail is a project of the Thomas Cole National Historic Site, presented in partnership with Olana, the home and workplace of Frederic Church, and with the National Park Service Rivers and Trails program, with assistance from the Greene County Tourism Promotion Department.
	www.thomascole.org /trail/get_information.html (1640 words)

	Hudson River School (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		James Renwick Brevoort (1832 - 1918) worked in the Hudson River School style from the late 1850s through the early 1870s, favoring intimate local scenes in Rockland and Westchester Counties in New York as well as around Farmington Connecticut.
		His landscapes are differently flavored than the major Hudson River School artists, and he did not consider himself as belonging to their group.
		He excelled at Hudson River School landscapes, panoramas of the western United States, and fine scenes of the foreign locales he visited.
	home.att.net /~hudsonriverschool/artists_other.htm (668 words)

	Hudson River School of Painting on Exhibit -- by the Half Moon Press
		It will feature 26 paintings from the major Hudson River School artists, the group that received their name from critics and historians because of their passion for painting landscape scenes, especially along the Hudson River.
		By the end of the 19th Century interest in the Hudson River School declined.
		However, during the 1960s and 1970s the Hudson River School began a resurgence, and today the paintings enjoy international acclaim for their transcendental beauty.
	www.hudsonriver.com /halfmoonpress/stories/0899hrm.htm (291 words)

	Hudson River School
		Knights of the Brush: The Hudson River School and the Moral Landscape
		"Writing of Claude Lorrain, an artist against whom the Hudson River painters measured themselves on their excursions abroad, Roger Fry said, "Claude's view of landscape is false to nature in that it is entirely anthropocentric.
		But the artists of the Hudson River School were not painting for moral minimalists.
	www.artchive.com /artchive/hudsonriver.html (1725 words)

	Hudson River School Art Collection Locations and Descriptions - I LOVE NEW YORK - The Official New York State Tourism ...
		Hudson River school paintings are integrated into the American Painting and Sculpture galleries at the Brooklyn Museum of Art, which is considered by experts to be one of the five great collections of its kind in the world.
		Among the Hudson River School artists represented are Thomas Cole, Frederic Edwin Church, and Albert Bierstadt.
		The Fenimore Art Museum's Hudson River School exhibition is a collection of paintings by masters of the Hudson River School.
	www.iloveny.com /travel_ideas/culture_hrsac_map.asp (999 words)

	Hudson River School
		Though in a sense founded by Thomas Cole in 1825, the Hudson movement was not strictly speaking a school, but rather a loose confederation of original artists, disciples, and protégés united by a common philosophy and style.
		Cole was the central figure--both the originator of the Hudson style and the model for its later imitation and dissemination.
		Though Hudson River paintings are by no means uniformly buoyant and cheerful, and though they often seem to stress nature's vulnerability (especially to the depradations of industrial society and the march of civilization), nevertheless most viewers find in them a sense of hope and endurance as well as a feeling of peacefulness and affirmation.
	condor.depaul.edu /~dsimpson/awtech/hudson.html (609 words)

	Open Directory - Arts: Art History: Periods and Movements: Hudson River School (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		IHAS Movements: The Hudson River School - A brief summary of the School's place in American philosophy by Thomas Hampson, narrator of the PBS series "I Hear America Singing." Includes a video clip review of Durand's Kindred Spirits.
		Marist College: Hudson River School - A brief overview of the School and biographies of both the commonly known and less recognized artists.
		Art and Nature: The Hudson River School, Paintings from the AIHA - A brief summary of an exhibition by the Orlando Museum of Art.
	dmoz.org /Arts/Art_History/Periods_and_Movements/Hudson_River_School (527 words)

	Amazon.com: The Hudson River School (Treasures of Art): Books: Trewin Copplestone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Hudson River School Visions: The Landscapes of Sanford R. Gifford by Kevin J. Avery
		Although, in the first instance, it was the area of the Hudson River stretching northwards from New York that first entranced them, as the American continent towards the Rockies unfolded, the artists followed and produced work that revealed a magnificence of scale—the great lakes, the towering mountains.
		In this way, although the Hudson River was the first area to exert its influence on these landscapists and gave its name to them, their work spread widely to encompass the whole land.
	www.amazon.com /Hudson-River-School-Treasures-Art/dp/0517161206 (1554 words)

	Art and Nature: The Hudson River School
		By the end of the nineteenth century, interest in the Hudson River School declined, and the new paintings were considered old-fashioned.
		Works by the Hudson River School artists today are appreciated on many levels for their meanings related to American art, history, and culture.
		Founded in 1791, the museum is dedicated to collecting, preserving, and interpreting the art, history, and culture of the upper Hudson River Valley from the seventeenth century to the present.
	www.tfaoi.com /aa/1aa/1aa371.htm (1004 words)

	What is the Hudson River School?
		The artists' movement now known as the Hudson River School flourished in mid-19th century America, depicting sublime landscapes of the West.
		The raw, open vistas of upstate New York drew the Hudson River School to the potential power of "unspoiled" natural formations.
		However, the utter calamity of the Civil War destroyed the artists' ideals, and the Hudson River School's work stalled around 1876.
	www.wisegeek.com /what-is-the-hudson-river-school.htm (369 words)

	HV/Net - Hudson Valley Network
		The story of America started here along the banks of the mighty Hudson River and grew from here, flowing through the currents of centuries, developing the streams of American art, industry, economics, architecture, politics, education, domesticity, frontier development, conservation and personal freedom.
		Hudson Highlands - The Appalachians march across the Valley creating a nearly impenetrable barrier and spectacular scenery.
		Dutchess - The river is lined with the mansions and estates of the wealthy.
	www.hvnet.com (1598 words)

	Art=Design=Invention: American Eden: Hudson River School
		A rare view of 19th century American landscapes is on view in the show American Eden: Landscape Masterworks of the Hudson River School at the North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh.
		Nearby in the Catskills is the Hudson River School Trail, with many views of the same landscapes painted by these artists.
		The Olana mansion is especially impressive, built on a hilltop overlooking the massive Hudson River below, with a long, winding driveway snaking around the hill and through the woods.
	www.art-james.com /archives/american-eden-hudson-river-school.aspx (413 words)

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