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	Cluny (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The town of Cluny or Clugny lies in the modern-day département of Saône-et-Loire in the région of Bourgogne, in east-central France, near Mâcon.
		Cluny was guided by an orderly succession of able and educated abbots drawn from the highest aristocratic circles, two of whom were canonized: Saints Odo of Cluny, the second abbot (died 942) and Hugh of Cluny (died 1109).
		Cluny was not known for its severity or asceticism, nor for embracing apostolic poverty, but the abbots of Cluny supported the revival of the papacy and the reforms of Pope Gregory VII that led to unprecedented papal authority.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/C/Cluny.htm (1462 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Hugh the Great
		Hugh was entrusted to deal with the delicate case of the unworthy Archbishop Manasse of Reims, as well as with commissions in connection with the expedition of Count Evroul of Roucy against the Saracens in Spain.
		Hugh was subsequently engaged with the papal legate in Spain in the matter of ecclesiastical reform, and, as a result of his diligence and the high favour he enjoyed with Alphonsus VI of Castille, the Mozarabic was replaced by the Roman Ritual throughout that monarch's realm.
		Hugh disabused is mind on the subject of ecclesiastical appointments, and, when founding a little later the Priorate of St. Pancras at Lewes, took every precaution to secure in the case of it and its dependent cloisters freedom of election and respect for canon law.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07524a.htm (2823 words)

	Hugh of Cluny -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Hugh of Cluny (1024 - 1109) was an Abbot of (additional info and facts about Cluny) Cluny.
		He is sometimes referred to as "Hugh the Great" and was canonized by the (The Christian Church based in the Vatican and presided over by a pope and an episcopal hierarchy) Roman Catholic Church as Saint Hugh (the Great).
		Hugh was the driving force behing the Cluniac monastic movement during the last quarter of the (additional info and facts about 11th century) 11th century, which had priories throughout (additional info and facts about Southern France) Southern France and northern (A parliamentary monarchy in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; a former colonial power) Spain.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/h/hu/hugh_of_cluny.htm (197 words)

	Hugh the Great (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Hugh's first wife was Eadhild, a sister of the English king, Athelstan.
		At the death of Rudolph, duke of Burgundy, in 936, Hugh was in possession of nearly all the region between the Loire and the Seine, corresponding to the ancient Neustria, with the exception of the territory ceded to the Normans in 911.
		On the death of Louis IV, Hugh was one of the first to recognize Lothair as his successor, and, at the intervention of Queen Gerberga, was instrumental in having him crowned.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/H/Hugh-the-Great.htm (451 words)

	ipedia.com: Cluny Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The monastery of Cluny differed in two ways from other Benedictine houses and confederations: in its organizational structure and in its execution of the liturgy as its main form of work.
		Cluny's highly centralized hierarchy was a natural training ground for Catholic prelates: four monks of Cluny became popes: Gregory VII, Urban II, Paschal II, and Urban V.
		Cluny was also home to Saints Odo of Cluny and Hugh of Cluny.
	www.ipedia.com /cluny.html (588 words)

	Hugh of Cluny and the Age of Chivalry
		Hugh is recognized as the force, or at least the brain, behind the reformist zeal exercised like a blunt instrument by his friend and contemporary Pope Gregory VII — know in the Catholic Church as St. Gregory the Great.
		The general corruption in the secular world was of little concern to Hugh and Gregory: the Church was in a cesspool of its own making and their feeble efforts to drain it were of no lasting consequence.
		After the conquest in 1066 (from the spoils of which William the Conqueror made presents to Hugh at Cluny), it is said that Hugh mediated in the power dispute between Emperor Henry IV and Gregory VII.
	www.ronaldbrucemeyer.com /rants/0429almanac.htm (457 words)

	The Early Abbots of Cluny
		The monastery of Cluny (in France, northwest of Lyons) was a center for the reform and spiritual renewal of Western monasticism in the tenth and eleventh centuries.
		Hugh, the sixth abbot, was born in 1024, the oldest son of a Burgundian nobleman (the count of Semur), entered Cluny when about 16, and became abbot when only 25 years old.
		The eighth Abbot of Cluny was Peter the Venerable, born in 1092, prior of Vezelay in 1112, and elected abbot of Cluny in 1122.
	justus.anglican.org /resources/bio/151.html (1146 words)

	S Y N T H E S I S - Cluny & the Origins of Medieval Monasticism
		Cluny was also able to undertake the direction of other monasteries and, by becoming the first abbey to be "exempted from Episcopal oversight"[4] and thus remaining immune from any direct dependence upon the diocesan bishop, was granted permission by Pope John XI to take in dissatisfied fugitives from other abbeys.
		However with Hugh at the helm the Clunaic tradition - which was "not the outcome of any clearly formulated design" [11] - had already achieved a great deal; despite the coincidental commitment to reform which now emanated from the Church.
		Lawrence has described Cluny as "the spiritual Everest in a landscape containing many peaks”[12], and one nation which managed to develop a revival of the Benedictine rule along similar lines was Germany.
	www.rosenoire.org /articles/hist8.php (2572 words)

	Sample text for Library of Congress control number 2002026808
		The new church, dubbed Cluny III by twentieth-century archaeologist Kenneth J. Conant, was consecrated with an unprecedented swelling of pride.
		Most awe-inspiring of all, the great jewel-encrusted Corona of Cluny, suspended from the ceiling of the church like a hanging crown, and ceremonially lit with candles reflecting "the flame of crescents from all the facets of her stones," impressed observers as one of the great wonders of the age.
		The Customaries of Ulrich record that under Abbot Hugh monks at Cluny were served a plate of broad beans and a plate of vegetables, accompanied on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday by cheese and two eggs and on the other days by either five eggs or fish.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/samples/simon031/2002026808.html (3821 words)

	Origins of "Hughes"
		The surname, Hughes, is derived from the Welsh ap Hugh (son of Hugh) and from the Milesian O'Haodha, O'h Aodha or O'Haedha (aodh being the equivalent of Hugh) pronounced in Ulster O'Hugh.
		The Welsh ap Hughs came to Ireland about the seventeenth century and soon changed their names to Hughes, and the Irish bearing the Milesian O'Haedha for their family name, to avoid the persecutions to which the Irish Catholics were subjected by their English conquerors, shortly afterward did the same.
		The English and Welsh Surname Hughes is of patronymic origin, being derived from the first-name of the father of the initial bearer.
	www.geocities.com /~hughesdw/families/hughes_name.html (797 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Congregation of Cluny
		The abbey-church of Cluny was on a scale commensurate with the greatness of the congregation, and was regarded as one of the wonders of the Middle Ages.
		Commenced by St. Hugh, the sixth abbot, in 1089, it was finished and consecrated by Pope Innocent II in 1131-32, the narthex being added in 1220.
		Of those that were left at Cluny, some were burned by the revolutionary mob at the time of the suppression in 1790, and others stored away in the Cluny town hall.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04073a.htm (1234 words)

	Christian History Handbook: Medieval: Lecture Thirteen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Cluny monastery became a model institution providing both the inspiration and the active leadership in a reforming movement that swept through the monasteries in that vicinity.
		The luxury of the Cluny monastery, its priories and "daughters" perhaps contributed to the gradual drift away from the strictness that had characterized its earlier years.
		During the Abbacy of Hugh the Great (1049-1109) the population of the Cluny monastery increased from 100 to 300.
	www.sbuniv.edu /~hgallatin/ht34632e13.html (4547 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Saint Hugh of Cluny
		His father wanted him to become a knight and secular leader; his mother was advised of a vision recieved by a local priest that her son was destined for religious life.
		When Hugh seemed more inclined to the Church than the hunt, his father sent him to his grand-uncle Hugh, Bishop of Auxerre for education.
		Fought secular investiture, simony, and corruption among the clergy.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/sainth19.htm (173 words)

	Untitled
		On the basis of the reference to Saint Hugh as "veteranus Christi" in one of the versions of Hugh's "Vita," he places the date of the accident late in the abbot's reign at the close of the eleventh or the opening of the twelfth century.
		Instead, formal analogies to Cluny III, which he believed was completed for the 1131 dedication; to Saint-Lazare at Autun, consecrated 1132; and to the collegiate church of Notre-Dame at Beaune, which he thought was finished in 1140, suggested a date of the second quarter of the twelfth century.
		The miracle related in Hugh's "Vita" became proof for Oursel that the choir of the present church was in use during the abbot's lifetime.
	www.reed.edu /~mkerr/papers/thesis/prev.html (4474 words)

	Hugh of Cluny -
		Hugh, from a noble Burgundian family, was raised by his great-uncle, Hugh, bishop of Auxerre.
		He entered the monastery of Cluny aged 14, took his vows a year later, was prior by the age of 21 and abbot in 1049.
		Under his abbacy Cluny built a new basilica, the largest church in the world at the time, consecrated in 1095, and he was a leading organizer of the First Crusade.
	famous.adoption.com /famous/hugh-of-cluny.html (199 words)

	Chapter 2: St. James's Catapult
		Though he established no permanent relations between his family and Cluny, the personal compact into which he had entered was not forgotten by the successors of either party to it: for the Cluniacs were expert at prayer for the souls of sin-laden kings, and Sancho's dynasty was to become very rich.
		It may be that abbot Hugh of Cluny had a hand in Raymond's coming to Spain; he was influential with Alfonso VI and had close ties with Raymond's family.
		He came to Spain in 1080 at the bidding of his abbot, Hugh of Cluny, and was shortly afterwards given the abbacy of the important royal monastery of Sahagún.
	libro.uca.edu /sjc/sjc2.htm (8253 words)

	Search Results for Cluny - Encyclopædia Britannica
		It is called Cluny because it was inspired by examples of 16th- and 17th-century scalloped lace with geometric patterns displayed in the Cluny...
		French abbot of the Benedictine monastery of Cluny (1049–1109), under whose direction medieval monasticism reached its apogee and Cluny won recognition as the spiritual centre of Western...
		Extract from the 12th-century debate between the Cistercians of Clairvaux and the Benedictines from the monastery at Cluny.
	www.britannica.com /search?query=Cluny&submit=Find&source=MWTEXT (361 words)

	Saint Patrick's Church: Saints of April 29
		Hugh attended the Council of Rheims and eloquently supported the reforms of Pope Saint Leo IX, denouncing simony and the relaxation of clerical discipline.
		Hugh assisted Pope Nicholas II in drawing up the decree on papal elections at a council in Rome in 1059 and continued in close relationship with the Holy See when Hildebrand, who had been a monk at Cluny, was elected pope as Gregory VII.
		Hugh's integrity and generosity were known to all; when Saint Anselm fell out with King William II of England, it was to Hugh at Cluny that he first went for counsel.
	www.saintpatrickdc.org /ss/0429.htm (4201 words)

	Saint Hugh of Lincoln -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		There was little basis in fact for the story, but the cult that grew up around Hugh was a typical expression of the anti-Semitism that flourished in medieval times.
		French abbot of the Benedictine monastery of Cluny (1049–1109), under whose direction medieval monasticism reached its apogee and Cluny won recognition as the spiritual centre of Western Christianity.
		One of the chief promoters of the Protestant Reformation in England during the 16th century was a priest named Hugh Latimer.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9041419 (735 words)

	Chapter 6: The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VI
		Duke Hugh was the nephew of William of Aquitaine, who had married his aunt, Audearde, in 1069, and although Hugh compaigned in Aragón it is [107] possible that negotiations were initiated at this time.
		Presumably this is the same agent of Abbot Hugh who was mentioned in a private charter of donation on August 1, 1076, and in the letter of the Leonese monarch to Hugh in July 1077.
		Finally Hugh is advised to inform Alfonso VI of Rome's displeasure and to counsel him to accept its leadership lest he be excommunicated and find the pope himself in Spain to enforce his will.
	libro.uca.edu /alfonso6/alfonso6.htm (9896 words)

	Medieval Transformation
		Cluny is remembered as the first major attempt at monastic land ownership reform.
		They governed themselves, under their Abbot Berno and his elected successors.[30] Pope John XIX confirmed Cluny's independence from the bishop of Macon in 1024.[31] This ensured that Cluny would not be influenced by an absentee abbot or one chosen for political or economic reasons.
		At least one house, Frutturia, founded by William of Volpiano in 1000, "was to be God's property alone."[35] The prosperity of the Cluniac foundations may be contrasted with that of Flavigny, a conventional house in the same general area, dominated by counts and bishops.
	www.geocities.com /orccflorida/history/medtrans.html (6117 words)

	History Notes
		As C: # 12 makes clear, the cartulary in its present form was begun under prior Hugh in the 1080s, meaning that the earliest history of the abbey was recorded in documents collected and copied one hundred years after the establishment's foundation; C: # 12, and pp.
		While the unvaulted state of the porch towers would make it possible for someone to be struck by a falling piece of wood without having to propose scaffolding, all versions of the incident report it as having taken place in the choro of the church.
		Hugh's priorship is unlikely as he only took monastic vows shortly before he died in 1039.
	www.reed.edu /~mkerr/papers/thesis/histnts.html (2224 words)

	Saint Hugh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		There are a number of people known by the name of Saint Hugh, at least three of whom are regarded as Christian saints, and each is known only as "Saint Hugh": Please see one of the following:
		Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln - boy allegedly murdered in 1255
		This is a disambiguation page — a list of articles associated with the same title.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Saint_Hugh (112 words)

	Kolbe's Greatest Books: Pope Victor III, 1026-1027
		In 1083 the peace-loving abbot joined Hugh of Cluny in an attempt to reconcile pope and emperor, and his proceedings seem to have aroused some suspicion in Gregory's entourage.
		Before May was out he was once more in Rome in answer to a summons for the Countess Matilda, whose troops held the Leonine City and Trastevere, but when at the end of June the antipope once more gained possession of St. Peter's, Victor again retired to his abbey.
		In August a council was held at Benevento, at which he renewed the excommunication of the antipope and the condemnation of lay-investiture, and anathematised Hugh of Lyons and Richard, Abbot of Marseilles.
	www.greatestbooks.org /studentlibrary/churchpopes/victor3.htm (1629 words)

	Romanesque Art_Plates
		Cluny III, reconstruction model of the church and monastery in the 12th century
		Cluny III, reconstruction of the main tympanum of the West portal with Christ in Majesty, Evangelist Symbols and Angels, and the Three Maries at the Tomb and Way to Emmaus (on the lintel), sculpture ca.
		The Pentecost, from the Cluny Lectionary, illumination on parchment, made at the monastery of SS Peter and Paul, Cluny (Cluny III) in the early 12th century
	www.nyu.edu /classes/finearts/smith/romanesque/plates2.html (5063 words)

	Cluny : light of the Mediaeval World
		The abbey was also well served by the strength of character and the longevity of its first six abbots, the last of whom, Hugh, a native of Semur-en-Brionnais, was instrumental in rebuilding the abbey church which was to remain the largest abbey church in Christendom until the 16C.
		Many houses in the town’s historical centre still bear some resemblance to their appearance when the Abbey was at its apogee: the elegant sculpted arcatures of the living quarters may be admired above the large arcades of the ground floor providing access to a merchant’s store or craftsman’s workshop.
		Rebuilt at the time of Cluny III under the auspices of Abbot Hugh, the chapel is a very rare example of a building which has preserved the painted decoration prevalent at that time.
	www.burgundy-tourism.com /patrimoine/cluny_.htm (607 words)

	Romanesque Architecture
		The thrust of the nave vault is transmitted down the half barrel vaults in the gallery.
		Abbot Hugh (1049-1109) began the rebuilding of the Abbey Church at Cluny in 1088.
		Comparisons: One of the innovations at Cluny III was the introduction of pointed barrel vaults.
	employees.oneonta.edu /farberas/arth/arth212/romanesque_arch.html (380 words)

	The Catholic Standard and Times - Front Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		St. Hugh of Cluny is not well known by most Catholics nor by most of our parishioners.
		The church was built in a modified 13th century Gothic style in keeping with the spirit of its patron saint.
		As the Cardinal asked after celebrating confirmation, “Who had a devotion to St. Hugh of Cluny?” He is one of the lesser-known saints of the Church, but very important to the founding pastor — Father Hugh J. Dale.
	www.cst-phl.com /050310/parish.html (748 words)

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