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Topic: Hugo Spadafora

	Hugo Spadafora
		Hugo Spadafora (born in 1940) was a Panamanian doctor and guerrilla fighter in Guinea-Bissau and Nicaragua.
		Born in Chitre, Republic of Panama, Spadafora was a doctor, graduated from the University of Bologne, in Italy.
		Spadafora was detained by Noriega's forces when entering Panama from Costa Rica in September, 1985, and his decapitated body was later found.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/hu/Hugo_Spadafora.html (259 words)

	Inter-American Human Rights Database
		Hugo Spadafora Franco in which he seriously criticized the abuse of power by the Defense Forces of Panama, and particularly by certain political and military authorities in Panama.
		The investigation conducted by the Ministry of Public Affairs established that Dr. Hugo Spadafora Franco was dead, and that his corpse was found by Costa Rican authorities in Quebrada El Roblito, and that the autopsy on his body was conducted in Costa Rica.
		B. The arbitrary arrest, torture, and assassination of Hugo Spadafora by the Government of Panama is a violation of the Convention (Articles 4, 5, and 7).
	www.wcl.american.edu /humright/digest/1987/res2587.cfm (11544 words)

	Panama 9726 (a) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Ignoring the overwhelming evidence of Spadafora’s entry into Panama and his detention of an agent of the Panamanian Defense Forces, the Panamanian authorities continued to maintain that the victim had been killed in Costa Rica and that the matter therefore, did not fall within their jurisdiction.
		Spadafora publicly announced his return to Panama for the purpose of denouncing, together with his attorney Alvid Weeden, the corruption, drug trafficking, and other illegal activities of General Noriega.
		The arbitrary arrest, torture, and assassination of Hugo Spadafora by the Government of Panama is a violation of the Convention (Articles 4, 5, and 7).
	www.cidh.oas.org /annualrep/87.88eng/Panama9726a.htm (6235 words)

	PONSACS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		This extraordinary performance represented the willingness of the Panamanian Defense Forces (PDF) to use whatever means might be necessary to protect their institutional interest, and it was the first concrete sign that the popular base claimed by the military was, in fact, falsely claimed.
		In September 1985, Spadafora was brutally tortured and murdered, allegedly (and without doubt) by PDF officers.
		In sum, the Spadafora crisis exposed the brutality and venality of the regime, created an opposition hero and family support group, constituted an "investigation" of regime crimes, and initiated a nonviolent protest movement against the dictatorship.
	www.wcfia.harvard.edu /ponsacs/seminars/Synopses/s92scran.htm (2676 words)

	Panama 1989 - Chapter II
		Article 17 of the Constitution recognizes that: “the authorities of the Republic are instituted for the purpose of protecting all nationals in their lives, honor and property, wherever they may be, and aliens who are under its jurisdictions: …” And Article 29 states that in Panama, there is no death penalty.
		The murder and decapitation of Dr. Hugo Spadafora Franco took place on September 13, 1985.
		Spadafora, who had risen to the position of Director of the integrated health care system for the provision of Colon, was also Deputy Minister of Health of the Government of Panama, a position from which he later resigned to organize the Victoriano Lorenzo Panamanian brigade, which fought against Anastasio Somoza’s Government in Nicaragua.
	www.cidh.oas.org /countryrep/Panama89eng/chap.2.htm (1404 words)

	United Nations Human Rights Website - Treaty Bodies Database - Document - Jurisprudence - Panama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Spadafora as a guerrillero, notes that newspaper reports stated that her nephew had been implicated in the death of Mr.
		Spadafora by one Colonel Diaz Herrera, who allegedly himself was implicated in the doctor's death and who has since obtained political asylum in Venezuela.
		Spadafora: no documentation has been provided which would corroborate the author's claim that the office of the special prosecutor was biased against Mr.
	www.unhchr.ch /tbs/doc.nsf/MasterFrameView/2e6ff6bb10ab59a2802566e3003451e7?Opendocument (2652 words)

	History Channel Search Results (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Spadafora’s body was found tortured and beheaded in September 1985.
		He was classified as a prisoner of war in December 1992, and his 40-year prison sentence was reduced to 30 years in March 1999.
		In Panama, meanwhile, Noriega was tried in absentia and found guilty in 1993 of having ordered Spadafora’s murder eight years earlier.
	www.historychannel.com /encyclopedia/article.jsp?link=FWNE.fw..no054850.a (628 words)

	Panama - ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE
		The most striking example was the case of Dr. Hugo Spadafora.
		Spadafora was a former senior government official, who had criticized the role of the Defense Forces in politics and the alleged role of Noriega in drug trafficking.
		Spadafora's headless body was found in Costa Rica near the border of Panama in September 1985 after reports that he had been taken into custody by members of the Defense Forces.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-10056.html (811 words)

	Jurisprudence - CCPR - Panama - del Cid v. Panama
		The author notes that the charge was unfounded and based on the simple fact that her nephew had been present in the town of Concepción on 14 September 1985, the day of the murder.
		Spadafora as a "guerrilla", asserts that her nephew was accused of being implicated in Mr.
		Spadafora's death by one Colonel Diaz Herrara, who allegedly was himself implicated in the doctor's death and has since obtained political asylum in Venezuela.
	www.bayefsky.com /html/101_panama473.php (1453 words)

	The Panama invasion revisited: lessons for the use of force in the post Cold War era.
		Hugo Spadafora was a physician but also a romantic revolutionary, a guerrilla fighter, and a political activist.
		In September 1985, Spadafora announced that he would expose Noriega's involvement in drug trafficking and arms smuggling.(11) But before he could reveal his evidence, he was captured, severely tortured, and murdered in a manner intended to send a message to Noriega's opponents.
		The media, the Spadafora family, and leaders of the opposition demanded an immediate investigation and punishment of the murderers.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/gilboa.htm (10118 words)

	Arianna Online Forums - Naomi Klein: THE RISE OF DISASTER CAPITALISM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Torrijjo was murderedby the CIA for refusing to obey Reagan on the Panama Canal Treaty
		Spadafora at first allied himself with Noriega, then began to get uneasy about the man called "Pineapple Face" behind his back.
		Spadafora found out that Noriega was being paid $200,000 a year as an asset for the CIA, while at the same time he was providing information to Fidel Castro.
	www.ariannaonline.com /forums/printthread.php?t=23011&page=6&pp=10 (1199 words)

	The Militant - December 1, 2003 -- Cuban doctors played key role in Guinea-Bissau (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The exception was a young Panamanian, Hugo Spadafora, who had become impressed with the PAIGC while living in Cairo and started to write to Amílcar Cabral volunteering his services.
		“At that time we didn’t have any doctors.” Spadafora arrived in Conakry on February 10, 1966, and was sent to the village of Boké, in Guinea near the border with Guinea-Bissau, where the PAIGC had recently opened a hospital staffed only by a few nurses.
		What is certain, however, is that during the war Spadafora and the Cubans were the only foreign doctors in the liberated areas of Guinea-Bissau.
	www.themilitant.com /2003/6742/674260.html (940 words)

	All Material Copyright by Latin America Data Base. Latin America Data Base News Items Peac
		Diaz, who was apparently forcibly retired on June 1, was also quoted as saying that Noriega was involved in the death of government critic Hugo Spadafora in September 1985, and in the death of Panamanian leader Gen. Omar Torrijos Herrera.
		Winston Spadafora, brother of Hugo, whose beheaded body was dumped over the border in Costa Rica, also met with Diaz on June 8.
		He said that he would not "enter into polemics" because "the current situation is the result of a conspiracy whose name is known." A military spokesman, Maj. Eduardo Lopez, described Diaz as suffering from "a serious state of paranoia." Captains and majors signed a statement expressing their loyalty to Noriega.
	www.skepticfiles.org /socialis/panama2.htm (3846 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search View - Noriega Moreno, Manuel Antonio
		Noriega was accused of ordering the 1985 murder of a prominent critic of the military, Hugo Spadafora, but when Panamanian president Nicolás Ardito Barletta tried to investigate, Noriega removed Ardito Barletta from office.
		In 1986 allegations emerged that Noriega was involved in drug trafficking, money laundering, and acting as a double agent for both the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and Cuba’s intelligence agency.
		Noriega was later convicted in absentia by Panamanian courts of ordering the murder of Spadafora and also that of an army officer.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761561240__1/Noriega_Moreno_Manuel_Antonio.html (512 words)

	The Consortium
		There, John Molina met Hugo Spadafora, a former Panamanian health minister who was fighting with the contras on the so-called Southern Front.
		Spadafora had grown disillusioned with Eden Pastora and his contra army which Spadafora knew engaged in drug smuggling.
		John Molina added a warning that Spadafora should not to return to Panama, where Noriega had been recruited by the CIA to help the contras.
	www.consortiumnews.com /archive/lost18.html (2405 words)

	Panama: Noriega ~ by R.M. Koster
		Hugo Spadafora, a physician, raised volunteers in Panama and led them against Somoza, becoming a hero in the process.
		Of Spadafora he said, "The D.I.A. is known to have intelligence demonstrating that General Noriega ordered the killing." (3) I spoke with Seymour Hersh by telephone on May 7, 1997.
		At the time of Spadafora's death, the U.S. National Security Agency was intercepting Noriega's calls to Panama from France.
	www.escapeartist.com /efam/56/panama_again.html (3818 words)

	Machiavelli: Prophet or Teacher of Evil? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		His hand-picked presidential candidate, Nicolas Barlett, won a narrow victory in 1984, but resigned the next year after pressing for a full investigation into the murder of Dr. Hugo Spadafora, a political opponent of Noriega who had charged him with drug smuggling, and whose mutilated body was later found in a U.S. mailbag.
		Hugo Spadafora, participated in murdering General Torrijos, initiated electoral fraud, profited from widespread corruption, and participated in drug trafficking.
		Herrara was later captured by Noriega's men and signed a retraction of the statements, possibly in return for being allowed to leave the country.
	www.cumberlandcollege.edu /academics/history/upsilonian/files/vol2/JohnLaster90.htm (3708 words)

	Joachim Bamrud (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		If found guilty in the Spadafora case, Noriega would face up to 20 years imprisonment, the maximum penalty for murder in Panama, authorities said.
		The death of Spadafora, whose decapitated body was found in Costa Rica on the Panamanian border in September 1985, sparked massive protests and led to the resignation of President Nicolas Ardito Barletta.
		Barletta said he was forced to resign as president by the Noriega-led army after he promised to name an independent commission to investigate the death of Spadafora.
	www.bamrud.com /jb/upinoriega.htm (330 words)

	Panama - Noriega Takes Control (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Observers speculated that another reason--and probably the real one--for the ouster of Ardito Barletta was FDP opposition to the president's plan to investigate the murder of Dr. Hugo Spadafora, a prominent critic of the Panamanian military.
		Relatives of Spadafora claimed that witnesses had seen him in the custody of Panamanian security forces in the Costa Rican border area immediately before his decapitated body was found on September 14, just a few miles north of the Panamanian border.
		Because of uneasiness within the FDP over the Spadafora affair, Noriega, using Ardito Barletta's ineffectiveness as an excuse, pressured Ardito Barletta to resign, which he did on September 27, 1985, after only eleven months in office.
	countrystudies.us /panama/22.htm (1524 words)

	Sample text for Library of Congress control number 99048508
		That is the last sighting of the living Hugo Spadafora.
		Hugo had been everything Tony was not: tall, handsome, rich, loved.
		Delicious victory, especially after the noise that Hugo had made about Tony and the narcos, the threats he had made on the radio, the "proof" he had boasted about having in that little book of his.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/samples/simon031/99048508.html (4874 words)

	1993 Human Rights Report: PANAMA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Manuel Noriega and two others were convicted and sentenced for the 1985 murder of Dr. Hugo Spadafora.
		In October a judge convicted Manuel Noriega (in absentia) and two other defendants for the 1985 murder and decapitation of Dr. Hugo Spadafora, a former Vice Minister of Health and a critic of Noriega.
		Ex-PDF Major Luis "Papo" Cordoba and ex-head of the National Investigation Directorate Nivaldo Madrinan, both charged but acquitted in the Spadafora trial, are to stand trial also for the 1985 kidnaping and torture of Dr. Mauro Zuniga, president of the National Civic Coordination (COCINA), an organization opposed to the Noriega regime.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /erc/democracy/1993_hrp_report/93hrp_report_ara/Panama.html (6992 words)

	Discovery Times :: The Case Against Saddam: Despots on Trial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		But he was arguably the most blatantly criminal, with a long history of involvement in drug trafficking and a penchant for gory violence.
		The most infamous example of his blood lust was the was the torture-murder of Dr. Hugo Spadafora, the government's former minister of health, whose decapitated corpse was found near the Costa Rican border in 1985.
		Four years later, the dictator himself finally was overthrown by a U.S. invasion force and captured after a siege of the Vatican embassy, during which huge speakers were set up to blare heavy metal rock at him as an inducement to surrender.
	dtc.discovery.com /convergence/saddamcase/slideshow/slideshow_08.html (359 words)

	Movie Review, 4/14/2000 - The Texas Observer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Ostensibly a fictional version of events in Panama from September 1985 (when Noriega opponent Dr. Hugo Spadafora was assassinated) and 1989 (when the U.S. invaded Panama and captured Noriega), God’s Favorite attempts to create a universe familiar to readers of Graham Greene: brutal corruption, dark plots, sinister betrayals, outraged innocence, international intrigue, imperial machinations.
		In a scene Hoskins will no doubt replay in his nightmares, the distraught Tony counsels instead with the bottled head of Hugo Spadafora, unfortunately mislaid by its rightful owner in the first moments of the book (and film).
		Hugo’s role in both fictions is, understandably, mostly offstage, but Wright does grant him a surrogate romance, in the form of hooker-cum-hairdresser-with-heart-of-gold Gloria Sánchez, whose delinquent son Teo may in fact be the rightful heir to the democratic throne of Panama.
	www.texasobserver.org /showArticle.asp?ArticleID=877 (1581 words)

	Rubén Darío Paredes - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		However, after his resignation, Noriega reneged on the deal, ending Paredes' political career.
		An angry Paredes then made public statements to the press recognizing that Noriega had to do with drugs and that he ordered the killing of Hugo Spadafora, a famous crime that outraged all Panama.
		This statements gave force to Noriega's opposition named the "Civillian Crusade".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dario_Paredes (204 words)

	SOUTHERN FRONT CONTRAS
		In October 1985, a Station reported to Headquarters that it had been informed by the local DEA office that Hugo Spadafora had made vague allegations to DEA several weeks earlier that Gonzalez, Manuel Noriega and Jose Ortiz Robelo were engaged in drug trafficking.
		Spadafora was murdered in September 1985 and no information has been found that Spadafora furnished any information to DEA after his second meeting with the chief of the local DEA.
		The independent contractor says Spadafora was the first to tell him that Noriega was smuggling drugs with the Contras and that Gonzalez was involved.
	www.fas.org /irp/cia/product/cocaine2/south.html (19836 words)

	Panama - GOVERNMENT
		Rumors of a coup were spreading when, on September 14, 1985, the headless body of a prominent critic of Noriega, Dr. Hugo Spadafora, was found in Costa Rica.
		Six days later, the colonel responded by a series of public denunciations, accusing Noriega of involvement in the deaths of Torrijos and Spadafora and of using massive fraud to ensure the victory of Ardito Barletta in the 1984 elections.
		When these points were raised by United States ambassador-designate to Panama, Arthur Davis, in his confirmation hearings, Panamanian officials issued an official complaint, claiming that they were the victim of a "seditious plot" involving the United States Department of State, Senator Jesse Helms, and opposition politicians in Panama.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/panama/GOVERNMENT.html (13455 words)

	Panama - The Roman Catholic Church (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Nevertheless, the church leadership also criticized the lack of democracy in Panama and urged a return to elected civilian rule.
		In 1985, as political tensions began to mount, the archbishop called for an investigation into the murder of Dr. Hugo Spadafora and urged both the government and the opposition to enter into a national dialogue.
		When the 1987 disturbances began, the church stepped up its criticism of the government, accusing the military of having "beaten civilians without provocation" and of using "tactics to humiliate arrested individuals." Priests were frequently present at CCN rallies and demonstrations, and masses downtown became a focal point for some CCN activities.
	countrystudies.us /panama/60.htm (408 words)

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