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	Hukou - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A hukou can also refer to a family register in many contexts since the household registration record (戶籍謄本, hùjíténgběn) is issued per family, and usually maintains includes the births, deaths, marriages, divorces, and moves, of all members in the family.
		Although the current system is widely regarded within the PRC as unfair and inhumane, the main problem with liberalization is that there are fears that it would result in a massive influx to the cities which would stress already strained government services beyond the breaking point, and result in further economic loss to rural areas.
		Hukou is not employed in the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau, though identification cards are mandatory for residents there.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hukou (634 words)

	[No title]
		Based on a review of the development of hukou policies and discussion of changing functions of the hukou system and their implication on migration, this paper argues that both political and economic considerations are at work in shaping hukou policies for migration.
		The hukou policies before and after the economic reform The basis of the hukou system prior to the economic reform The essentials of the hukou system with regard to migration included the classification of hukou registration, the control mechanisms of hukou conversion, and the power of the system in regulating migration.
		The hukou leibie originated from the occupational divisions of the 1950s, but later on, as the system evolved, the "agricultural" and "non-agricultural" distinction bore no necessary relationship to the actual occupation of the holders, but to their socioeconomic eligibility and distinctive relationships with the state.
	mumford.albany.edu /chinanet/conferences/Zhang.doc (11615 words)

	EastSouthWestNorth: The Death of the Hukou-less Baby
		The common opinion is that the hukou system was unfair to migrant workers and this was a situation in which a male migrant worker suffered a case of depression when he was unable to register his son and therefore killed his son.
		But the Beijing hukou registration system requires that the father must have a Beijing hukou while the mother can have an outside hukou, the child must be born after August 7, 2003 and there must be "proof of residence" in Beijing (that is, possession of a home in Beijing).
		Hukou experts point out that the breakthrough in hukou reform has to proceed by severing the special privileges of education and job from the hukou system.
	www.zonaeuropa.com /20060821_1.htm (2933 words)

	Hope for China's Migrant Women Workers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Without an urban hukou, farmers are technically not allowed to live and work in the cities and cannot benefit from the social safety net the Chinese government provides to urban citizens (see Hukou Reform Targets Urban-Rural Divide).
		The geographic expansion of hukou reform is a bow to necessity, given the flow of rural inhabitants to urban areas in recent decades.
		Hukou reforms, therefore, should allocate labor more rationally by making it easier for workers to settle in areas where their labor is needed most.
	www.chinabusinessreview.com /public/0205/ye.html (5997 words)

	Resource Information Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A mother with rural hukou, for example, could only give her children a rural hukou despite the fact that the children may have been born in a city and even fathered by an urban resident.
		There are a few other very narrow channels for crossing the hukou barriers: passing college entrance exams, joining the military and becoming an officer (and thus a cadre qualified to have an urban hukou), or some marriage schemes.
		The difference is that the blue card (or stamp) hukou requires the sponsoring employer to be a major enterprise (in Shenzhen, the government set one blue hukou sponsorship per RMB 1 million investment or RMB 100,000 annual tax payment).
	uscis.gov /graphics/services/asylum/ric/documentation/China5.htm (820 words)

	Voluntarily in China: China's caste system? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Under China's hukou system of household registration, citizens must live and work in the place where they are permanently registered, normally their place of birth.
		The hukou system forbids them to compete with urban workers for higher-paying jobs, and migrant workers without jobs are subject to arrest by the state's public security bureau.
		My personal experience with China's hukou system is that my wife and I planned to register to be married last Spring but those plans were fouled by SARS becasue it required us to make a three hour trip to the south where my wife is registered.
	www.soapboxjams.com /china/archive/000201.html (972 words)

	CECC Topic Paper: China's Household Registration System (Hukou)
		The new hukou lasted only as long as workers resided in the city, and migration to another urban area still required a change to both place of residence and labor status.
		For example, in the fall of 2004, Shenzhen announced the unification of hukou identification for rural and urban residents.
		This risk is heightened because existing hukou policies bind the vested interests of the urban population and industrial sector with that of the Chinese government.
	www.cecc.gov /pages/news/hukou.php (7026 words)

	The Harvard Crimson :: Opinion :: Beyond 2008
		Hukous also raise a social wall between rural and urban residents, as the identification booklets very clearly separate the two classes of people.
		As is the case anywhere in the world, the poor are stuck in the catch-22 income-education cycle: the only way for them to break out of low-paying jobs is to get an education, but the only way to get an education is with money.
		It may be too much to suggest the immediate elimination of the hukou system, but the system should be changed: first to allow Chinese citizens to live where they want without excessive bureaucratic restrictions, and second to eliminate the distinction between rural and urban.
	www.thecrimson.com /article.aspx?ref=508356 (731 words)

	Hukou - China-related Topics HU-HZ - China-Related Topics
		A hukou (lang-zh户口) is a residency permit issued in the People's Republic of China which officially identifies a person as a resident of an area.
		It can also refer to Family register in many contexts, since a hukou book, or household registration record, is issued per family, and usually maintains track informations such as births, deaths, marriages, divorces, and moves, of all members in the family.
		Although a valid residency permit technically requires an individual to live in the area designated on his/her permit, in practice the system has largely broken down, and there are an estimated 150 to 200 million Chinese who are living outside their officially-registered areas.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Hukou (432 words)

	China forces internal migration -- again / College grads told, 'Get a job' or end up in Inner Mongolia
		Issued at birth by local governments, a hukou used to require a person to reside only within the town or district of his or her birth.
		Su, who had a hukou from Xinjiang, a poor province in western China, was one of relatively few students who beat the odds by getting into the prestigious BIT.
		During the Maoist era from 1949 to 1976, both the hukou and dang an controlled the course of a person's life -- where they lived, the education they received, which jobs they were allowed to do, even the quality of medical care they were entitled to receive.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2003/11/14/MNG4K30GNU1.DTL&type=printable (897 words)

	Hukou Waterfalls: Yan'an Tourist Attractions
		That is Hukou Waterfalls, a glistening pearl in the middle reaches of the Yellow River.
		In Hukou the water falls to the deep pond from a relatively high place, stirring the mist which rises high into the air like surging heavy smoke coming out of the river.
		The water in Hukou is very much torrential, so all the boats from the upper reaches must be pulled out of the river onto to the bank when they arrive.
	www.travelchinaguide.com /attraction/shaanxi/yanan/hukou_waterfall.htm (771 words)

	Hukou System in China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Hukou is basically a resident permit given by the government of China.
		Today, Hukou does not play that important role as before, but there are still a lot of difference.
		Hukou has a high impact for me. I didn't go to kindergarten in my whole life, since at the time I moved to city at the age of 5, I didn't get my Hukou yet.
	home.wangjianshuo.com /archives/20060610_hukou_system_in_china.htm (3269 words)

	Human Rights in China
		At birth, children are registered in the hukou system at their parentsÂ’ place of permanent residence.
		A larger proportion of the minority population has rural hukou status (around 79 percent in 1999 according to the China Ethnic Statistical Yearbook) as compared with the proportion in the whole population (63.91 percent according to the 2000 census).
		Bolstered by rationing, controls on employment and the severe shortage and public allocation of housing, the system controlled movement of all PRC citizens, especially rural farmers who were bound to their collective-villages until the early 1980s.
	www.hrichina.org /public/contents/article?revision_id=2080&item_id=2079 (4914 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Asia-Pacific \| China rethinks peasant 'apartheid'
		The hukou system of household registration has for decades discriminated against the nation's 800 million rural inhabitants, by depriving them of most of the rights enjoyed by those born in urban areas.
		The proposed abolition of the system in 11 of China's 23 provinces, mainly along the developed eastern coast, is expected to promote further growth by encouraging a new influx of labour from poorer western regions.
		He described the hukou system as one of the most strictly enforced "apartheid" social structures in modern world history.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/asia-pacific/4424944.stm (1467 words)

	Human Rights in China
		In fact, the hukou system, under which individuals and families are tied to a particular place and divided into urban or rural categories, remains the key to understanding the institutionalized exclusion that keeps the rural poor out of China's cities.
		Although the Chinese government began to announce "reforms" of the hukou system in the mid-1990s, these were not aimed at ending the controls on migration instituted in the first years of the PRC or at the eventual elimination of the hukou system.
		Nevertheless, the hukou system continues to impose differential opportunities based on inherited status, and is one of the key factors that exacerbates the growing inequality maintained by the deep rural-urban divide.
	www.hrichina.org /public/contents/article?revision_id=17138&item_id=3195 (3182 words)

	Simon World :: Hukou's back
		Only a few weeks ago it seemed the Hukou system of household registration would be abolished.
		Yet today's Standard reports the Hukou system is to remain and the reforms shelved thanks to pressure from regional and city governments (who are baulking at the cost of actually servicing the people living in their cities) and companies (who are baulking...
		Yet today's Standard reports the Hukou system is to remain and the reforms shelved thanks to pressure from regional and city governments (who are baulking at the cost of actually servicing the people living in their cities) and companies (who are baulking at the potential increased costs of their rural slaves).
	simonworld.mu.nu /archives/135549.php (561 words)

	New Century Net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Nevertheless, the hukou system, as a mechanism for social control and welfare allocation with its bias favoring the residents in urban centers, and its imposition of spatial and birth discrimination on rural residents has basically remain unchanged.
		Starting in the summer of 2003, one after another province and city have announced new steps for hukou reform, asserting that after their reform, there will be no more clear demarcation between agricultural and non-agricultural hukou (nongyie he fei nongyie hukou), between permanent and temporary hukou (changzhu he zanzhu hukou) in their urban areas.
		The major newly emerged social consequence is a further stratification between the higher educated urban population and the lower educated rural population in terms of urban hukou status and the related benefits for themselves and their later generations (more on this subject later).
	www.ncn.org /asp/english/da-en.asp?ID=56195 (2762 words)

	APMRN - Migration Issues in the Asia Pacific - China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Due to the existing Hukou System, which has separated rural from urban residents since the mid 1950s, those surplus rural labourers had to establish their own non-agricultural enterprises in or near their villages and townships, which are therefore called township/village enterprises (TVEs).
		The Hukou System is one of social control and administrative systems on the basis of household, whose members, either in rural or urban areas, should register themselves at the local public security office as legal permanent residents.
		Though the Hukou was still there, rural people could instead show their ID cards, which started from 1985 to replace the official stamped letter for travelling, to the employers and then obtain temporary jobs, mostly in construction, service and repair industries, etc.
	www.unesco.org /most/apmrnw10.htm (2431 words)

	Willove Communication (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Hukou labels what I am, once, and forever if no immediate update is taken in time.
		If you are in organization Hukou, it is troublesome to police station to find your single piece out and allow you to take the cover, the first page of entire book, and all originals to marriage registration office.
		In 1999, Beijing colleges asked all students, no matter Beijing Hukou or not, all should hand-in their Hukou Book and registered under the organization of the university attended, grouped and managed by class and grade.
	www.willove.com /doc.php?ref=marryhbk (970 words)

	German Chamber of Commerce, Shanghai - Charity Programm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The ‘Hukou’ entitles the family members to social benefits and government supported education and variations of it such as ‘Temporary Hukou’ also exist.
		Restrictions regarding work permits for people living in places other than where their Hukou registration was made, were loosened in 1979 for certain industries so that companies could hire needed staff regardless of their Hukou.
		These people were needed in all the booming cities along the coast but were taken advantage of in the case that they were deprived of equal treatment in line with their fellow citizens.
	www.china.ahk.de /chamber/shanghai/charity (1600 words)

	China's Household Registration (Hukou) System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		China’s hukou (household registration) system has imposed strict limits on ordinary Chinese citizens changing their permanent place of residence since it was instituted in the 1950s.
		Continued hukou restrictions may be fueling the emergence of an excluded migrant population in China’s urban areas.
		This Roundtable examined the role of the hukou system in Chinese society, its impact on Chinese migrants, and the effect of recent reforms.
	www.cecc.gov /pages/roundtables/090205/index.php (601 words)

	Simon World :: Goodbye Hukou
		For example the system of hukou or residency permits have for a long time restricted rural residents from claiming benefits when they move to cities.
		The central government first declared that it intended to do away with the hukou system at the 16th Communist Party Congress in 2002, and has been making incremental changes since then.
		The overhaul got a major boost in 2003 after a college-educated migrant in Guangdong Province, named Sun Zhigang, was beaten to death in police custody after being detained for vagrancy.
	simonworld.mu.nu /archives/130730.php (1063 words)

	BBC News \| BUSINESS \| Inside China: Workers on the move
		The system of permits, known as hukou, was devised in the late 1950s as China adopted communist central planning.
		The Ministry of Public Security, which administers the hukou system, confirmed on 27 August that hukou will be scrapped within five years because it puts "excessive constraints" on labour mobility.
		But the scrapping of hukou as part of welfare and labour market reforms is unlikely to mean the end of all kinds of control, especially in the biggest cities and in politically-sensitive Beijing.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/business/1552300.stm (958 words)

	Enter the Dragon: China's New Proletariat
		All citizens were assigned a hukou according to their place of residence, and that hukou essentially tied them to a definite administrative region.
		Those possessing an urban hukou received a monthly salary and the social benefits of their work unit, including housing, education, medical care, etc., and a subsidized ration coupon system was adopted to offset the costs of industrialization.
		The rural or “agricultural” hukou, on the other hand, simply served to confine its possessor to a life of back-breaking labor without enjoying the same benefits as the urban dwellers.
	www.lrp-cofi.org /PR/chinaPR74.html (3647 words)

	China Digital Times (CDT) 中国数字时代 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		China first implemented the system of residence permits in the 1950s, also known as hukou, to specifically avoid extensive rural-to-urban migration, considered at the time a move that would hamper the nation’s development.
		Residents with urban hukou enjoyed social benefits such as quota of food, subsidized housing, social security, right to employment, education, medical care and retirement benefits, while those with rural hukou had no access to such welfare.
		The new policy would drop the decades-old "hukou," or residence permit, system that has denied millions of rural migrants in Chinese cities the same rights to health care, education and social security as granted to native city dwellers.
	chinadigitaltimes.net /test_tag.php?id=hukou (1461 words)

	Who pays for expensive Beijing hukou? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Posted by Tsingsong, May 10, 2005 08:55 PM Hukou is a Chinese concept which is difficult to translate into English: It means registered permanent residence, and the document to prove it.
		Hukou's are useless if they are not used within a certain period.
		The article also says that the hukou policy is an important measure to control the huge pressures on Beijing's 15 million strong population.
	www.danwei.org /newspapers/who_pays_for_expensive_beijing.php (556 words)

	The Chinese Residential Revolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		China is on the verge of a major societal breakthrough, as the system of household registration or "hukou," may be finished.
		The hukou system is a holdover from the 1950s Mao regime.
		They feel that the hukou system is a form of apartheid, with the relatively privileged cities divided from the poorer countryside.
	www.newsmax.com /archives/articles/2001/10/28/203052.shtml (543 words)

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