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	CONK! Encyclopedia: Ilkhanate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The founder of the Ilkhanate dynasty was Hulegu Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan and brother of Kublai Khan.
		After the accession of his brother Kublai Khan, Hulegu returned, and the succession thereafter continued through his family--the true start of the Il-Khans, a term which means "subordinate khan", and refers to their initial deference to Kublai in ultimate sovereignty.
		Under the harsh reign of the succeeding emperors after Hulegu, the Muslim majority were oppressed under the Buddhist emperors, who encouraged the flourishment of Tibetan Buddhism and Nestorianism.
	www.conk.com /search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Ilkhanate (401 words)

	Mongke Khan
		Hulegu withdrew almost his entire army but left a minor force of 15,000 men to his general Kedburka to keep an eye on the horizon.
		Hulegu Khanate in Perisa became known as the Il-Khanate.
		Hulegu's campaing agaisnt the Caliph bitterly angered the Muslim Khan Berke of the Golden Horde.
	home.tiscali.nl /~t543201/web-mongol/mongol-mongke.htm (780 words)

	AttackonIslam
		He was in correspondence with the Hulegu, and convinced the Caliph that Baghdad was strong enough to withstand any Mongol army, despite the fact that the military was ill trained and ill-equipped, and the defenses were crumbling with age.
		In response to Mongke Khans death, Hulegu took most of the troops in Syria and marched to Azerbayjan, were he was in a strategic position in the case of the succession difficulties that were sure to arise between himself and his rival, Berke of the Golden Horde in Russia.
		Hulegu maintained control of Anatolia and the land east of the Tigris River.
	www.geocities.com /hcameronduguid/AttackonIslam.html (825 words)

	c. The Mongol Empire and Its Successors. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		Mongol forces brought territories in Iraq and Anatolia under Hulegu's rule, but failed to hold on to Syria, where they suffered defeat by the Mamluks (See 1260).
		Hulegu succeeded in creating an extensive Middle Eastern empire that included Iran, Iraq, and much of Anatolia.
		At least in the first three decades after Hulegu, their main aim was to extract as much revenue as possible from the population, which suffered enormous tax demands.
	www.bartleby.com /67/305.html (911 words)

	hulagu khan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Hulagu Khan (also known as Hülegü, and Hulegu; 1217- 8 February 1265 near Tabriz) was the grandson of Genghis Khan and the brother of Mongke and Kublai Khan, and the first khan of the Ilkhanate.
		Hulagu, the child of Tolui and a Christian woman, was given domination over dispatched by his brother Mongke in 1255 to accomplish the destruction of the remaining Muslim states in southwestern Asia.
		Hulagu returned to his lands by 1262, but instead of being able to avenge his defeats, was drawn into civil war with Batu Khan's brother Berke, suffering severe defeat in an attempted invasion north of the Caucasus, in 1263.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /hulagu_khan.html (617 words)

	The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Il-Khanate)
		Hulegu set out in 1253, and en route he encountered the Muslim group known as the Assassins, an Ismaili sect that practised an extreme version of Shi'ism.
		When Kublai prevailed in 1260, Hulegu enjoyed the Great Khan's favour for his support, and an increase in cultural interaction between Hulegu's Persian empire and Kublai's Chinese empire ensued, but the unity of the Mongol Empire as a whole was destroyed by Berke's refusal to recognise Kublai.
		Hulegu's son and successor, Abaqa, ended the war some years later, and the religious reason behind the animosity between the two groups ended when they both eventually became Islamic states.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/ilkhanate.html (2664 words)

	ummah.com forum - View Single Post - very intersting article for history fans: The Mongols Meet Their Match
		Hulegu Khan fell back to Iran on the news of the death of the Great Khan Monge, leaving a portion of the army under the command of a Christian general, Kitbuqa, who claimed descent from one of the Three Wise Men who visited the infant Jesus, while he contested for Mongol leadership.
		Hulegu showed no mercy, when a fortress was taken all the occupants, whether able-bodied men or babies in their cradles, were put to the sword.
		On the 15th, while the pillage was underway, Hulegu visited Mustasim's palace and forced the caliph to host a banquet for the Mongol leaders while the city burned and the cries from the street echoed into the night.
	www.ummah.net /forum/showpost.php?p=504188&postcount=1 (6559 words)

	WORLD ENCYCLOPAEDIA - Mongolia - The Ilkhans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		When Hulegu sent an army to Syria to punish Baibars, he was attacked suddenly by Berke.
		Hulegu had to turn his army back to the Caucasus to meet this threat, and he made repeated attempts to ally himself with the kings of France and England and with the Pope in order to crush the Mamluks in Palestine.
		Although Hulegu's successors did not exhibit the austere martial qualities of their forebears, they did bring a partial and brief economic revival to Iran.
	encyclopaedic.net /world/mongolia/20.php (349 words)

	[No title]
		When Hulegu learned of Kamil Muhammad's treachery, and that he had recently crucified a Christian priest travelling through his city on a Mongol passport, he commanded that the prince and all the inhabitants of Mayyafarakin be made an example of, a task he gave to some of the Christian contingents.
		Hulegu's reply, written in the most eloquent and flowing Persian prose, simply informed Sultan al-;Nasir that he was 'doomed to fall'.
		Hulegu, King Hayton and Count Bohemund were at that very moment planning the march on to Jerusalem and its longandshy;awaited return to Christendom.
	coursesa.matrix.msu.edu /~fisher/hst373/readings/marshall.html (8735 words)

	USS Clueless - The Assassins
		As news of Hulegu's army spread he was soon presented with a succession of sultans, emirs, and atabaks from as far apart as Asia Minor and Herat, all come to pay homage.
		Hulegu countered that he must immediately order the destruction of his own fortifications; when Rukn ad_Din prevaricated; the bombardment commenced.
		Hulegu took him prisoner, transported him to every Assassin castle they confronted, and paraded him before each garrison with the demand for an immediate surrender.
	www.denbeste.nu /cd_log_entries/2002/05/TheAssassins.shtml (733 words)

	Saddam Sounds Off: The Hulegu Speech
		And because the people of Baghdad, I mean the rulers in it, were not quite prepared when the Mongols and Tatars invaded the territory of China, India, Persia and the surroundings, their invasion of Baghdad was in agreement of what history had described, and which later include Syria and the parts connected to it.
		Hulegu's army has now come at this age to confront Baghdad after it has born anew with the sunrise, to record, with its new youth, a level of ascent which suits it well after it has abandoned its leading role for about seven hundred years.
		Everyone in whose body the Hulegu's intent and action has settled down will commit suicide at the walls of Baghdad and Iraq towns, as was the case with those who died at the walls of Jenin and Palestinian towns.
	www.doncroner.com /Blog/Saddam.html (2029 words)

	Views (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In 1258 the Mongol general Hulegu, grandson of Chinggis Khan (Genghis Khan) and younger brother of the great Khubilai Khan made famous by Marco Polo, approached the gates of Baghdad with his armies and ordered the city to surrender.
		Hulegu wrote Louis IX of France in 1262 that the number was 200,000, but a more common estimate of the number of people murdered is 800,000.
		Chinggis Khan, Mongke Khan, Khubilai Khan and Hulegu Khan were four terrible leaders of the hordes of Mongol cavalrymen who conquered much of the civilised world in the thirteenth century; Bush, Cheney, Rumsfeld, and Wolfowitz are now the four horsemen of hegemony at the dawn of the twenty-first.
	www.stratnet.ucalgary.ca /news_views/archives/2003/april03/views/views_main.htm (837 words)

	Armenian history, Mongol history, Georgian history, Cilicia
		When Hulegu saw him, he asked; "Are you the lord of Baghdad?" And [the Caliph] replied: "I am." He ordered him placed in jail for three days without bread or water.
		Hulegu asked the Caliph: "What sort [of man] are you?" [The Caliph] responded wrathfully as though to scare Hulegu, saying: "Is keeping me hungry for three days your humanity?" For previously the Caliph had said to the residents: "Fear not.
		By the order of Mongke-Khan, Hulegu is seated as Khan; the disobedience and punishment of four of the seven sons of the Khan; two wrestlers and their match.
	rbedrosian.com /ga2.htm (3685 words)

	Hulegu Shall not Prevail Again (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Hulegu's furious thrust made quick work of the Assassin religious sect then controlling Persia, and he consequently turned his armies to the opulent Abbasid lands further west, in what is now Iraq.
		Hulegu's army, powerful as it was, ultimately was crushed decisively in Syria by the Mamluks, a professional Turkish military dynasty in Egypt.
		To grasp the source of this resistance, it is essential to realize that to Iraqi eyes, a modern Hulegu and his armies are preparing to sack and devastate the city and its people for the sake of conquest and aggrandizement alone.
	www.people.fas.harvard.edu /~ulm/iraq/Hulegu.html (794 words)

	The Fall of Baghdad
		In the territories he governed, notably Persia, he was generally tolerant of Muslims, but once he was gripped by his lust to destroy any political entity capable of opposing him, he waged a war of total destruction against the most prestigious metropolises of Islam.
		At first, Hulegu asked the Abbasid caliph, al-Mutasim, the thirty-seventh of his dynasty, to recognize Mongol sovereignty as his predecessors had once accepted the rule of the Seljuk Turks.
		He proposed that Hulegu’s name be pronounced at Friday sermons in the mosques of Baghdad and that he be granted the title sultan.
	www.nestorian.org /the_fall_of_baghdad.html (529 words)

	WeekOneExcellentResponses
		Mongke Khan appointed Hulegu to oversee the westward expansion.
		The news of the defeat in Baghdad spread and Hulegu was surrendered to by many princes who offered him thier land, as well as many luxurious gifts in return for the chance to be a vassal lord and provide soldiers for the Mongol army.
		Hulegu's forces met with Mamluk armies, and for the first time in the persuit west faced exessive loss of life, equal military skill and ultimately defeat.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /~fisher/hst373/WeekOneExcellentResponses.html (1315 words)

	New Page 0 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Hulegu treats him well for as long as he is useful in persuading other Nizari fortresses to surrender.
		Hulegu is fortunate in his choice of adversaries - Caliph al-Musta'sim b'illah is probably the worst of his line to rule the Abbasid Caliphate.
		Hulegu, because of logistic constraints, is going to have to move light and fast against al-Nasir, and that tilts the odds to something more like even.
	www.althist.com /EA08.htm (7536 words)

	Nasir al (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It may be that indeed al-Tusi felt that he was being held in Alamut against his will, for certainly he seemed enthusiastic in joining the victorious Mongols who appointed him as their scientific advisor.
		Hulegu had little sympathy with a city after his armies had won a battle, so he burned and plundered the city and killed many of its inhabitants.
		So, when al-Tusi presented Hulegu with plans for the construction of a fine Observatory, Hulegu was happy to agree.
	pchome.grm.hia.no /~fsaljoug/Tusi.htm (1879 words)

	Mongolians - Research Into Origins Of Huns, Uygurs, Mongols And Tibetans
		Hulegu marched along the northern side of Tianshan Mountains, passing Alimali (present-day Korgas), and reached the bank of River Amu-darya in AD 1256.
		Hulegu ordered Mustaxin and his elder son be killed by wrapping them in blankets for the horses to trample on.
		Later, Tului sons exterminated the ruling of Ogedei descendants and diminished the domain of Ogedei descendants, and Chagadai domain was curtailed; Hulegu was given the territories beyond the Oxus River and the Hindu Kush.
	www.uglychinese.org /mongol.htm (9731 words)

	A General History of the Near East, Chapter 12
		Hulegu next marched into Azerbaijan, establishing his headquarters there; either Tabriz or a neighboring city would serve as the Mongol capital for the rest of the time they were in the Middle East.
		Abaqa Khan, Hulegu's son, was happy to exploit the Moslem rift, and sent his brother into Syria at the head of 80,000 men (50,000 Mongols, with Armenian, Georgian, Turkish and Frankish auxiliaries).
		Like Hulegu, he also claimed to be nothing more than a lieutenant of the great Kublai Khan, though by now that was only a formality.
	xenohistorian.faithweb.com /neareast/ne12.html (11143 words)

	al-andalus
		In 1256 the castle of Alamut was attacked by the forces of the Mongol leader Hulegu, a grandson of Genghis Khan, who was at that time set on extending Mongol power in Islamic areas.
		Hulegu attacked Baghdad in 1258, laid siege to the city, and entered it in February 1258.
		Hulegu, however, had made Maragha, in the Azerbaijan region of northwestern Iran, his capital.
	andalus.ifrance.com /savants/magribi.htm (540 words)

	Al-Tusi_Nasir (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In 1256 al-Tusi was in the castle of Alamut when it was attacked by the forces of the Mongol leader Hulegu, a grandson of Genghis Khan, who was at that time set on extending Mongol power in Islamic areas.
		Al-Musta'sim, the last Abbasid caliph in Baghdad, was a weak leader and he proved no match for Hulegu's Mongol forces when they attacked Baghdad.
		Hulegu was very pleased with his conquest of Baghdad and also pleased that such an eminent scholar as al-Tusi had joined him.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Mathematicians/Al-Tusi_Nasir.html (1879 words)

	Nasir Al-Din Al-Tusi
		A sign of close personal relationship with Muhtashim’s family is to be seen in the dedication of a number of his scholarly works such as Akhlaq-i Nasiri and Akhlaq-i Muhtashimi to Nasir al-Din himself and Risala-yi Mu‘iniyya to his son Mu‘in al-Din.
		Hulegu being himself interested in science, treated al-Tusi with great respect and he was deeply impressed by his knowledge, including his astrological competency; appointed him as one of his ministers, and, later on, as administrator of Auqaf.
		He was instrumental in the establishment and progress of the observatory at Maragha.
	www.islamonline.com /cgi-bin/news_service/profile_story.asp?service_id=996 (812 words)

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