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	The Human Genome Diversity project
		There seem to be two main scientific objectives to the project: a) to trace the evolution and migration of different human populations, with the hope of creating a definitive 'family tree' of human populations; b)to identify genes which confer resistance and vulnerability to disease, and use these to develop medical treatments and tests.
		The HGDP tends to assume that indigenous groups are genetically pure and unaffected by the massive population movements that have taken place over the last 500 years, and will thus help to provide a picture of what humanity looked like genetically before the migrations.
		The project has attempted to compensate for this after the fact by saying that indigenous peoples will be partners in the project, and will be invited to annual forums to discuss it, but it is difficult to believe that this really means anything.
	www.hgalert.org /topics/personalInfo/hgdp.htm (2750 words)

	Human Genome Project - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Human Genome Project (HGP) is a project to map the human genome down to the nucleotide (or base pair) level and to identify all the genes present in it.
		Initiation of the Project was the culmination of several years of work supported by the US Department of Energy, in particular a feasibility workshop in 1986 and a subsequent detailed description of the Human Genome Initiative in a report that led to the formal sanctioning of the initiative by the Department of Energy
		While the human DNA sequence offers the most tangible benefits, important developments in biology and medicine are predicted as a result of the sequencing of model organisms, including mice, fruit flies, zebrafish, yeast, nematodes, and many microbial organisms and parasites.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Human_Genome_Project (2315 words)

	LECTURE5
		The Human Genome Project is best understood as the 20th century's version of the discovery and consolidation of the periodic table (Lander 1996).
		Yet human diversity is also quite limited in that most genes have only a handful of common variants in their coding regions.
		The development of the Human Genome project is fueling the revolution, accelerating the discovery of new genetic connections to old human problems.
	entomology.ucdavis.edu /courses/hde19/lecture5.html (3163 words)

	Untitled Document
		HGDP is mainly designed as a way to integrate the various and unique ethnicities, populations, and communities of the world with the information and data provided by the Human Genome Project (HGP).
		In the end, the HGDP hopes to demonstrate where on the human genome the studied populations differ from each other and where they are the same.
		Primarily the HGDP is interested in documenting and tracing the history and evolution of the human genome in varying populations.
	www.chgosem.edu /geneticssite/unit1_HGDP_1.htm (2096 words)

	Appendix 1. The Human Genome Diversity Project: International Development Research Centre
		It consists of allnational programs to map the human genome, most of which are state-funded.Many scientists involved in the project agreed that it was important to coordinatetheir efforts, keep the project global so that data are not monopolized by any onecountry or institution, and ensure that new data are freely accessible by way ofdatabases.
		Project researchers or their assistants should also beprepared to explain the legal rights of research subjects and their own legal obligationsat the time the samples are being requested.
		The HGDP is not a commercial venture as such; its sponsors may decide to adopt a policy of not applying for patents at all.
	www.idrc.ca /en/ev-30136-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html (5668 words)

	Note by the Secretariat on human genome diversity
		The human genome samples are taken from individuals by way of blood donation or the removal of other tissue such as hair or the scraping of skin from inside the cheek.
		Opponents of patenting of human genes argue that the identification of a human genome is a discovery, not an invention, and is therefore not liable for patenting, as is the case for laws of nature which are deemed to be a discovery of something already in existence and therefore not invented.
		The Committee based its recommendations on four principles: recognition that the human genome is part of the common heritage of humanity; adherence to the international norms of human rights; respect for the values, traditions, culture and integrity of participants; and acceptance and upholding of human dignity and freedom.
	www.unhchr.ch /Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/TestFrame/aa73d1a2696c63d5802566440048ae16?Opendocument (4832 words)

	Stanford - Morrison Institute - HGDP Frequently Asked Questions
		The Human Genome Diversity Project (the "HGD Project") is an international project that seeks to understand the diversity and unity of the entire human species.
		The Human Genome Project is an ongoing international effort to map the positions of each of the human genes on the chromosomes and to find the sequence of the chemical building blocks that make up the genes.
		The Human Genome Project aims to sequence "the" human genome, with DNA taken mainly from individuals likely to be of European ancestry in North America and Europe.
	www.stanford.edu /group/morrinst/hgdp/faq.html (5154 words)

	Ethics, Spiritual Values, and Promotion of Environmentally Sustainable Development, by Oren Lyons
		In contrast to the positive foregoing project, we bring before you an illustration of what we consider to be one of the worst market-based intrusions, and violations of indigenous peoples human rights by science: namely the Human Genome Diversity Project.
		It seems clear that from the perspective of time and money alone, the Human Genome Diversity Project cannot explore the full measure of human genetic diversity, especially by confining their efforts to indigenous peoples of the world, who also happen to be the least protected people on Earth.
		In February 1994, the Human Genome Organziaiton (HUGO), the parent organization of the Human Genome Diversity Project, concluded that "the patent system is the mechanism of excellence for commercializing the results of the human genome project".
	www.ratical.org /co-globalize/OrenLyons.html (4272 words)

	Human Genome Diversity Project
		Unlike the Human Genome Project (HGP), whose aim was to produce a benchmark version of the human genome, the Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP) sought to map human difference.
		The project, however, required the collection of genetic material from a variety of indigenous "populations" valued for their "homogeneity" and their presumed "isolation"; this proved more difficult than its promoters had foreseen.
		As M'charek writes, "the Diversity Project was linked with concerns about economic exploitation in terms of gene patenting and the development of expensive medication, with the development of ethnic weapons ('gene-bombs') and racism, with bio-piracy and bio-colonialism and with a sheer interest in the history of populations rather than their futures (p.
	www.cjsonline.ca /reviews/humangenome.html (880 words)

	NativeNet: Human Genome Diversity Project articles from NATIVE-L
		The following articles, taken from the NATIVE-L mailing list, concern the Human Genome Diversity Project, which is being planned from an office at Stanford University in California.
		The project has been challenged by some indigenous peoples organizations on the grounds that collecting genetic material, even for purposes of scientific study, constitutes a violation of basic principles of human rights.
		25 Oct 93 The HGD Project - a response to SAIIC (Prof.
	nativenet.uthscsa.edu /archive/nl/hgdp.html (633 words)

	Debra Harry, The Human Genome Diversity Project: Implications for Indigenous Peoples
		This trend has enabled research institutions and corporations to secure patents for almost 5% of the entire human genome, and has spurred a rush for ownership of the remaining 95% of the human genome.
		The HGD Project has secured a grant from the J.D. and C.T. MacArthur Foundation (despite the expressed opposition of Native leaders) in order to develop a model protocol for the collection of genetic samples from Indigenous groups.
		Indigenous organizations need to alert all Indigenous peoples to the work of the Human Genome Organization (the body governing the HGDP) in order to prevent the taking of their genetic materials by this project, or by free-lance scientists, and to assist groups in reclaiming any genetic materials that have already been taken.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/41/024.html (2009 words)

	Evaluating Human Genetic Diversity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		As the committee's fact-finding progressed, it became apparent that the precise nature of the proposed HGDP was elusive; different participants in the formulation of the "consensus" document had quite different perceptions of the intent of the project, and even of its organizational structure.
		All the hypotheses related to genome evolution and patterns of variation that were testable with strategy I are also testable with strategy II, but in addition it is possible to test hypotheses related to the patterns of spatial variation and some hypotheses about the geographic subdivision of humans and patterns of gene flow or migration.
		For projects that are not able to specify goals in sufficient detail to quantify risks and benefits reasonably, the worst-case scenario should be assumed: the benefits will be at the lowest anticipated level, and the risks at the highest.
	www.nap.edu /readingroom/books/genetic (4005 words)

	The DNA Files - Learn More - Genes & Identity
		This report considers the issues posed by the proposed and controversial Human Genome Diversity Project, including: appropriate sampling techniques, human rights issues, and the keystone question of the value of undertaking a worldwide study of human genetic variability.
		The HGDP was proposed as a worldwide effort to document human genome variability.
		Cavalli-Sforza was the originator of the controversial Human Genome Diversity Project.
	www.dnafiles.org /resources/res05.html (1855 words)

	Biodiversity - Bipiracy and Human Genome
		Worldwide efforts such as the Human Genome Project and its offshoot, the Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP), as well as numerous independent research projects, are interested in collecting human DNA samples from Indigenous peoples.
		The HGD Project raises troubling questions regarding the definition of genetic samples or the products and data derived from them as "property." Patent law is the primary vehicle that enables scientists to secure exclusive rights to the commercial benefits of their genetic research.
		The initial conceptualization of the HGD Project has been widely criticized for its consideration of indigenous peoples as mere research subjects, with little regard for the continued livelihood of the targeted populations.
	www.ienearth.org /biodiversity.html (1650 words)

	Native American Radio and the Human Genome Diversity Project
		So the Human Genome Project (HGP), which is the larger project, is working over a 15-year period to sequence the entire human genetic code.
		They are looking for pristine human stock to study, because right now the world is a melting pot, and it is hard to find any human population that hasn't intermingled with another.
		When the discussion of preserving the biological diversity of the planet came up, participants wanted to come up with a biological diversity convention protecting habitats that are home to diverse life species that we don't know about.
	www.mecgrassroots.org /NEWSL/ISS22/22.09Genome.html (2266 words)

	5.07: Updata
		But so far, the diversity project has been "more controversy than project," according to Henry Greely, chair of the ethics subcommittee for the group's North American branch.
		That the HGDP had no patent aspirations was lost in the ensuing outcry.
		Jean Christie, RAFI's director of international liaisons, insists that given the international policy vacuum on the subject of genetic patenting, the diversity project should be shelved until the world community agrees to ban the patenting of human genetic material.
	www.wired.com /wired/archive/5.07/updata.html (852 words)

	hgdp
		The brainchild of renowned population geneticist Luca Cavalli-Sforza, the HGDP is an attempt by human population geneticists to try and generate interest in "big science" the way the medical genetics community succeeded with the Human Genome Project.
		The Human Genome Project was based on the medically-essentialized idea that you could represent the human species by a thing called "the human genome".
		It quickly managed to give a fl eye to all serious students of human variation; the support it has engendered within the community coming tragically from scientists hoping to prosper from it.
	personal.uncc.edu /jmarks/hgdp/hgdp1.html (611 words)

	HGDP-CEPH Human Genome Diversity Cell Line Panel NEW
		These LCLs were collected from various laboratories by the Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP) and CEPH in order to provide unlimited supplies of DNA for studies of sequence diversity and history of modern human populations.
		Robustness of the inference of human population structure: A comparison of X-chromosomal and autosomal microsatellites.
		Support from the relationship of genetic and geographic distance in human populations for a serial founder effect originating in Africa.
	www.cephb.fr /HGDP-CEPH-Panel (561 words)

	About the Human Genome Project
		Begun formally in 1990, the U.S. Human Genome Project was a 13-year effort coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health.
		A unique aspect of the U.S. Human Genome Project is that it was the first large scientific undertaking to address potential ELSI implications arising from project data.
		The order underlies all of life's diversity, even dictating whether an organism is human or another species such as yeast, rice, or fruit fly, all of which have their own genomes and are themselves the focus of genome projects.
	www.ornl.gov /hgmis/project/about.html (680 words)

	Links to the Genetic World: 1
		Human Proteome Organisation International group formed to further the understanding of human proteins and to realize the benefits of proteomics by encouraging cooperation among scientific, governmental, and financial communities.
		Human Proteomics Initiative (HPI) Project to annotate all known human sequences to the quality standards of Swiss-Prot, including information on each known protein.
		Database of Human Disease Causing Gene Homologues in Dictyostelium Discoideum
	www.ornl.gov /TechResources/Human_Genome/links.html (2271 words)

	Human Genome Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		To commemorate the 50th anniversary of the discovery of DNA's structure, the human genome sequence and the Human Genome Project were declared complete on April 14, 2003.
		It is called the Human Genome Project, and its ultimate goal is to map and determine the chemical sequence of the three billion nucleotide base pairs that comprise the human genome.
		Human genome analysis requires that we develop criteria that will enable us to decide which kinds of genetic manipulation should be allowed to enhance life, and which kinds should not be allowed.
	www.georgetown.edu /research/nrcbl/publications/scopenotes/sn17.htm (8528 words)

	Human Genome Diversity Project
		We particularly oppose the Human Genome Diversity Project which intends to collect, and make available our genetic materials which may be used for commercial, scientific and military purposes.
		We demand that scientific endeavors and resources be prioritized to support and improve social, economic and environmental conditions of indigenous peoples in their environments, thereby improving health conditions and raising the overall quality of life.
		We call on religious communities, human rights social justice and environmental organizations, funding agencies, all individuals and institutions refuse to participate, fund or provide other assistance to the Human Genome Diversity Project and any related programs.
	www.indians.org /welker/genome.htm (886 words)

	Bibliography: Health and Human Rights
		Genetic diversity proposals fails to impress international ethics panel.(the Human Genome Diversity Project).
		Social and ethical issues in the Human Genome Project.
		(ramifications of research into the human genome discussed at conference of scientists, philosophers and specialists in law, ethics and theology) New Scientist v123, n1672 (July 8, 1989):36 (2 pages).
	globetrotter.berkeley.edu /humanrights/bibliographies/healthbib.eugenics.html (988 words)

	SSRN-The Human Genome Diversity Project by Henry (Hank) Greely
		It has raised many of the same concerns as the well-established Human Genome Project ("HGP") but at the level of human groups rather than at that of individuals.
		As of the date of this article, the future of the HGDP remains uncertain, but it is certain that the study of human population genetics, with its implications for human groups, will continue.
		The history of the HGDP and the discussions of ethical, legal, and political issues it has stimulated are a source of useful lessons in either case, lessons about the complexity of social consequences of genetic research on human groups.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=231749 (321 words)

	Graphic representation of 42 races as determined from recent gene maps from the Human Genome Diversity Project. Eugenics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Graphic representation of 42 races as determined from recent gene maps from the Human Genome Diversity Project.
		This data is from The History and Geography of Human Genes by Cavalli-Sforza, Menozzi and Piazza.
		Gypsies, Jews, Samaritans and a few other population groups have not been considered because of their complex histories, but research is progressing on their racial make-ups.
	home.comcast.net /~neoeugenics/GeneMap.htm (370 words)

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