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	Human Genome Project - MSN Encarta
		Through a process known as sequencing, the Human Genome Project has identified nearly all of the estimated 20,000 to 25,000 genes (the basic units of heredity) in the nucleus of a human cell.
		The project has also mapped the location of these genes on the 23 pairs of human chromosomes, the structures containing the genes in the cell’s nucleus.
		The human genome is composed of about 20,000 to 25,000 genes located on the 23 pairs of chromosomes in a human cell.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761580681/Human_genome_Project.html (1418 words)

	Origins of the Human Genome Project
		The human genome project was borne of technology, grew into a science bureaucracy in the U.S. and throughout the world and is now being transformed into a hybrid academic and commercial enterprise.
		The genome project is premised on the claim that genetic maps and new technologies will be among the most useful scientific approaches to highly complex biological phenomena, not that these maps will be the end of biology.
		The genome project now embraces three main technical goals: genetic linkage maps to trace the inheritance of chromosome regions through pedigrees; physical maps of large chromosome regions, to enable the direct study of DNA structure in search of genes; and substantial DNA sequence information, enabling the correlation of DNA changes with alterations in biological function.
	www.fplc.edu /risk/vol5/spring/cookdeeg.htm (6240 words)

	Human Genome Project
		The other goal of the HGP is to map the human genome and create landmarks throughout the genome that can be used as reference points or as unique sequences of DNA that locate genes in their vicinity.
		Major questions and considerations included whether the sequence of the human genome should be done randomly, in the expectation that all the pieces would fit together eventually, or whether to sequence portions of the genome that are already known to be of biochemical interest and responsible for common genetic diseases.
		The advantage of the Human Genome Project has been the recognition that it attracted extra funding to the work, raised the profile of the effort within the scientific communities, and provided elements of organization and cooperation that would not have occurred with individual scientists pursuing projects based on their personal interest.
	www.ndsu.nodak.edu /instruct/mcclean/plsc431/students99/rothe.htm (4461 words)

	Human Genome Project Information on Healthline
		Although the ultimate aim was high-quality sequence of the human genome, it was recognized that the genetic and physical maps generated by the first stage of the HGP would be by themselves very useful for genetic research.
		In contrast to the HGP plan involving the use of genetic contigs and physical maps as a framework for genomic clones and sequence, scientists suggested that the whole genome could be fragmented into small chunks for sequencing, and then reassembled using overlap between fragment sequences (whole-genome shotgun sequencing).
		Celera had an advantage, because the HGP had agreed to release all its data as it was generated on to a freely accessible database, as part of the Bermuda rules (named after the location of a series of meetings during the early stages of the HGP).
	www.healthline.com /galecontent/human-genome-project (1403 words)

	Human Genome Project
		The Human Genome Project (HGP), an international effort formally begun in October 1990, was planned to last 15 years, but rapid technological advances have accelerated the expected completion date by at least two years.
		The project’s are to discover all of the approximate 100,000 human genes (the human genome) and make them accessible for further biological study and to determine the complete sequence of the 3 billion DNA subunits (bases).
		The HGP is also the first large scientific undertaking to address the ethical, legal, and social issues that may arise from such a project.
	clinton4.nara.gov /WH/New/html/20000315_3.html (1208 words)

	Human Genome Project
		The project to map the human genome was launched by the U.S. government in 1990.The mapping of the human genome is considered a major scientific advance that will provide researchers with new insights into what role genes play in causing disease.
		The human genetic pattern, or genome, is a biological map laying out the sequence of 3 billion pairs of chemicals that make up the DNA in each cell.
		maps of the human genome, to determine the complete nucleotide sequence of human DNA, to localize the estimated 50,000-100,000 genes within the human genome, and to perform similar analyses on the genomes of several other organisms used extensively in research laboratories as model systems.
	www.ad2004.com /Biblecodes/Hebrewmatrix/genome.html (607 words)

	Human Genome Project
		The Human Genome Project began in October of 1990 and was schedule to end in 2005.
		Some clinical issues raised by the project concern reproductive rights, adequate education of care-providers and patients concerning scientific limitations and reasonable expectations, genetic capabilities and social implications and the ability of patients to give informed consent to increasingly complex and controversial procedures.
		As with all health care decisions, ethical judgements concerning the potential and actual uses of the results of the Human Genome Project need to be made in light of the foundational principles of human dignity and the common good.
	www.ascensionhealth.org /ethics/public/issues/human_genome.asp (555 words)

	The Science Creative Quarterly » THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT: THE IMPACT OF GENOME SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGY ON HUMAN ...
		The HGP was an initiative started in the early 1990’s that has involved the efforts of hundreds of scientists to generate high-quality reference sequence for the 3 billion base pairs of nucleotide sequence that make up the human genome.
		Officially, funding for the project began in the 1990 with the goal of sequencing the human genome by 2005.
		Genome sequence information has helped scientists more easily identify candidate disease genes, however, we also realize that over 50% of the genes discovered in the human genome are still classified as having unknown function.
	www.scq.ubc.ca /?p=391 (1522 words)

	Human Genome Project
		With the launch of the Human Genome Project, the press argued over whether the human genome would be a 'holy grail of biology' or 'a splendid piece of symbolism and a scientific disaster'.
		The science that would provide the basis for mapping and sequencing the human genome was developed on a smaller scale: the sequencing of the genome of the humble nematode worm.
		When Celera announced that it planned to sequence the human genome, the race between the public and private efforts was on (in the media's eyes at least).
	genome.wellcome.ac.uk /node30075.html (803 words)

	Human Genome Project
		In 1986 Charles deLisi, then Director of the health research programs of the United States Department of Energy, proposed his brainchild: a massive undertaking that came to be known as the Human Genome Project.
		The Project was formally initiated in 1990, and was expected to require fifteen years to complete.
		Genomics: The Science and Technology Behind the Human Genome Project by Charles R. Cantor, Cassandra L. Smith
	www.iscid.org /encyclopedia/Human_Genome_Project (169 words)

	The Gene School - Human Genome Project
		The Human Genome Project is one of the most enterprising and challenging aspects of modern genetic research.
		Funded primarily by the US Government, this project was created to map and sequence the entire human genome--that is, to locate every gene on every human chromosome.
		The project is directed by Dr. Francis Collins (who with Dr. Francis Crick in 1953 deciphered the DNA structure) of the National Institute of Health.
	library.thinkquest.org /19037/genome.html (266 words)

	Human Genome Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Human DNA is being completely mapped in a massive international effort called the Human Genome Project.
		The project was originally planned to be completed in 2005, but scientific advances have put it ahead of schedule with completion now expected in 2003 or earlier.
		When a clone library can be ordered -- that is, when the relative positions on the human chromosomes can be established for all the fragments -- one then has the perfect resource for achieving the project's central goal, sequencing the human genome.
	www.myhealthspan.com /genome.shtm (727 words)

	Human Genome Project completed
		One of the central goals of the effort to analyze the human genome is the identification of all genes, which are generally defined as stretches of DNA that code for particular proteins.
		According to the new findings, researchers have confirmed the existence of 19,599 protein-coding genes in the human genome and identified another 2,188 DNA segments that are predicted to be protein-coding genes.
		In addition to reducing the count of human genes, scientists reported that the improved quality of the finished human genome sequence, compared with earlier drafts, provides a much clearer picture of certain phenomena such as duplication of DNA segments and the "birth" and "death" of genes.
	currents.ucsc.edu /04-05/10-25/genome.asp (1292 words)

	Human Genome Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		It is called the Human Genome Project, and its ultimate goal is to map and determine the chemical sequence of the three billion nucleotide base pairs that comprise the human genome.
		The Human Genome Project: Deciphering the Blueprint of Heredity.
		Human genome analysis requires that we develop criteria that will enable us to decide which kinds of genetic manipulation should be allowed to enhance life, and which kinds should not be allowed.
	www.georgetown.edu /research/nrcbl/publications/scopenotes/sn17.htm (8528 words)

	Human Genome Project Information on Healthline
		The HGP's goal is to decode the complete DNA inheritance, or genome, of human beings by 2003; following completion of a draft in 2000 that charted 90 percent of the human DNA inheritance.
		In addition to decoding human and animal DNA, the HGP trains scientists, develops techniques for analyzing genomes, and examines the ethical, legal, and social implications of human genetics research.
		The tools the HGP has built, including increasingly detailed maps of the human genome, helped genetic researchers navigate the genome and discover scores of disease genes in the 1990s.
	www.healthline.com /galecontent/human-genome-project-2 (818 words)

	CNN Specials - Blueprint of the Body: Overview
		Collins heads the Human Genome Project, a consortium of 1,100 scientists from four large genetic centers in the United States, the Sanger Center near Cambridge, England, and labs in France, Germany, China and Japan.
		The sequencing of the human genome is expected to eventually lead to more effective therapies for everything from cancer to overeating.
		The U.S.-led international genome project set aside 3 percent of its budget to study the implications of the commercialization of genome research and the other ethical, legal and social issues associated with the discoveries the research likely will generate.
	www.cnn.com /SPECIALS/2000/genome/story/overview (1596 words)

	Introduction - The Human Genome Project
		So while some genome project scientists are developing chromosome maps, others will be working to improve the efficiency and lower the cost of sequencing technology.
		goal of the Human Genome Project is to provide scientists with powerful new tools to help them clear the research hurdles that now keep them from understanding the molecular essence of other tragic and devastating illnesses, such as schizophrenia, alcoholism, Alzheimer's disease, and manic depression.
		For a human being or any organism to develop normally, a specific gene or sets of genes must be switched on in the right place in the body at exactly the right moment in development.
	www.accessexcellence.org /AB/IE/Intro_The_Human_Genome.html (1070 words)

	Human Genome Project Newsroom
		Begun formally in 1990, the U.S. Human Genome Project is a 13-year effort coordinated by the US Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health.
		Several types of genome maps have already been completed, and a working draft of the entire human genome sequence was announced in June 2000, with analyses published in February 2001.
		A unique aspect of the US Human Genome Project is that it is the first large scientific undertaking to address the ELSI implications that may arise from the project.
	genome.gsc.riken.go.jp /hgmis/resource/media.html (552 words)

	BBC News \| NEWSNIGHT \| Genome transcript - 12/2/01
		In London, the man at the helm of the publicly funded team said the genome should belong to no one individual or company, and that the commercial team's version draws heavily on the public work.
		But the genome is much more than a window on our past - it's about finding genetic clues to real diseases and designing drugs for real people.
		A snip is a single alteration in one letter of the alphabet between two individual copies of the human genome.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/events/newsnight/1173801.stm (1508 words)

	Human Genome Project Could Revolutionize Medicine
		The Human Genome Project, which has researchers worldwide mapping the genes of the human body, will likely change how medicine is practiced in the future.
		The Human Genome Project officially began in 1990 as a 15-year program to characterize in detail the complete set of genetic instructions of humans and some important laboratory organisms.
		Apart from the genome project, there are now a few laboratory tests to determine genetic risks for certain types of cancer and other diseases.
	healthlink.mcw.edu /article/1009398335.html (709 words)

	Human Genome Diversity Project - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The HGDP is in no way related to the Human Genome Project, and has attempted to maintain a completely distinct identity.
		Unlike the latter, which has attempted to map the entire human genome, the HGDP has attempted to map the DNA that varies between humans, which is a less than 1 % difference.
		Some members of the Human Genome Project (HGP) had argued in favor of engaging in diversity research on data gleaned from the Human Genome Project.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Human_Genome_Diversity_Project (860 words)

	UCSC Genome Browser Home
		The v4.0 whole genome shotgun assembly (Oct. 2004, UCSC fr2) was provided by the US DOE Joint Genome Institute (JGI) as part of the International Fugu Genome Consortium, led by JGI and the Singapore Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB).
		We have released a Genome Browser and Blat server for the Feb. 2006 v1.0 draft assembly of Gasterosteus aculeatus produced by the Broad Institute.
		Genome sequence data use restrictions are noted within the species sections on the Credits page.
	genome.ucsc.edu (1175 words)

	Salon.com health \| Book of life?
		The public project's leader, Francis Collins of the National Human Genome Research Institute, cautions, "There is much left to be done." The private project's leader, Craig Venter of Celera Genomics Corp., said that Monday was "not a very important moment except that it's the beginning of what we can do with it."
		For starters, nearly 66 percent of the data in the publicly funded project is in "draft" state, an acknowledgement that the DNA sequences are larded with mistakes.
		HGP officials, public and private, have settled, albeit temporarily, for half the amount of proofreading they know must eventually be done.
	archive.salon.com /health/feature/2000/06/27/gene_future/index.html (679 words)

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