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	Human Intelligence: Jean Piaget
		"Intelligence is an adaptation…To say that intelligence is a particular instance of biological adaptation is thus to suppose that it is essentially an organization and that its function is to structure the universe just as the organism structures its immediate environment" (Piaget, 1963, pp.
		Intelligence does not by any means appear at once derived from mental development, like a higher mechanism, and radically distinct from those which have preceded it.
		Intelligence presents, on the contrary, a remarkable continuity with the acquired or even inborn processes on which it depends and at the same time makes use of.
	www.indiana.edu /~intell/piaget.shtml (1176 words)

	Generation5 Forum - Machines with Human Intelligence
		Human intelligence is embodied and consists of many different types of system operating simultaneously in order to ensure the continued survival of the organism.
		Intelligence including human intelligence can be modeled and simulated as a particular type of purposeful or goal-seeking information processing.
		Human intelligence is very complex set of processes responsible for producing very complex patterns of intelligent behavior.
	www.generation5.org /forums/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=192 (3669 words)

	Human Intelligence IV
		Human populations are part of the fauna supported by the environment and are inevitably subject to normal ecological forces controlling their numbers.
		Human ethics were largely evolved for successful social management in small tribal-ape units, so it is not surprising that we have great difficulty in spreading them beyond a tribe of about 150 people, let alone to the global billions.
		It could be managed without a massive human cull, but present trends suggest that most elites who control the system by their material wealth and tribal status, will impart to the machine intelligence a belief in the merit of a planned cull of the world's poor.
	www.jmtaylor.bigpondhosting.com /evolution/evolution/part4.htm (15073 words)

	Long Bets [ 1: By 2029 no computer - or "machine intelligence" - will have passed the Turing Test. ]
		The human judge is free to probe each candidate with regard to their understanding of basic human knowledge, current events, aspects of the candidate's personal history and experiences, as well as their subjective experiences, all expressed through written language.
		Just as the human genome project accelerated (with the bulk of the genome being sequenced in the last year of the project), the effort to reverse engineer the human brain is also growing exponentially, and is further along than most people realize.
		A Human is a biological human person as that term is understood in the year 2001 whose intelligence has not been enhanced through the use of machine (i.e., nonbiological) intelligence, whether used externally (e.g., the use of an external computer) or internally (e.g., neural implants).
	www.longbets.org /1 (5252 words)

	Artificial intelligence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Artificial intelligence (AI) is defined as intelligence exhibited by an artificial (non-natural, manufactured) entity.
		Research in AI is concerned with producing useful machines to automate human tasks requiring intelligent behavior.
		The vision of artificial intelligence replacing human professional judgment has arisen many times in the history of the field, and today in some specialized areas where "expert systems" are routinely used to augment or to replace professional judgment in some areas of engineering and of medicine.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Artificial_intelligence (1340 words)

	The Question of Non-Human Intelligence
		Human beings have long assumed that they were at the pinnacle of the evolutionary pyramid thanks mainly to their more complex brain.
		A second problem with this humanist definition of intelligence is that it is based largely on human introspection and the knowledge that we are conscious, rational, linguistic animals(1).
		Interestingly humans are not at the top of this scale, dolphins brains demonstrate the most cortical folding(1) (see picture1 and picture2)(5).
	serendip.brynmawr.edu /bb/neuro/neuro98/202s98-paper2/Ball2.html (1943 words)

	Artificial Intelligence To appear, Van Nostrand Scientific Encyclopedia, Ninth Edition, Wiley, New York, 2002.
		Both the human and machine try to convince the questioner that they are the human; the goal for the machine is to answer so that the judge cannot reliably distinguish which is which.
		The nature of human language raises many challenging issues for language processing systems: natural language is elliptic, leaving much unstated, and its meaning is context-dependent (``Mary took aspirin'' will have a different meaning when explaining how she recovered from her headache, or her arrest for shoplifting).
		Intelligent tutoring systems make it possible to provide students with more personalized attention, and even for the computer to listen to what children say and respond to it (http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~listen/).
	www.cs.indiana.edu /~leake/papers/p-01-07/p-01-07.html (4399 words)

	On Human Intelligence
		The human mind, defined as the human brain at work, is still largely a mystery, despite much investigation and research.
		Humans have them all, in substantial measure, plus a crucially important additional learning capacity which the professionals call "imitation." More on that later.
		In my opinion the theory is plausible enough to put the burden of proof on the creationists and the Cartesian dualists to prove that human intelligence remains beyond the ken of science, and could only have come about at the intervention of some higher force.
	www.progressivehumanism.com /intelligence.html (3263 words)

	the Turing test and intelligence - abelard
		Intelligence is not merely ‘there’ or ‘not there’, but presents on a continuum in which we are potentially able to make distinctions.
		As such, intelligence may be regarded as inherent in every object down to the level of stimulus-response, or even the ‘equal’ and opposite reaction of Newton’s descriptions.
		While discussing the intelligence of machines, Turing, in his paper, even suggests injecting ‘irrationality’ into the functioning of a computer aimed at emulating human intelligence.
	www.abelard.org /turing/tur-hi.htm (3714 words)

	human intelligence
		Human intelligence measured via intelligence testing but this is only one type of intelligence quotient.
		We ask her what message she would communicate about the brain if she could talk individually with every person on earth.
		Communicate in alphabet languages, and you will largely be using a section of the left-hand side of your brain.
	remarkable.co.nz /learningweb/human_intelligence.html (284 words)

	Human intelligence tutorial review for psychology students, PSY371
		The Stanford-Binet intelligence scale which is still in use today was developed in 1916 when Lewis Terman, a psychologist from Stanford university, translated into English and revised the tasks created by Binet and his collaborator Theodore Simon in 1904.
		The nature versus nurture debate in the context of the study of human intelligence is by far the most viciously contested aspect of this field.
		The General Intelligence Factor (local copy): Despite some popular assertions, a single factor for intelligence, called g, can be measured with IQ tests and does predict success in life.
	www.psych.utoronto.ca /~reingold/courses/intelligence/intelligenceweb.html (1733 words)

	human_intelligence
		Many insist that human intelligence far exceeds any of the demands placed on it by evolution via natural selection.
		However, it is not clear that we could uncover the many nuances of social interaction, and their impact on developing intelligence, via a strictly algorithmic (non intentional) account.
		In the shadow of the dissatisfaction many feel towards the social sciences, I wonder if the reason there are not more answers regarding the question of the human intelligence is our failure to look in the right place(s).
	www.homestead.com /songsinthenight/human_intelligence.html (514 words)

	Human Intelligence
		The essential process of natural selection inevitably leads to complex life wherever the conditions are right, and in time intelligent organisms evolve which become technologically literate.
		Intelligence is a dangerous tool – it came into mankind like a cuckoo’s egg and we are now busily feeding the chick.
		When the evolution of machine intelligence takes off, the cuckoo will develop so fast that we will become irrelevant and left totally behind.
	www.jmtaylor.bigpondhosting.com /evolution/evolution (188 words)

	CNN.com - Experts: A variety of intelligence factors may have played a role - September 16, 2001
		The subject of U.S. intelligence was discussed by Odum, along with former CIA director James Woolsey and former U.S. Ambassador Paul Bremer, the chairman of the National Commission on Terrorism, on a joint appearance on CNN's Late Edition Sunday afternoon.
		Odum said leaks about U.S. intelligence over the past 10 to 15 years may have allowed people such as Osama bin Laden -- the Saudi multimillionaire and suspected terrorist who the Bush administration believes may be behind the attacks on Washington and New York -- to learn a great deal about how to evade it.
		But the experts suggested that the very structure of the U.S. intelligence system may have to be looked at, especially because of the case that seems to be developing as the massive investigation into Tuesday's attacks continues.
	edition.cnn.com /2001/US/09/16/gen.intelligence.terrorism (684 words)

	Artificial Intelligence vs. Human Intelligence
		Perhaps the most intellectually arrogant of the bunch, Raymond Kurzweil, researcher, entrepreneur and artificial intelligence pioneer, found popular success selling books predicting computer breakthroughs and became a media darling peddling a scenario where the human brain would be surpassed by the computer within the 21st century, whether it be chip- or molecular-based.
		What human beings are is a species that has undergone a cultural and technological evolution, and it's the nature of evolution that it accelerates, and that its powers grow exponentially, and that's what we're talking about.
		the grand complexity of the human mind that is the result of hundreds of thousands of years of evolution.
	www.phrenicea.com /chiphead.htm (840 words)

	[No title]
		Modern work on understanding human intelligence from a computational point of view began about 50 years ago, just after the development of computers stimulated landmark papers, such as those of Alan Turing on the “Turing Test” and Claude Shannon on computer chess.
		We expect that developing a full understanding of the components of human intelligence could prove to be one of those great intellectual challenges that take 100 years to meet, so we should be half way there in time.
		From the perspective of artificial intelligence, it seemed, during the field's infancy, that understanding intelligence from a computational point of view might be a matter of ten years of hard work.
	www.ai.mit.edu /projects/HIE/white.html (3174 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: On Intelligence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		"Intelligence" is defined by Hawkins as "the capacity of the brain to predict the future by analogy to the past." And the first necessity on the way to building an intelligent machine is to understand how the human brain actually works, a subject to which he devotes most of his book.
		Be that as it may, "On Intelligence" is not, despite its arresting title, a treatise on "human" intelligence.
		On Intelligence is a fascinating theory of the neocortex - the seat of human intelligence.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0805074562?v=glance (2886 words)

	History News Network
		For all that has been said about yesterday's appearance by former NY Mayor Rudy Giuliani, one thing that has not been noted was Giuliani's insistence that the intelligence community needs to depend more on actual human beings to do the work of interpreting the mounds of information collected by a vast technological apparatus.
		The problem, he said, was that too much of the government's efforts have gone into the technology of intelligence, but that there is no substitute for human intelligence: actual people who might infiltrate potential terrorist organizations to get the information that enables better, more accurate and effective interpretation of disparate bits of data.
		When the debate centers around imminent threat or illusion, truth or lies, accurate intelligence can make all the difference between war and peace.
	hnn.us /blogs/entries/5264.html (202 words)

	Books on IQ Tests and Human Intelligence (Learn in Freedom)
		Hunt's article was part of a section on intelligence and measurement of IQ, and it summarizes the different approaches taken to the study of intelligence by persons in the psychometric tradition and in the cognitive science tradition.
		Muddled view of human learning differences purporting to follow the Gardnerian multiple intelligences construct but actually mired in the unproven hypothesis that individual patterns of intelligence are largely fixed, and in a rather "politically correct" view of Western culture, which continues to be the culture to which most willing immigrants travel, after all.
		Because the average intelligence of Americans seems to be increasing at a steady, measurable, and rather substantial rate, researchers can investigate possible answers to these pressing questions [of malleability of intelligence] --answers that might be a precursor for developing successful interventions to reduce group differences between races and across social classes.
	learninfreedom.org /iqbooks.html (6798 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: Up From Dragons: The Evolution of Human Intelligence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Dragons of Eden: Speculations on the Evolution of Human Intelligence by Carl Sagan
		En route to the architecture of the modern human brain, we meet the aetiology of social and emotional life and their associated neural substrata in the prefrontal cerebral and limbic cortex (amongst other structures).
		Whether the modern human can prove him/herself to be intelligent enough to plan the survival of any future catastrophe (whether it be of our own making or another KT-like event) we will have to wait and see.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/ASIN/0071378251/qid=1020702986/ref=sr_11_0... (3460 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Books: IQ and Human Intelligence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		`What is intelligence?' may seem like a simple question to answer, but the study and measurement of human intelligence is one of the most controversial subjects in psychology.
		New definitions of intelligence and new factors affecting intelligence are frequently being described, while psychometric testing is applied in most large industries.
		IQ and Human Intelligence provides a clear, authoritative overview of the main issues surrounding this fascinating area, including the modern development of IQ tests, the heritability of intelligence, theories of intelligence, environmental effects on IQ, factor analysis, relationship of cognitive psychology to measuring IQ, and intelligence in the social context.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/019852367X (634 words)

	Human Intelligence Determined By Volume And Location Of Gray Matter Tissue In Brain
		General human intelligence appears to be based on the volume of gray matter tissue in certain regions of the brain, UC Irvine College of Medicine researchers have found in the most comprehensive structural brain-scan study of intelligence to date.
		Intelligence In Men And Women Is A Gray And White Matter (January 22, 2005) -- While there are essentially no disparities in general intelligence between the sexes, a UC Irvine study has found significant differences in brain areas where males and females manifest their...
		Richard Haier, professor of psychology in the Department of Pediatrics and long-time human intelligence researcher, and colleagues at UCI and the University of New Mexico used MRI to obtain structural images of the brain in 47 normal adults who also took standard intelligence quotient tests.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2004/07/040720090419.htm (831 words)

	Future Positive : Front Page
		A major division of synergic science is the study of human intelligence.
		This damage produces humans who are highly polarized in terms of validation.
		The human mind is most interested on those tasks that it finds both entertaining and meaningful.
	futurepositive.synearth.net /2003/06/03 (983 words)

	CNN.com - Bush: Better human intelligence needed - Jan 18, 2005
		Intelligence agencies need to improve in one particular area, he said.
		"Human intelligence, the ability to get inside somebody's mind, the ability to read somebody's mail, the ability to listen to somebody's phone call -- that somebody being the enemy," Bush said in an interview with CNN senior White House correspondent John King.
		Lack of human intelligence has been blamed for the belief that stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction existed in Iraq before the war.
	www.cnn.com /2005/ALLPOLITICS/01/18/bush.intelligence (1047 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		That opportunity is to bring together people dedicated to understanding human intelligence from the neuron level up to the manifestation of behavior.
		e are on the verge of discoveries about human intelligence that are as important to understanding the way we think as the discovery of the structure of DNA was to molecular biology.
		The The Genesis Group is a collection of students that aim to take the first concrete steps toward the vision laid out by the contributors to the thinking of The Human Intelligence Enterprise.
	genesis.csail.mit.edu /HIE (158 words)

	Non-Human Intelligence Phenomena
		In my view, the most compelling of a fledgling humanity are still to look for solace outside itself and to find modern myths in the post-modern age of anti-heroes and the love song of J. Alfred Prufrock.
		For them, the cosmos is filled with intelligent life that they wish to contact.
		Famous author on non-human intelligence phenomena, visitors, and "abductions." I appreciate Whitley Strieber's contribution for the clarity and non-judgement of his explorative reasoning.
	personal.netwrx.net /gk/NONHUMAN.HTM (747 words)

	Evolution doesn't explain human intelligence - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Fossil records show the development of the physical being, as well as the development of tools (simple and complex), habitat (natural or manufactured), and culture (jewelry, writings, and artworks).
		The fact that no writings are found with primitive men indicates a time period when man's intellect and intelligence had not been the deciding factor in his survival.
		Therein lies the evolution of man's intelligence: Dictated by survival, guided by natural selection, and refined over eons.
	www.evowiki.org /index.php/Evolution_doesn%27t_explain_human_intelligence (208 words)

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