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	Human leukocyte antigen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The human leukocyte antigen system (sometimes human lymphocyte antigen) (HLA) is the general name of a group of genes in the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region on human chromosome 6 (mouse chromosome 17) that encodes the cell-surface antigen-presenting proteins.
		HLA types were important in matching tissues and organs for donation and organ transplantation under outdated immunosuppression protocols.
		HLA antibodies are typically not naturally occurring, with few exceptions are formed as a result of an immunologic challenge of a foreign material containing non-self HLAs via blood transfusion, pregnancy (paternally-inherited antigens), or organ or tissue transplant.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Human_Leukocyte_Antigen (495 words)

	Human Leukocyte Antigen Test \| Principal Health News
		The human leukocyte antigen test, also known as HLA, is a test that detects antigens (genetic markers) on white blood cells.
		Human leukocyte antigen (leukocyte is the name for white blood cell, while antigen refers to a genetic marker) is a substance that is located on the surface of white blood cells.
		Because the HLA antigens are essential to immunity, identification aids in determination of the degree of tissue compatibility between transplant recipients and donors.
	www.principalhealthnews.com /topic/topic100586957 (689 words)

	AllRefer Health - HLA-B27 Antigen (Human Leukocyte Antigen B27) - Test/Medical Exams/Tests
		The human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) are proteins present on the surface of all body cells that contain a nucleus, and are in especially high concentrations in white blood cells (leukocytes).
		HLA antigens are the major histocompatibility antigens for tissue recognition.
		Many HLA antigens exist, but some are of special interest since they are more common in certain autoimmune diseases.
	health.allrefer.com /health/hla-b27-antigen-info.html (469 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Effect of human leukocyte antigen heterozygosity on infectious disease outcome: The need ...
		Vaccine designers have begun to take account of the HLA genotypes of potential recipients in choosing antigens for inclusion in a vaccine [15], and it has been suggested that HLA genotype be considered in designing samples for inclusion in epidemiologic studies of anti-HIV immune response [12].
		In evolutionary biology, the possibility that HLA heterozygotes are more resistant to infectious diseases is the basis for a leading hypothesis to explain the unparalleled diversity of HLA genes (and MHC genes in other vertebrates) and the maintenance of this diversity over long periods of evolutionary time [16].
		Dominance of particular HLA alleles conferring resistance, and/or recessiveness of susceptibility (poor outcome) alleles, have been documented for schistosomiasis [24], leprosy [25], acute lymphoblastic leukemia (for which an infectious cause is hypothesized) [26], and hepatitis B (in this case the outcome was vaccine responsiveness) [27].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2350/4/2 (5254 words)

	Tissue Type Test
		Antigens on the surface of body cells and tissues can tell the difference between normal body tissue or foreign tissue (for example, tissue from another person's body).
		The more similar the antigen patterns are from two tissue samples, the less likely it is that transplanted tissue will be “rejected.” An organ (such as a kidney) that is transplanted from one person (the donor) to another person (the recipient) will be rejected if the recipient's immune system attacks it as foreign tissue.
		Determine the similarity of antigen patterns between a possible donor and the recipient before doing any skin graft or organ transplant (including a blood platelet transfusion or bone marrow transplant).
	www.webmd.com /hw/health_guide_atoz/hw40261.asp (1247 words)

	Northern California's Comprehensive Thalassemia Center at at Children's Hospital Oakland
		Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) are proteins that are present on the surface of our bodies' cells.
		HLA typing is therefore very important in order to find a donor and recipient whose cells most closely match.
		An individual's HLA type is inherited from his or her parents at the time of conception.
	www.thalassemia.com /hla.html (316 words)

	Proving Paternity—Human Leukocyte Antigen Test
		The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) blood test is based on antigens (a substance that will stimulate the production of antibodies) found on the white blood cells.
		Because antigens are produced by genes, any HLA found in a child must be present in either parent.
		Thus, the HLA system of the blood of the child, mother, and putative father are tested and the probability of paternity is calculated.
	www.astm.org /JOURNALS/FORENSIC/PAGES/106.htm (153 words)

	Electrostatic potential on human leukocyte antigen: implications for putative mechanism of chronic beryllium ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Anti-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies blocked the Be-specific proliferation response in lymphocytes of workers sensitized to Be (Saltini et al.
		These HLA glycoproteins are heterodimers comprising an [alpha]-chain and a [beta]-chain, which form an antigen-binding moiety.
		Binding of the antigen occurs in an elongated groove on the surface of this complex (Figure 1).
	highbeam.com /doc/1G1:112210874/Electrostatic+potential+on+human+... (6008 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Previous work showed an association of the hemorrhagic form with human leukocyte antigens (HLA), suggesting a role of genetic factors in disease susceptibility.
		Nevertheless, data on HLA association with the classical form of the disease is scarce in literature.
		HLA class I and II typing was performed by the classical microlynfocitotoxicity test using monoclonal antisera and fluorobeads.
	www.bioline.org.br /abstract?id=oc04118 (291 words)

	Acquisition of intact allogeneic human leukocyte antigen molecules by human dendritic cells -- Russo et al. 95 (11): ...
		After 20 hours of cocultivation, the expression of the allogeneic HLA molecules on the cell surface of DC populations was analyzed by flow cytometry using mAbs specific for CD83 and (A) HLA-A2 or (B) DR0101 molecules.
		After 20 hours, the expression of the allogeneic HLA molecules on the cell surface of the DC populations was analyzed by flow cytometry using mAbs specific for HLA-A2 and CD83 (upper panels) or CD1a (lower panels).
		Sallusto F, Lanzavecchia A. Efficient presentation of soluble antigen by cultured human dendritic cells is maintained by granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus interleukin 4 and downregulated by tumor necrosis factor alpha.
	www.bloodjournal.org /cgi/content/full/95/11/3473 (3661 words)

	Human Leukocyte Antigen-DRB1 Position 11 Residues Are a Common Protective Marker for Sarcoidosis -- Foley et al. 25 ...
		T-cell receptor for antigen with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)
		or an autoantigen is unclear, as the disease causing antigenic
		The density of HLA-DR antigen expression on alveolar macrophages is increased in pulmonary sarcoidosis.
	ajrcmb.atsjournals.org /cgi/content/full/25/3/272 (3463 words)

	Tissue Type Test - [Medical Test] - Quest Diagnostics Patient Health Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Tissue type is a blood test that measures substances called antigens that determine whether donor tissue is compatible for transplant into another person.
		The amount of similarity in the antigen patterns for a match to work is different for each type of transplant.
		For example, the amount of similarity needed between the donor and recipient for a bone marrow transplant is greater than the similarity needed for a kidney transplant.
	www.questdiagnostics.com /kbase/topic/medtest/hw40261/results.htm (219 words)

	eMedicine - HLA-B27 Syndromes : Article by A Luisa Di Lorenzo, MBBCh (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In ophthalmology, HLA associations are strongest in diseases of the uvea.
		An HLA disease association is defined as a statistically increased frequency of the HLA haplotype in individuals with the disease compared to the frequency in individuals without the disease.
		The HLA system is genetically encoded in humans by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which is found on chromosome 6, and plays a determining role in immunity and in self-recognition in virtually all cells and tissues, with the exception of erythrocytes.
	www.emedicine.com /oph/topic721.htm (4156 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Your Immune System Works"
		There are also all kinds of human ailments that are caused by the immune system working in unexpected or incorrect ways that cause problems.
		In humans these molecules are encoded by several genes all clustered in the same region on chromosome 6.
		AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is a disease caused by HIV (the Human Immunodeficiency Virus).
	health.howstuffworks.com /immune-system.htm/printable (5631 words)

	Transmission of Parentally Shared Human Leukocyte Antigen Alleles and the Risk of Preterm Delivery -- Li et al. 104 ...
		HLA types and the transmission of parental alleles to the offspring.
		HLA allele from either parent compared with 25% expected (Table 1).
		Sharing of human leukocyte antigens in couples with unexplained infertility affects the success of in vitro fertilization and tubal embryo transfer.
	www.greenjournal.org /cgi/content/full/104/3/594 (3377 words)

	Human Histocompatibility Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-G Molecules Inhibit NKAT3 Expressing Natural Killer Cells -- Münz ...
		A novel surface molecule homologous to the p58/p50 family of receptors is selectively expressed on a subset of human natural killer cells and induces both triggering of cell functions and proliferation.
		Structure of the HLA class I region and expression of its resident genes.
		The natural killer cell receptor specific for HLA-A allotypes: a novel member of the p58/p70 family of inhibitory receptors that is characterized by three immnoglobulinlike domains and is expressed as a 140-kD disulphide-linked dimer.
	www.jem.org /cgi/content/full/185/3/385 (4276 words)

	Posttranscriptional Regulation of Human Leukocyte Antigen G During Human Extravillous Cytotrophoblast Differentiation ...
		Human placental HLA-G expression is restricted to differentiated cytotrophoblasts.
		Preeclampsia is associated with failure of human cytotrophoblast to mimic a vascular adhesion phenotype.
		HLA-A- and B-specific monoclonal antibodies reactive with free heavy chains in Western blots, in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections and in cryoimmuno-electron microscopy.
	www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/62/6/1543 (5384 words)

	Human Leukocyte Antigen Class I Alleles and the Disease Course in Sarcoidosis Patients -- Grunewald et al. 169 (6): 696 ...
		Human Leukocyte Antigen Class I Alleles and the Disease Course in Sarcoidosis Patients -- Grunewald et al.
		Human Leukocyte Antigen Class I Alleles and the Disease Course in Sarcoidosis Patients
		HLA class I alleles to be able to modulate these associations.
	ajrccm.atsjournals.org /cgi/content/full/169/6/696 (4779 words)

	A Human Histocompatibility Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-G-specific Receptor Expressed on All Natural Killer Cells -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Human NK cells express two types of receptors that bind to HLA class I molecules on target cells (1).
		(B) Binding of KIR2DL4-Ig to 721.221 transfectants was detected as described in A. Cell surface expression of HLA class I on the different cells, as detected by staining with the mAb DX17, was as follows (MFI in parenthesis): 221 (21); 221-B7 (1,731); 221-Cw3 (588); and 221-G (1,540).
		Several HLA class I molecules, including HLA-G, are permissive for the expression of HLA-E (2).
	www.jem.org /cgi/content/full/189/7/1093 (5187 words)

	Immunization with class I human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen can protect macaques against challenge infection ...
		METHODS: HLA class I antigens were immunopurified from a human B-lymphoblastoid cell line.
		Groups of four macaques were vaccinated subcutaneously with four doses of the immunogen in adjuvant, or with adjuvant alone and subsequently challenged intravenously with 10 median monkey infectious doses of cell-free SIVmac-32H.
		RESULTS: Macaques immunized with the HLA molecules produced anti-HLA class I antibodies that inhibited SIV replication in vitro and downregulated autologous T-cell proliferation against irradiated C8166 cells.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1995/sep/M9591005.html (484 words)

	Definition of human leukocyte antigen - NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Definition of human leukocyte antigen - NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms
		One of a group of proteins found on the surface of white blood cells and other cells that play an important part in the body's immune response to foreign substances.
		These antigens vary from person to person, and an HLA test is done before organ transplantation to find out if tissues match between a donor and a recipient.
	www.cancer.gov /Templates/db_alpha.aspx?print=1&cdrid=386210 (98 words)

	Presence of the Human Leukocyte Antigen Class II Gene DRB1*1101 Predicts Interferon {gamma} Levels and Disease ...
		Presence of the Human Leukocyte Antigen Class II Gene DRB1*1101 Predicts Interferon {gamma} Levels and Disease Recurrence in Melanoma Patients -- Lee et al.
		Malignant melanoma: relationship of the human leukocyte antigen class II gene DQB1*0301 to disease recurrence in American Joint Committee on Cancer stage I or II.
		The inhibition of lymphocyte stimulation by autologous human metastatic melanoma cells correlates with the expression of HLA-DR antigens on the tumor cells.
	www.annalssurgicaloncology.org /cgi/content/full/9/6/587 (3020 words)

	Mediastinal Fibrosis Is Associated With Human Leukocyte Antigen-A2 -- Peebles et al. 117 (2): 482 -- Chest
		Mediastinal Fibrosis Is Associated With Human Leukocyte Antigen-A2 -- Peebles et al.
		MHC class I molecules (human leukocyte antigen [HLA]-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C) are cell surface molecules located on almost all
		Reise Sousa, C, Germain, RN (1995) Major histocompatability complex class I presentation of peptides derived from soluble exogenous antigen by a subset of cells engaged in phagocytosis.
	www.chestjournal.org /cgi/content/full/117/2/482 (2066 words)

	Association between Human Leukocyte Antigen Polymorphism and Human Papillomavirus 16-positive Vulval Intraepithelial ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Association between Human Leukocyte Antigen Polymorphism and Human Papillomavirus 16-positive Vulval Intraepithelial Neoplasia in British Women -- Davidson et al.
		HLA DRB1* and DQB1* alleles and cervical cancer in British women.
		Zehbe I., Tachezy R., Mytilineos J., Voglino G., Mikyskova I., Delius H., Marongiu A., Gissmann L., Wilander E., Tommasino M. Human papillomavirus 16 E6 polymorphisms in cervical lesions from different European populations and their correlation with human leukocyte antigen class II haplotypes.
	cancerres.aacrjournals.org /cgi/content/full/63/2/400 (2567 words)

	CHEST: Mediastinal Fibrosis Is Associated With Human Leukocyte Antigen-A2 - ) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Measurements: HLA testing was performed on blood samples from all 19 cases.
		Information on HLA typing for the control subjects was obtained from the United Network for Organ Sharing.
		Frequency of HLA class I and II antigens found in the cases was compared with the frequency in the control subjects.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0984/is_2_117/ai_60099685 (287 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		invades and proliferates in human umbilical vein endothelial cells where it resides in a parasitophorous vacuole.
		In order to analyze which components of the endothelial cell plasma membrane are internalized and become part of the parasitophorous vacuole membrane, the culture of endothelial cells was labeled with cationized ferritin or UEA I lectin or anti Class I human leukocytte antigen (HLA) before or after infection with T.
		These results suggest the anionic site and fucose residues are excluded at the time of parasitophorous vacuole formation while Class I HLA molecules are present only on a minority of Toxoplasma-containig vacuoles.
	www.bioline.org.br /abstract?id=oc02098 (209 words)

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