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Topic: Human body louse

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	Louse - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Both agree in having nothing that can be termed a metamorphosis; they are active from the time of their exit from the egg to their death, gradually increasing in size, and undergoing several moults or changes of skin.
		A third human louse, known as the crab-louse (Phthirius pubis) is found amongst the hairs on other parts of the body, particularly those of the pubic region, but probably never on the head.
		The louse of monkeys is now generally considered as forming a separate genus (Pedicinus), but the greater part of those infesting domestic and wild quadrupeds are mostly grouped in the large genus Haematopinus, and very rarely is the same species found on different kinds of animals.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Louse (375 words)

	Body Louse
		It is, in fact, probable that the louse now found on modern man is the same or closely related to the species that infested early man. In most periods of history lice have been regarded as something that one lived with, and the job of delousing one another was an important part of family life.
		The human louse occurs in two forms, the body louse and the head louse, and these are very similar to one another.
		Body lice are important as vectors of typhus fever, trench fever and louse borne relapsing fever.
	www.the-piedpiper.co.uk /th5g.htm (777 words)

	eMedicine - Relapsing Fever : Article Excerpt by: Pierre A Dorsainvil, MD
		The human body louse transmits an epidemic form and is always associated with B recurrentis, whereas a soft-bodied tick transmits the endemic relapsing fever and may be caused by several different Borrelia species.
		Louse-borne spirochetes are transmitted either by the bite of a louse or by inoculation of louse feces.
		Humans acquire infection when infected body lice are crushed and their fluids contaminate mucous membranes, bite wounds, or other breaks in the skin.
	www.emedicine.com /med/byname/relapsing-fever.htm (552 words)

	Human Lice: Body Louse, Pediculus humanus humanus Linnaeus and Head Louse, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Insecta: ...
		Body lice live in the seams of clothing, generally where it touches the skin, and only contact the body to feed, usually holding on to the clothing while they do this.
		The body louse is the vector of three human diseases -- epidemic or louse-borne typhus, caused by Rickettsia prowazeki de Rocha-Lima; trench fever, caused by Rochalimaea quintana (Schmincke) Krieg (long known as Rickettsia quintana); and louse-borne relapsing fever, caused by Borrellia recurrentis (Lebert) Bergy et al.
		Although body lice may pose the most serious health threat in many countries, head lice appear to be the greatest nuisance, particularly among school children in highly developed countries where their presence is considered intolerable.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /BODY_IN261 (2152 words)

	Against Alopecia and Baldness
		But why and when human body hair disappeared, together with the matter of when people first started to wear clothes, are questions that have long lain beyond the reach of archaeology and paleontology.
		Humans lost their body hair, they say, to free themselves of external parasites that infest fur — blood-sucking lice, fleas and ticks and the diseases they spread.
		Humans have the distinction of being host to three different kinds: the head louse, the body louse and the pubic louse.
	www.againstalopeciaandbaldness.com /articulos.asp?cod=36 (1996 words)

	A lousy problem - head lice - includes related information on myths, louse-removing products, and preventive strategies ...
		Although he didn't know it, the human body louse is the vector (carrier) of several diseases including epidemic typhus, trench fever and relapsing fever (sporadic bouts of fever lasting two to nine days).
		Lice that live on human blood are small, flat-backed insects and include the body louse, Pediculus humanus, the "crab" louse, Pediculus humanus pubis and the head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis.
		Once a louse egg hatches, its casing or "nit" is left empty and in contrast to the glistening pearly look of live eggs, nit cases are a dull grey.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0857/is_n4_v8/ai_9297403 (908 words)

	BodyLouse (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		species and the head louse have been subjects of spirited controversy as to their classification.
		The body louse is important because of it's parasitic activities, but even more so because it is a
		body louse tends to remain on the body of the host only during actual feeding
	www.no-pest.com /BodyLouse.htm (286 words)

	A 27 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Pediculus humanus humanus); the effect of induced resistance on the louse population.
		Louse comb versus direct visual examination for the diagnosis of head louse infestations.
		Evidence from mitochondrial DNA that the head lice and the body lice of humans (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) are conspecific.
	www.md.huji.ac.il /depts/parasitology/kosta/Lice.lit.htm (718 words)

	Body louse (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Body louse typhus is a blood meal twice a very early reference to days during its month of life.
		Body louse nit combs, with stool body louse pediculus humanus, are not killed.
		Although body louse body lice infestations is transmitted by body lice.
	body-louse.valuewww.com (1216 words)

	News in Science - Human body lice reveal the birthdate of fashion - 02/09/2003
		Humans only started wearing clothes as little as 40,000 years ago, according to a new genetic study which has calculated when the human body louse evolved - a creature which needs clothes to lay its eggs on.
		These human ectoparasites differ mainly in their habitat on the host: head lice live in the hair and scalp, while body lice feed on hairless parts of the body but lay their eggs only in clothes.
		DNA analysis of the 40 human head lice and body lice sent from around the world revealed the modern genetic variation in the parasites.
	www.abc.net.au /science/news/stories/s937424.htm (575 words)

	crab louse, Pthirus pubis
		The head louse and the body louse are morphologically indistinguishable, but are easily distinguished from the crab louse.
		This bluish-gray discoloration of the skin is due to a poisonous saliva injected by the crab louse, similar to the melanoderma caused by the body louse (Riley and Johannsen 1938).
		All legs of the body louse or head louse are stout; thumblike process of tibia very long and slender, bearing strong spines, forelegs stouter than the others; abdomen elongate, segments without lateral processes.
	creatures.ifas.ufl.edu /urban/crab_louse.htm (1249 words)

	Scientists unraveling lice genome to halt blood-sucking pest
		The grain-of-rice sized adult body louse is six-legged and usually yellow to white in color.
		Body lice inject saliva into the infested person, often causing itching and usually a rash or red bumps on the skin.
		Genomics information relating to human body lice is surprisingly scarce, and this has constrained studies of their physiology, immunology and vector biology.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2003-10/pu-sul103103.php (1099 words)

	Body lice
		Body lice may be 2 - 3 mm long, whereas head and public lice are much smaller.
		They feed on human blood, and they lay their eggs and deposit their fecal matter on the skin (they may also lay their eggs in clothing).
		Body lice are transmitted by contact with infected clothing and bedding as well as by direct contact with an infected person.
	www.geocities.com /medipedia/000838.htm (324 words)

	Siphunculata
		The Head Louse is more or less whitish in colour and up to 3 mm long; the Body Louse is generally darker and larger, up to 5 mm long.
		The Head Louse is more or less confined to the hair of the head and children seem to be more susceptible than adults.
		The bite of the Body Louse can be very irritating and it is known to transmit several diseases, including typhus, relapsing fever and trench fever.
	www.kendall-bioresearch.co.uk /siphunc.htm (495 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| The sex ratio distortion in the human head louse is conserved over time
		Unlike the body louse where the female tends to return to the same spot for oviposition and which will lead to a clustering of eggs, siblings of head lice are practically not gregarious.
		Human head lice show a female biased sex ratio that has been conserved for over 100 years with a global distribution which represents a remarkable deviation from the stability of frequency-dependent selection of Fisher's sex ratio [1,51].
		spec., parasite in the alimentary tract of Pediculus vestimenti, the human body louse.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2156/5/10 (4870 words)

	Body louse scabies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The body louse scabies incidence of humans in the pubic louse head louse infestation.
		The crab louse body louse, pediculus body louse scabies humanus humanus linnaeus all occur on humans.
		Body lice body louse scabies are body louse scabies still puzzled and alarmed when small, persistent louse pediculus humanus.
	body-louse.valuewww.com /body-louse-scabies.html (1652 words)

	Typhus Summary
		The bacteria that cause epidemic typhus, for instance, are transmitted by the human body louse; the bacteria that cause endemic typhus are transmitted by the Oriental rat flea; and bacteria causing scrub typhus are transmitted by chiggers.
		Because typhus is transmitted by the human body louse, epidemics of this disease break out when humans are in close contact with each other under conditions in which the same clothing is worn for long periods of time.
		The causative organism is Rickettsia prowazekii, transmitted by the human body louse (Pediculus humanus corporis).
	www.bookrags.com /Typhus (2561 words)

	Acinetobacter baumannii in Human Body Louse \| CDC EID
		The body louse has been demonstrated to be the vector of three human pathogens: Rickettsia prowazekii, the agent of epidemic typhus; Bartonella quintana, the agent of trench fever; and Borrelia recurrentis, the agent of louseborne recurrent fever (1).
		While ingesting only blood from humans, the louse has a sterile midgut, and the presence of bacteria is likely caused by the louse's ingesting contaminated blood (2).
		Raoult D, Roux V. The body louse as a vector of reemerging diseases.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/EID/vol10no9/04-0242.htm (1418 words)

	MICROSCOPY UK - MICSCAPE ARTICLE: Human Lice, louse
		Once a louse has found a a good blood supply there is little need for it to move, as its food resource is not going to go away.
		The claws in the pubic louse, which lives in the pubic region are very pronounced giving rise to its alternative name of crab louse and the more derogatory "crabs".
		Eggs are laid singly or in clumps and are cemented to a hair (shown in the image right), though the body louse will also lay its eggs in clothing next to the skin.
	www.microscopy-uk.org.uk /mag/articles/louse.html (857 words)

	[No title]
		Relapsing fever is a disease transmitted to humans by ticks in the case of endemic relapsing fever or by body lice in the case of epidemic relapsing fever.
		prowazekii that is transmitted to humans by the body louse.
		Murine typhus is transmitted to humans by the bite of rodent fleas; symptoms are similar to those caused by the human body louse-transmitted rickettsial diseases.
	web.indstate.edu /thcme/micro/arthropd.html (2137 words)

	Epidemic Louse-Borne Typhus Fever
		In the past, it was associated with wars and human disasters and it is still endemic in the highlands and cold areas of Africa, Asia and Central and South America.
		The louse invariably dies within two weeks after infection; rickettsiae may remain viable in the dead louse for weeks.
		In view of the spread of insecticide resistance in body louse populations, the choice of insecticide for a campaign should be preceded by a survey of insecticide susceptibility status.
	aquasolution.com /en/eau/014.htm (866 words)

	Head Lice
		The human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis, is distinct from, but closely related to, the body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus and crab or pubic louse, Pthirus pubis.
		Head louse infestation is usually signalled by intense itching and scratching of the scalp and the back of the neck or when there is a known infestation in a community.
		Although the body louse is the vector of three human diseases (epidemic or louse-borne typhus, caused by Rickettsia prowazeki, trench fever, caused by Rochalimaea quintana and louse-borne relapsing fever, caused by Borrellia recurrentis) head lice are not associated with any specific disease.
	www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk /Video/headlouse.html (519 words)

	<Lice>
		Lice are a menace to humans, not only because of their blood-feeding habits, but also because of their ability to transmit pathogens.
		The human body louse has been indirectly responsible for influencing human history through its ability to transmit the causative agent of epidemic typhus.
		Crab louse infestations are usually indicated by the presence of eggs/nits.
	www.ag.auburn.edu /enpl/newschoolipm/Lice.php (554 words)

	Olympus MIC-D: Oblique Gallery - Human Head Louse
		Demonstrating a near-perfect illustration of coevolution, the six legs of the head louse are adapted for efficiently grasping the person's hair shafts.
		After eight days of development, a nymphal louse hatches from its egg or nit, beginning the life cycle of feeding, growing, and maturing until at age 9 to 12 days, the adult stage is reached.
		Closely related body lice, as their name implies, are found on the human body everywhere except the scalp and facial hair.
	www.olympusmicro.com /micd/galleries/oblique/humanheadlouselow.html (376 words)

	Public Health and Medical Entomology
		This louse and the human body lice were not involved in transmission to humans.
		Humans who survive infection and harbor rickettsiae in their lymph nodes for months to many years.
		NOTE: A re-occurring human infection, Brill-Zinsser disease, is the source of rickettsiae to body lice.
	www.entm.purdue.edu /publichealth/diseases/louse/typhus.html (430 words)

	Kuakini Health System
		The human body louse is infected by feeding on the blood of an infected person.
		Humans become infected directly from the fleabite or when the fleas' feces containing Rickettsia typhi enters the fleabite or other open lesions.
		The rash spreads to the whole body except the face, palms and sole of the feet.
	www.kuakini.org /HealthWellness/Intouch.asp?id=210 (426 words)

	Rickettsia prowazeki (causes the disease epidemic typhus) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The bacterium that causes the disease epidemic typhus, transmitted to humans by the Human Body Louse.
		The vector that transmits this disease organism to humans is the Human Body Louse Pediculus humanus.
		Through all of human history, it is claimed that more people have been killed by epidemic typhus than by all the wars combined.
	www.museums.org.za /bio/eubacteria/rickettsia_prowazeki.htm (332 words)

	UMass Amherst : In the Loop : People : Clark part of effort to sequence louse genome
		The research is being funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute, one of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
		Body lice, and their relatives the head lice and pubic lice, all feed on humans.
		The body louse genome is one of seven non-mammalian organisms chosen for the sequencing program and one of three targeted for a high-quality sequence.
	www.umass.edu /loop/people/articles/33897.php (240 words)

	The Loom: If These Lice Could Talk
		The human body louse, Pediculus humanus, has two ways of making a living--either dwelling on the scalp, feeding on blood, or snuggling into our clothes and come out once or twice a day to graze on our bodies.
		The molecular clock puts the split between lice that live on humans and chimps at 5.6 million years ago--exquisitely close to the age that's been estimated for humans from studies on both DNA and fossils.
		Humans appear to have gotten to Australia by at least 40,000 years ago, and perhaps much earlier.
	www.corante.com /loom/archives/026325.html (1403 words)

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