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	Human capital - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Human capital is a way of defining and categorizing peoples' skills and abilities as used in employment and otherwise contribute to the economy.
		In this view, human capital is similar to "physical means of production", e.g., factories and machines: one can invest in human capital (via education, training, medical treatment) and one's income depends partly on the rate of return on the human capital one owns.
		Human capital is substitutable: it will not replace land, labor, or capital totally, but it can be substituted for them to various degrees and be included as a separate variable in a production function.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Human_capital (1061 words)

	Capital flight - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Capital flight, in economics, occurs when assets and/or money rapidly flow out of a country, due to an economic event that disturbs investors and causes them to lower their valuation of the assets in that country, or otherwise to lose confidence in its economic strength.
		This fall is particularly damaging when the capital belongs to the people of the affected country, because not only are the citizens now burdened by the loss of faith in the economy and devaluation of their currency, but probably also their assets have lost much of their nominal value.
		The Argentine economic crisis of 2001 was in part the result of massive capital flight, induced by fears that Argentina would default on its external debt (the situation was made worse by the fact that Argentina has an artificially low fixed exchange rate and was dependent on large levels of reserve currency).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Capital_flight (281 words)

	Human capital - LearnThis.Info Enclyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The most well-known application of the idea of "human capital" in economics is that of Jacob Mincer and Gary Becker of the Chicago school.
		In this view, human capital is like "physical means of production," e.g., factories and machines: one can invest in it (via education, training, medical treatment) and one's income depends partly on the rate of return on the human capital one owns.
		Under capitalism, this means that the employer must be receiving an adequate rate of profit from his or her operations, so that workers must be producing surplus-value, i.e., doing work beyond that necessary to maintain their labor-power.
	encyclopedia.learnthis.info /h/hu/human_capital.html (906 words)

	Encyclopedia: Human capital (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In common usage capitalism refers to an economic system in which all or most of the means of production are privately owned and operated, and where investment and the production, distribution and prices of commodities (goods and services) are determined privately in a free market, rather than by the state.
		Human development theory is an economic theory that merges older ideas from ecological economics, sustainable development, welfare economics, and feminist economics.
		Human Capital Management is the art and science of managing an organisations most important asset - its people.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Human-capital (2201 words)

	TOWARDS A HUMAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Human development ultimately rests upon a vigorous civil society -- a host of non-governmental organisations that give people a voice and instruments for action -- and in countries where civil society is weak, it should be a major purpose of public policy to invigorate it.
		Human development is not a euphemism for the wide array of social policies one typically finds in western Europe; it is a growth and development strategy intended to improve the well being of people in as short a time as possible.
		A human development strategy entails the construction of a basic health care system accessible to all and this, in turn, implies a reallocation of public expenditure away from expensive curative equipment, urban hospitals, the training of large numbers of doctors and the payment of their high salaries once they start to practise conventional medicine.
	meltingpot.fortunecity.com /lebanon/254/griffen.htm (20286 words)

	Human capital Article, Humancapital Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Thus, human capital is a stock of assets one owns, which allows one toreceive a flow of income, which is like interest earned.
		In some way, the idea of "human capital" is similar to Karl Marx 's concept of labor-power : to him, under capitalism workers had to sell their labor-power in order to receive income (wages and salaries).
		Other analysis, for instance in human developmenttheory, differentiate social trust (social capital), sharableknowledge (instructional capital), and the individualleadership and creativity (individual capital) as threedistinct capacities of a human applying him or her self in economic activity.
	www.anoca.org /one/income/human_capital.html (803 words)

	GU - SFS - ISD:
		Assuming a labor force participation rate of 35.5 percent and a cumulative Sub-Saharan population of 621.8 million, capital flight per worker of $683 suggests that the stock of African private capital held abroad is approximately $150 billion.
		Using this capital flight framework in an African context, exchange rate overvaluation/ depreciation was found to have the strongest impact on African capital flight.
		Because an unknown portion of expatriate capital is criminally-related (estimates range as high as two-thirds of the total) and/or was moved abroad in contravenance of capital controls, such an amnesty may be necessary to remove the deterrent effect caused by the fear of criminal liability.
	www.georgetown.edu /sfs/programs/isd/schlesinger/1998/mobil.htm (5814 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Human capital is a way of defining and 9 categorizing peoples' skills 2 and abilities as 6 used in employment and 0 otherwise contribute to 6 the economy.
		6 Other analysis, for 6 instance in human 8 development theory, differentiate 5 social trust (social capital), 0 sharable knowledge (instructional 3 capital), and the individual 6 leadership and creativity 3 (individual capital) as three 4 distinct capacities of a 6 human applying him 6 or her self in 3 economic activity.
		The term human capital in human development 4 theory, thus refers 3 to ambiguous combinations of 7 these.
	www.thub.net /human_capital_.htm (414 words)

	Towards a human development strategy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In both the Pakistan and Bangladesh human development reports the education of women was underlined as being critical in attaining a number of other objectives -- improved child nutrition, decreased incidence of disease, and lower growth of the population.
		It has been estimated that in the Philippines capital flight was equivalent to about 70 per cent of the foreign debt, and the proportions are thought to be even higher in Argentina, Venezuela and Mexico.
		We thus have a possible virtuous circle: expenditure on human development weakens the structural causes of non-negotiable violence; this leads to reduced social conflict, which in turn allows a reduction in spending on internal security; less spending on internal security releases resources for human development, which further weakens the structural causes of non-negotiable violence.
	gd.tuwien.ac.at /soc/undp/oc6d.htm (11323 words)

	Feature Article of Sunday, 26 September 2004
		Upon arrival at the Kotoka International Airport, Accra, and driving through the well-paved and sparkling streets of the city, one was struck by the functionality of the state and disciplined conduct of the citizenry.
		It will be recalled that following the collapse of the Ghanaian economy within the period, the country suffered one of the worst cases of human capital flight, with several of her citizenry escaping to Nigeria and other neighbouring countries to evade the ravaging hardship and hunger in the land.
		He went further to state that Chapter 5 of the Ghanaian Constitution enjoins the police to ensure that human rights and fundamental liberties of the people are not trampled upon in the course of law enforcement.
	www.ghanaweb.com /GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=66654 (1044 words)

	[No title]
		Instead of spreading capital contributions over several years, fund participants could have agreed to a single payment of the entire amount at the outset of the fund’s life.
		This is the percent of a fund’s committed capital that a VC is required to invest in a fund.
		Borrowed capital is simply more expensive for such investors than equity capital, and thus the decision to permit borrowing needs to balance a fund’s liquidity needs with investors’ desire to reduce their tax liabilities.
	www.utexas.edu /law/news/colloquium/papers/Litvakpaper2.doc (8525 words)

	TCS - Features > Articles > Of Human Capital (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Pundits of today assert that while the other forms of capital, including material, equipment, tools and technology, only represent inert potentialities, it is the human capital that converts this potential and energizes the creation of wealth.
		Here, human capital is not merely one component of capital; it is the critical component that forms the basis for other forms of capital: People with their expertise are the sole creators of value to the customer and people through their effort are the key to the optimization of its process efficiency.
		Human resources valuation has remained an academic exercise and largely ignored even in industries where the expertise of employees is the key differentiating factor.
	www.tcs.com /0_features/articles/of_human_course.htm (1850 words)

	Human capital flight: stratification, globalization and the challenges to tertiary education in Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Human capital flight: stratification, globalization and the challenges to tertiary education in Africa
		The paper examines the conceptual underpinnings of human capital flows from a developmental perspective.
		It also looks at possible actions for dealing with the impact of human capital flows taking advantage of global knowledge sharing arrangements and applying measures to reduce pressures for emigration.
	www.eldis.org /static/DOC16887.htm (230 words)

	INHEA: Capacity Building publications
		Aredo, D. Human capital flight from Africa: An assesment of brain drain from Ethiopia.
		Human development in Sub-Saharan Africa: Analysis and prospects for the future.
		Sacerdoti, E., Brunschwig, S., and Tang, J. The impact of human capital on growth: Evidence from west Africa.
	www.bc.edu /bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/inhea/pubs_theme/Capacity_Building.htm (1066 words)

	Economics Interactive
		Behavioral economics is a subdiscipline that draws from the perspectives of anthropology, psychology, and sociology to identify and explain human behavior that seems inconsistent with the orthodox economic assumptions that decisionmaking is invariably efficient, rational, and grounded in self interest.
		human capital flight] refers to a tendency among some of a country’s most skilled workers (e.g., doctors, engineers or academics) to emigrate to countries viewed as being more prosperous or better governed and offering greater opportunities for the skilled workers.
		Flight by thousands of intellectuals, scientists, writers, artists, etc., from Nazi Germany to the United States in the 1930s was a very significant brain drain.
	www.unc.edu /depts/econ/byrns_web/Economicae/EconomicaeB.htm (3487 words)

	Migration Information Source - Skilled Migration Abroad or Human Capital Flight?
		A detailed examination of these conditions reveals that while the direct impact of significant outflows of human capital will likely have a negative effect on economic growth, feedback effects may actually stimulate economic growth.
		Recent research drawing on "new or endogenous growth" theory adds the common sense observation that human capital, an educated workforce, is one of a country's most valuable assets.
		One study found that a one-year increase in the average education of a nation's workforce increases the output per worker by between five and 15 percent (see Barro and Sala-I-Martin 1995).
	www.migrationinformation.org /Feature/display.cfm?ID=135 (1333 words)

	The South African Tax System: A Nation in Microcosm
		The risk of both financial and human capital flight seriously constrains economic policy to alleviate inequality, in general, and tax policy, in particular.
		Because of the threat of flight by capital and skilled labor and the pressures of international and especially regional tax competition, no one advocated increasing the top corporate rate or the top personal rate.
		The investments in human capital and public infrastructure to support such growth and the government social supports to make bearable the wait until these investments bear fruit place heavy and conflicting burdens on the government.
	www.brookings.edu /views/articles/aaron/19991206.htm (3806 words)

	Human capital (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Human capital is a way of defining and categorizing peoples' skills and abilities as used in employment andotherwise contribute to the economy.
		The term human capital in human development theory, thus refers to ambiguous combinations of these.Interactions with the welfare, education and health care systems can be modelled even past retirement (whereas, according to classical and neoclassical analysis, humancapital would be zero, as no "labour", "employment" or "goods" are now involved).
		This is most pointed with respect to educatedindividuals, who typically migrate from poorer places to richer places seeking opportunity, making 'the rich richer and the poorpoorer'.
	www.therfcc.org /human-capital-5223.html (234 words)

	Rising from the Ashes - Montserrat recovers from disaster (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Moreover, some species (such as the "mountain chicken", a local delicacy which is in fact a large frog), are enjoying a period of rapid population growth in the absence of humans.
		UNDP, the UN Centre for Human Settlements and UNV are helping the Government with a physical planning project which is making an important input to this resettle-ment through technical assistance, equipment and housing materials.
		Montserrat’s courageous efforts to reconstruct a sustainable community are severely hampered by the lack of expertise and resources caused by human and capital flight at a time when a multitude of new needs have been forcibly created.
	www.unv.org /infobase/unv_news/1998/79/98_03_79MSR.htm (1238 words)

	Ideas Bank - Using ODA to compensate migrant sending countries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Although individual migrants and their families tend to gain from migration in terms of economic security, the same cannot be claimed for their country of origin.
		Since the benefits of such migration accrue largely to receiving countries, some sort of mechanism should be developed that could at least partially compensate the country of origin for its human capital loss.
		Development aid should therefore be targeted towards the economic and social reintegration of return migrants and towards areas of high migration pressure or groups of population with high migration propensity in order to alleviate that encourage large-scale emigration.
	www.ilo.org /dyn/idea/ideasheet.display?p_idea_id=67 (1075 words)

	CHALLENGES OF THE MILLENNIUM
		Third, the development challenge: It is said that "the elimination of poverty, civil war, hunger and environmental degradation depends on finding viable ways to involve people in the process of economic growth." Like the previous two challenges, the development challenge is equally critical.
		Last but not least, the enormous human capital flight - the massive brain drain, the exiting of the Liberian intelligentsia and professional class to foreign lands - resulting from the war is also a real challenge.
		that is why it is a development challenge to find ways and means of recapturing this lost human capital.
	www.theperspective.org /millennium.html (1171 words)

	[17 Feb 2000] AFR/210 REC/84: REGIONAL CONFERENCE TO ASSESS IMPACT OF ‘BRAIN DRAIN’ ON AFRICA’S DEVELOPMENT TO BE ...
		Human capital flight, or brain drain, as it is commonly known, refers to the departure for other countries of university-trained persons and others who have received specialized training, often at high cost to their country of origin.
		The aide-mémoire argues that unless serious steps are taken to develop critical institutional and human capacities, the recent positive developments in the economy will not be sustainable and will not make a significant dent on poverty.
		According to the organizers, this regional conference will provide an opportunity for policy and decision makers, as well as academics and professionals in both the public and private sectors, to rethink the role of government in making national education systems more relevant, efficient and effective.
	www.un.org /News/Press/docs/2000/20000217.afr210.doc.html (868 words)

	Population Resource Center
		The Universal Declaration of Human Rights of the United Nations guarantees citizens of the world the right to emigrate from a country, but does not guarantee them right of entry into a given country, reserving that right for the nation state.
		Uneven economic development exacerbates the unstable conditions and limits the ability of both the sending and receiving countries to appropriately provide for those who are temporarily displaced.
		One effect of the expansion of international trade is to facilitate the movement of capital, goods, services, and labor across borders.
	www.prcdc.org /summaries/intlmigration/intlmigration.html (1686 words)

	EconPapers: Africa's Exodus: Capital Flight and the Brain Drain as Portfolio Decisions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Abstract: We build a data set on financial and human capital flight for 48 countries for the period 1970--98 and analyse capital flight as a portfolio choice.
		Financial capital flight is measured as the stock of capital flight relative to domestically held private net wealth and human capital flight as the proportion of a country's educated population that is living outside the country.
		In contrast, we find that human capital flight is rapidly increasing, as the emigration of the educated is subject to much more powerful momentum effects than financial capital flight.
	econpapers.repec.org /article/oupjafrec/v_3A13_3Ay_3A2004_3Ai_3A02_3Ap_3Aii15-ii54.htm (370 words)

	Women's Edge: Women's Edge Annual Conference, 1997: Women's Lives and the World Economy I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In other countries where we are concerned that human rights abuses are being perpetrated, we would not be able to deny investors from those countries the ability to invest in the United States or the ability of U.S. investors to invest there.
		In times of turmoil when international investors might want to remove their capital or their facilities, there is a process that slows down the flight of capital.
		The threat of flight increasingly used by corporations undermines bargaining power--used by labor unions to demand safer work environments or used by women to demand equal pay, equal treatment, and equal opportunity to promotion and advancement.
	www.womensedge.org /pages/referencematerials/reference_material.jsp?id=33 (12175 words)

	Brain drain -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		It parallels the term " (additional info and facts about capital flight) capital flight" which refers to (additional info and facts about financial capital) financial capital which is no longer invested in the country where its owner lives and earned it.
		Also whatever (additional info and facts about social capital) social capital the individual has been a part of is reduced by their departure.
		This is sometimes referred to as a 'brain exchange'.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/br/brain_drain.htm (408 words)

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