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Topic: Human cells

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List of distinct cell types in the adult human body

Nerve cell

Epithelium

Monocyte

Biological cell

Cell type

Mast cell

Sertoli cell

Spermatocyte

Stem cell

Keratinocyte

Sperm

Muscle cell

Rod

Flowering plant

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	Culturing Human Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells
		Such cells might be able to replace lost or non-functioning cells in a human patient (e.g., with Type 1 diabetes mellitus).
		Such cells might be transformed with the DNA needed to express a gene missing in the transplant recipient.
		If this can be achieved with humans, it could enable the infertile member of a couple to generate a gamete from one of his or her somatic cells.
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/H/HumanEScells.html (778 words)

	ScienceDaily: Healing Potential Discovered In Everyday Human Brain Cells
		The human cells were acquired from patients who had undergone surgical treatment for epilepsy and were extracted from support tissue within the gray matter, which is not known for harboring stem cells.
		Even when the cells from the epilepsy patients were transplanted into mice, bypassing any growth enhancements, they were able to take cues from their surroundings and produce new neurons.
		In addition to using the cells in treatments to repair or replace damaged brain tissue, the ability to massively expand cell populations could prove useful in efforts to test the safety and efficacy of new drugs.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2006/08/060818021157.htm (1043 words)

	USATODAY.com - Mice created with human brain cells (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Those mice were each born with about 0.1% of human cells in each of their heads, a trace amount that doesn't remotely come close to "humanizing" the rodents.
		"Human diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, might be amenable to stem cell therapy, and it is conceivable, although unlikely, that an animal's cognitive abilities could also be affected by such therapy," a report issued in April by the influential National Academies of Science that sought to draw some ethical research boundaries.
		Human embryonic stem cells are created in the first days after conception and give rise to all the organs and tissues in the human body.
	www.usatoday.com /tech/science/genetics/2005-12-12-mice-human-brains_x.htm (939 words)

	The most powerful cell
		Embryonic stem cells are found in early stages of the embryo, after the egg is fertilized and has begun dividing, but before the mass of cells attaches itself to the wall of the uterus.
		Since the stem cells are the ancestors of all blood cells -- red, white and pink (just kidding) -- one of their first clinical uses could be restoring the blood system after certain cancer treatments.
		Testicular germ cell tumors, Andrews says, are the most common cancer in young men, and their incidence has doubled or tripled in the western world over the past 50 years.
	whyfiles.org /shorties/stem_cell.html (1109 words)

	South Korea to supply cloned human cells - The Boston Globe
		Kevin Eggan, who is part of a team at Harvard University that plans to clone human cells, said that he and other scientists have been impressed with the openness of the Korean team, which has hosted scientists from around the world.
		But several American stem cell scientists cautioned that the effort could be slow to start because of the litany of federal, state, and university regulations involved, as well as the difficult ethical issues, such as protecting the safety of women who donate eggs for use in cloning.
		This new cell is then stimulated to grow for several days and the stem cells are removed, destroying the embryo.
	www.boston.com /news/science/articles/2005/10/19/south_korea_to_supply_cloned_human_cells (1150 words)

	Search: Specialized Human Cells
		Cells of the nervous system, called nerve cells or neurons, are specialized to carry "messages" through an electrochemical process.
		The long-awaited discovery of so-called human embryonic stem cells -- the primordial human cells that give rise to all the specialized tissues in a developing fetus -- was hailed by researc...
		Cells taken from the inner cell mass are grown in a lab dish.
	www.haggle.com /webmkt.haggle/search/web/Specialized%2BHuman%2BCells/-/-/1/-/-/-/1/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/302349/right (324 words)

	Future of Stem Cells and Stem Cell Research
		Stem cell investment, research effort, and treatment focus is moving rapidly away from embryonic stem cells (ethical and technical challenges) to adult stem cells which are turning out to be far easier to convert into different tissues than we thought in 2000-2003.
		Human embryonic stem cells usually cause an immune reaction when transplanted into people, which means cells used in treatment may be rapidly destroyed unless they are protected, perhaps by giving medication to suppress the immune system (which carries risks).
		Using embryos as a source of spare-part cells will always be far more controversial than using adult tissue, or perhaps cells from umbilical cord after birth, and investors will wish to reduce uneccessary risk, both to the projects they fund, and to their own organisations by association.
	www.globalchange.com /stemcells2.htm (2440 words)

	Biological Basis of Heredity: Cell Reproduction
		Most human cells are frequently reproduced and replaced during the life of an individual.
		Human somatic cells go through the 6 phases of mitosis in 1/2 to 1 1/2 hours, depending on the kind of tissue being duplicated.
		Virtually all (99.9%) sex cells in a woman's ovaries never develop beyond the primary oöcyte stage and eventually are reabsorbed by her body.
	anthro.palomar.edu /biobasis/bio_2.htm (2310 words)

	Britain allows cloning of human cells for research - The Boston Globe
		Embryonic stem cell research is controversial in this country because scientists must destroy an embryo several days into its development to extract and grow the stem cells.
		These stem cells have the unique potential to become any cell in the body, offering scientists insights into how diseases work, but critics charge that the process constitutes the taking of a human life.
		Around the world, some countries are choosing to ban the use of cloning technology with human cells for any purpose, while others are encouraging its use as a tool in scientific discovery.
	www.boston.com /news/world/articles/2004/08/12/britain_allows_cloning_of_human_cells_for_research (939 words)

	FAQs [Stem Cell Information]
		Human embryonic stem cells are thought to have much greater developmental potential than adult stem cells.
		This means that embryonic stem cells may be pluripotent—that is, able to give rise to cells found in all tissues of the embryo except for germ cells rather than being merely multipotent—restricted to specific subpopulations of cell types, as adult stem cells are thought to be.
		Many of the cell lines have been characterized as embryonic stem cells by detecting expression of surface antigen markers specific to embryonic stem cells, determining if the cells are pluripotent, and demonstrating that the cells are undifferentiated.
	stemcells.nih.gov /info/faqs.asp (4117 words)

	LiveScience.com - Moral Debate: Procedure Risks Making Monkeys More Humanlike (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the case of Alzheimer's research, for example, grafting human stem cells into a monkey brain would be designed to reinstate lost memory function, but "we cannot be certain that this will be the only functional result," the report concludes.
		Human stem cells are unique cells that can transform into all the parts needed to create a living being.
		The number of human cells used compared with the number of cells in the animal's brain.
	www.livescience.com /animalworld/050714_monkeys_humans.html (1087 words)

	Inkjet printers can print human cells
		Professor Brian Derby, Head of the Ink-Jet Printing of Human Cells Project research team, said: "It is difficult for a surgeon to reconstruct any complex disfiguring of the face using CT scans, but with this technology we are able to build a fragment which will fit exactly.
		Before being fed into the printer, the cells are suspended in a nutrient rich liquid not dissimilar to ink, which ensures their survival.
		The cells are then fed into the printer and seeded directly into the structure as it is built.
	www.physorg.com /news2734.html (653 words)

	Human Islet Structure
		In humans however, all four cell types within the islet are mixed together, resulting in the beta cells having direct contact with the other cells.
		However, the proportion of beta cells was higher in the mouse islets than in the human cells, 77 percent vs. 55 percent.
		While the study shows that the next step in the research process must be focused on human cells, scientists maintain that the use of rodent models continues to be relevant in “bench to bedside” or translational research.
	www.diabetesresearch.org /Newsroom/NewsReleases/DRI/HumanIsletStructure.htm (972 words)

	Genetic Mingling Mixes Human, Animal Cells
		But the biological co-mingling of animal and human is now evolving into even more exotic and unsettling mixes of species, evoking the Greek myth of the monstrous chimera, which was part lion, part goat and part serpent.
		The "idea that human neuronal cells might participate in 'higher order' brain functions in a nonhuman animal, however unlikely that may be, raises concerns that need to be considered," the academies report warned.
		He also must find an efficient way to completely separate the human and sheep cells, a tough task because the human cells aren't clumped together but are rather spread throughout the sheep's liver.
	www.infowars.com /articles/science/animal_human_gene_mingling.htm (1733 words)

	[No title]
		The issue of human cloning, or cloning of human embryos to obtain stem cells, is deeply divisive.
		There have been many controversial debates on embryonic stem cells, and also such stem cells are not practical due to their property of possibly causing a teratoma [a form of cancer]," he explained.
		As much as the new results argue against human cloning, it still appears that cloned cells could eventually be used as a therapy to cure diseases ranging from diabetes to Parkinson's disease.
	www.lycos.com /info/human-cloning--cells.html (400 words)

	The Seattle Times: Nation & World: Human brain cells working in mice
		The research offers the first proof that human embryonic stem cells — vaunted for their potential to turn into every kind of human cell, at least in laboratory dishes — can become functional human brain cells inside a living animal, reaching out to make connections with surrounding brain cells.
		The finding that the human cells are working in their new environment provides encouragement for those who hope to develop stem-cell-based therapies for neurological diseases such as Parkinson's.
		In previous studies, scientists had injected brain cells from aborted human fetuses into the brains of rodents and shown that the human cells could survive and migrate to various brain regions.
	seattletimes.nwsource.com /html/nationworld/2002680415_stemcells13.html (846 words)

	desiccation tolerance in human cells
		Previously, we reported that introduction of the genes for trehalose biosynthesis allowed human cells in culture to be reversibly desiccated for up to 5 days.
		In fact, cells dried slowly and stored under vacuum are able to withstand desiccation even in the absence of added carbohydrates or polyols.
		In addition to vacuum, the rate of desiccation, the temperature at which cells are maintained, the degree of confluence when dried, and the presence or absence of light have a large effect on the ability to retain viability in the desiccated state.
	www.cryonet.org /cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=19820 (252 words)

	ScienceDaily: Researchers Describe How Human Blood Stem Cells Transform Themselves To Repair Injured Animal Hearts
		Human stem cells primarily "fuse" onto mouse cardiac cells to produce new muscle (myocyte) cells that have both human and mouse DNA.
		Last year, Yeh published a study in Circulation showing human stem cells that expressed a protein (CD34+) known to be associated with stem cells could help treat mice that had been given an artificially induced heart attack, compared to a control group of mice that did not receive the stem cells.
		Among the markers they looked for were HLA (human leukocyte antigens) proteins, found only on human cells; troponin T, which identifies a myocyte, whether human or mice; and VE-cadherin to pinpoint endothelial cells in both species.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2004/12/041219183402.htm (1187 words)

	Cells: Human Body: Merck Manual Home Edition
		Human cells vary in size, but all are quite small.
		A cell consists of a nucleus and cytoplasm and is contained within the cell membrane, which regulates what passes in and out.
		Nerve cells generate and conduct electrical impulses, allowing communication between the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the rest of the body.
	www.merck.com /mmhe/sec01/ch001/ch001b.html (511 words)

	JS Online: Animals receive human cells
		Human stem cells genetically engineered to produce a substance that might protect the brains of Parkinson's patients were successfully transplanted into the brains of monkeys and rats by University of Wisconsin-Madison scientists, a feat that represents a crucial step in developing a promising treatment for the disease.
		The transplanted cells appeared to do what they were designed to do: They migrated to a target location in the brain, pumped out the substance and helped the animals' brain cells survive and sprout new fibers.
		The cells not only survived for up to three months, but also were releasing significant amounts of GDNF, which led to improved survival of brain cells that made dopamine and growth of new cell fibers.
	www.jsonline.com /alive/news/dec05/377918.asp (1072 words)

	Geneticists claim ageing breakthrough but immortality will have to wait \| Science \| Guardian Unlimited
		The geneticists behind the study say the increase in lifespan is so striking, they may have tapped into one of the most fundamental mechanisms that controls the rate at which living creatures age.
		Dr Longo said parallel experiments on human liver cells appeared to replicate the effect, but refused to elaborate until the results have been published.
		By blocking the gene, the cells were essentially tricked into believing food was scarce and switched them into a survival mode.
	www.guardian.co.uk /science/story/0,3605,1645418,00.html (813 words)

	Human, Animal Cells Are Mixed in Quest for Cures - Science - RedOrbit
		In China, there are 29 goats running around on a farm with human cells coursing through their organs, a result of scientists dropping human blood cells into goat embryos.
		People are walking around with pig valves in their hearts and scientists have routinely injected human cells into lab mice to mimic diseases.
		Harvard University researchers are attempting to clone human embryonic cells in rabbit eggs.
	www.redorbit.com /news/science/543448/human_animal_cells_are_mixed_in_quest_for_cures/index.html?source=r_science (482 words)

	Chimeras, Cloning and Freak Human-Animal Hybrids
		The risk, they say, is that some human cells will find their way to the developing testes or ovaries, where they might grow into human sperm and eggs.
		It is important to have learned that human and pig cells can fuse, Platt said, because he and others have been considering transplanting modified pig organs into people and have been wondering if that might pose a risk of pig viruses getting into patient's cells.
		Advanced Cell Technology Inc. of Worcester, Massachusetts, said the experiment was aimed not at creating a human being but at mining the embryo for stem cells used to treat disease.
	www.infowars.com /articles/brave_new_world/chimera.htm (3957 words)

	Plan to grow human cells in rabbits attacked - World - smh.com.au
		By producing stem cells that carry the genetic defects of diseases, researchers believe they will be able to unravel how a cell's molecular machinery goes wrong, potentially leading to new cures for disease.
		Scientists have been forced to consider alternatives to human egg cloning as a result of the furore triggered by the falsification of stem cell data in South Korea.
		To make a hybrid embryo, a human skin cell would be taken from a person with motor neurone disease and injected into a hollowed-out rabbit egg.
	www.smh.com.au /news/world/plan-to-grow-human-cells-in-rabbits-attacked/2006/01/13/1137118970169.html (653 words)

	CNN.com - Scientists seek rabbit-human embryo - Jan 13, 2006
		The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA), which governs this field of research, said Friday that any such work would have to be licensed, but did not rule it out.
		There may be opportunities to use human cells for nuclear transfer to rabbit oocytes (eggs).
		The lack of suitable human eggs is a major obstacle in the path of therapeutic cloning and stem cell research.
	edition.cnn.com /2006/TECH/science/01/13/rabbit.human (340 words)

	[No title]
		As disturbing as it may be, fluoride apparently has the ability to cause DNA damage and even "cell death" in human cells.
		Cancerous cells are often used in research on toxicity because they are more active than normal cells.
		Anuradha and colleagues found that fluoride caused apoptosis in the human leukemia cells by activating an enzyme called caspase-3, which has been identified as a key mediator of apoptosis of cells in humans and other mammals.
	www.mercola.com /2000/sep/24/fluoride_kills_cells.htm (1213 words)

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