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Topic: Human echolocation

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	Animal echolocation Summary
		Echolocation is the process of using sound waves to locate objects that may be invisible or at a distance.
		Echolocation is used for navigation and for foraging (or hunting) in various environments.
		Their use of echolocation allows them to occupy a niche where there are often many insects (that come out at night since there are less predators then) and where there is less competition for food, and where there are fewer other species that may prey on the bats themselves.
	www.bookrags.com /Animal_echolocation (2513 words)

	Cetaceans – Acoustics / Communication / Echolocation / Sounds
		Echolocation rates were affected by feeding, individual difference, and enclosure type such as the net enclosure and the pool.
		Echolocation signals of resident killer whales were measured with a four-hydrophone symmetrical star array and the signals were simultaneously digitized at a sample rate of 500 kHz using a lunch-box PC.
		Echolocation rate and echolocation occurrence varied with depth and location, possibly reflecting concomitant variation in the relative abundance of porpoises and/or their prey: We conclude that porpoises do not respond to the acoustic reflectivity of the modified nets.
	www.nal.usda.gov /awic/pubs/MarineMammals/cetaceans_acoustics.htm (17346 words)

	Anemaw [Animal Electromagnetism and Waves] : Sonar, Echolocation, & Ultrasonics: Human . © Elizabeth Gerrow 2002 .
		One of the most common characteristics humans share with other living organisms is the electricity found within the body: the neural system, both complex yet simple in relation to other zoological subjects, and bone structure are governed by electrical impulses that relate to the brain.
		Similarly to the dolphin and the bat, humans have been observed to acquire the ability to use echolocation to navigate, however, it is under the circumstances that the human in question is either blind or blindfolded, counterpart of a dolphin in murky, dark water or bat in total darkness.
		Echolocation may be used by blind to perceive presence, dimensions, size, distance of target as size and distance affected the amplitude of echo.
	members.fortunecity.com /anemaw/human.htm (1103 words)

	Human echolocation
		Human echolocation is a technique used by some blind people to navigate within their environment.
		It is similar in principle to active sonar and the animal echolocation employed by some animals, including bats and dolphins.
		By interpreting the sound waves reflected by nearby objects, a person trained to navigate by echolocation can identify the location and sometimes size of nearby objects, and use this information to steer around obstacles and travel from place to place.
	publicliterature.org /en/wikipedia/h/hu/human_echolocation.html (543 words)

	Auditory perception of walls via spectral variations in the ambient sound field (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Carlson-Smith and Wiener (4) demonstrated that the human ability to perceive environmental features such as large obstacles and doorways is correlated with the auditory ability to detect fluctuations of amplitude and frequency in the low frequency range of hearing.
		The echolocation abilities of bats (7) and dolphins (8) are astonishingly sophisticated, allowing bats to catch flying insects and dolphins to perceive the shapes of small objects at a distance.
		We suggest that human echolocation is not a sonar-like process at all, but rather is based on perceiving variations in the ambient sound field as one moves about.
	www.vard.org /jour/99/36/4/ashmead.html (5848 words)

	Fathom :: The Source for Online Learning
		To be sure, human echolocation is severely limited compared to that of bats and dolphins with respect to the types of targets that can be detected and discriminated from each other, and especially with respect to the ability to distinguish relevant echoes from competing sounds.
		Many other skillful users of echolocation are well aware that they detect obstacles by hearing some difference in the sound of their voices, footsteps, cane taps, or other sounds they have found to be helpful in finding their way.
		Echolocation is of course only one case in which sensory or perceptual input channels to the central nervous system differ from those with which we are familiar.
	www.fathom.com /feature/122386/index.html (2695 words)

	M120
		I feel I have rambled on, but to summarize I agree with you that there are differences in the salience of echolocation between humans and bats that do separate how we should analyze their perceptual mechanisms.
		The physical constraints of echolocation force there to be a limited number of sources from which the animal can derive distance judgments using reflected sound.
		Spatial orientation by the blind is quite different from echolocation by bats in that, the call of the latter has an exceptional high amplitude.
	home.arcor.de /eckard.blumschein/M120.html (805 words)

	Fenton, M. Brock, 1991. SEEING IN THE DARK . BATS. Vol 9, No 2:9-13.
		He coined the term "echolocation" to describe this behavior, referring to the ability of bats to orient themselves by using the echoes of sounds they produce.
		Echolocation, the sonar "sight" of bats, is analogous to the sonar* used by the military.
		To echolocate, a bat must produce a particular type of sound and be able to hear and use the echoes that rebound from objects in its path.
	www.batcon.org /batsmag/v9n2-3.html (2807 words)

	Animal Communication, Echolocation, Defense and Offense
		Echolocation is a particularly interesting field of bioacoustics and this paper examines the role echolocation plays for dolphins and bats.
		Echolocation, high-pitched sounds are emitted by certain animals to locate their prey or to avoid obstacles.
		Echolocation is one field of bioacoustics and this paper examines the role echolocation plays for dolphins and bats.
	www.unc.edu /~jdale/Comm141.htm (2817 words)

	Human echolocation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Human echolocation has been known and studied since at least the 1950s.
		The cause of this would be the echo of the sound of their footsteps, however they may not be consciously aware of this mechanism, only that the phenomenon exists and can often be relied upon to detect obstacles.
		He discovered echolocation at the age of seven and now uses it to accomplish such feats as running, basketball, rollerblading, foosball and skateboarding.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Human_echolocation (988 words)

	Human Echolocation - Associated Content
		Human beings generally navigate visually, using vision to determine the location and distance of objects.
		Human echolocation, after much practice, can help a blind person determine the height, width, location, and even density of environmental features, Using human echolocation, a blind person can “see” his or her environment 360 degrees, though the portion toward the front is “seen” with much more clarity.
		Training in human echolocation in a static situation is easier than training in the technique while on the move.
	www.associatedcontent.com /article/76001/human_echolocation.html (402 words)

	Anemaw [Animal Electromagnetism and Waves] : Sonar, Echolocation, & Ultrasonics: Dolphin . © Elizabeth Gerrow 2002 .
		However, their reliance upon ultrasonic waves is not discussed as often, where many humans are not aware that the dolphin employs a system of ultrasound which has been found to be four times more powerful than that used by humans.
		The echolocation system employed by dolphins has been of interest for many years, where there was curiosity regarding the origin of the ultrasonic "clicks" and the ability for dolphins to perceive and process the waves and their information.
		It has also been found that the auditory nerve, the eighth cranial nerve, of the dolphin is highly-developed and is the largest of cranial nerves, where in the cortex, the auditory center is enormously large and the ear modified for use in water.
	members.fortunecity.com /anemaw/dolphin.htm (1431 words)

	Bat Echolocation
		Echolocation sounds are not the same pitch for all bat species.
		To partially compensate for this energy loss and to increase their range, most bats produce high intensity sounds of up to 120 decibels, which is as loud as a smoke detector held four inches from your ear.
		For example, sonar is a primitive form of echolocation (from a bat's perspective!) that is widely used for navigation, tracking aircraft, ships, submarines and missiles, and for forecasting weather.
	research.amnh.org /users/nyneve/bats.html (792 words)

	Dolphin Therapy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Echolocation is claimed to affect brain wave pattern and human tissue.
		Echolocation is a technique on which Dolphins frequently rely to navigate, locate food and communicate with other dolphins.
		Their biggest concerns are disease transmission between dolphins and humans, increased stress on the animals, and risk to injury to humans.
	www.twu.edu /inspire/Aquatics/Dolphintherapy.htm (1091 words)

	Animal echolocation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		'''Animal echolocation''' is the ability of some animals to locate objects by emitting sound waves and listening for the echo.
		(Humans employ technology that uses the same principle: sonar for navigation of watercraft and medical ultrasound imaging to look inside the body.) The ultrasound echolocation used by bats was first described by zoologist Donald Griffin in 1938 when working as an undergraduate at Harvard.
		These things combined make it possible for animals with echolocation to detect and react to conditions that human observers simply cannot detect, because the situation is out of the observers' range, can't be resolved by the human eye, or it might even be around a corner.
	animal-echolocation.kiwiki.homeip.net (580 words)

	echolocation.info - echolocation
		448 echolocation 44 bat echolocation 31 human echolocation 26 dolphin echolocation 25 bat dolphin echolocation in Bats send out sound waves using their mouth or nose.
		Although the ears of the insects are not as sophisticated as the bats’, they can hear the bats’ echolocation calls well before the bat can hear the returning echoes.
		Located on the surface of the moth near the ear are tymbal organ made up of a services of grooves in the chitin (the hard material that forms the exoskeleton of insects).
	echolocation.info (559 words)

	Bat Echolocation - Bat Talk - Maryland Natural Heritage Program
		Bats produce echolocation by emitting high frequency sound pulses through their mouth or nose and listening to the echo.
		Bat echolocation is so sophisticated that these animals can detect an object the width of a human hair.
		Bat detectors are machines with ultrasonic microphones that can detect bat echolocation and output the incoming call within the range of human hearing, allowing bat enthusiasts to "hear" bats as well as see them searching and catching food.
	www.dnr.state.md.us /wildlife/bats/batelocu.asp (665 words)

	Center for Consciousness Center . Tucson . Arizona
		While it is often assumed that panpsychism requires seeing nature with human colored glasses, it will be shown that this view is the only one on the table that is consistent with a truly natural universe without any transcendental nor supernatural factors and without projecting our humanity into it.
		Human cultures everywhere maintain fictive schemes which could aptly be described as ‘wholly believed-in make-believe’, and this is itself a widely accepted definition of the hypnotized state.
		Suggestibility is in fact a precondition of human culture, but as long as we continue to act out our make-believe fantasies in the real world, we will continue to add to the dangers that we created in the first place.
	www.consciousness.arizona.edu /abstracts.htm (18954 words)

	Bat echoes used as virtual reality guide - 14 September 2003 - New Scientist
		A bat echolocation system, adapted for human ears, has been used allow people to locate objects in a virtual reality environment.
		Humans cannot generate or hear the high frequency sound waves generated by bats.
		So Waters created a virtual system that sends out bat echolocation sounds and returns echoes that are slowed into the human range of hearing.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn4165 (394 words)

	echo
		Echolocation is the only way that insect eating bats find their food.
		The bat lets out a high-pitched sound, and by measuring the amount of time it takes to hear an echo, it can tell how far away an object is and which direction it is in.
		In fact, bats are so good at echolocating, that they can find a minnow's fin as small as a human hair, just two millimeters above the water.
	library.thinkquest.org /5813/echo.htm (209 words)

	The Dolphin Institute - Resource Guide
		This echolocation sense seems to be closely integrated with the dolphin’s visual sense, allowing it to easily relate things heard to things seen.
		Because of their exceptional hearing capabilities, their echolocation sense, and the importance of sound in the underwater world, all dolphins were thought of as primarily “auditory animals.” Vision was believed to be not particularly well developed, even in oceanic dolphins, and of secondary importance at best.
		Dolphins can attend to and interpret human gestures, follow the direction in which a human is pointing, monitor rapidly occurring visual symbols appearing on a television screen and report the occurrence of certain key symbols, and easily recognize the same objects across the senses of vision and echolocation.
	www.dolphin-institute.org /resource_guide/dolphin_perception.htm (1589 words)

	Bottle Nose Dolphins
		echolocation similar to sonar: they locate objects by producing sounds and listening for the echo.
		(This is in contrast to the technique used by bat echolocation and human sonar where the sensitivity of the sound receptor is attenuated.) As the animal approaches the target, the interclick interval also decreases, as each click is usually produced after the round-trip travel time of the previous click.
		Subsets of populations in Mauritania are known to engage in interspecific cooperative fishing with human fishermen.
	www.holoholocharters.com /gallery/marine_mammals/13/2 (3314 words)

	BLM - Environmental Education - Energy - Introduction
		They are primary predators of vast numbers of insect pests, including beetles, moths, leafhoppers, and other insects which, if not for bat predation, would cost farmers and foresters billions of dollars annually in lost crops.
		Some bats also consume mosquitoes, which are at best an annoyance to humans, and at worst, disease carriers.
		Echolocation also permits bats to navigate through deep caves in total darkness.
	www.blm.gov /education/00_resources/articles/caves/caves_bats.html (984 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Echolocation allows bats to get around at night, when most birds are asleep so there is less competition for food.
		Fruit bats also echolocate but their pulses are about one thousandth that of other bats.
		Echolocation Mechanism in Dolphins Stacey Veinot and Jaime Calhoun University of New Brunswick: for more on how dolphins echolocate.
	www.szgdocent.org /resource/ff/f-bateco.htm (986 words)

	How Well Do We Know Our Own Conscious Experience? The Case of Echolocation - Eric Schwitzgebel and Michael S. Gordon
		We argue that echolocation is a normal part of our perceptual experience and that there is something 'it is like' to echolocate.
		Furthermore, we argue that people are often grossly mistaken about their experience of echolocation.
		If so, echolocation provides a counterexample to the view that we cannot be mistaken about our own current phenomenology.
	www.faculty.ucr.edu /~eschwitz/SchwitzAbs/Echo.htm (168 words)

	AV Script: Bat Chat: An Echolocation Audiotape
		The term "echolocation" was coined to refer to the process of sending out pulses of sound and listening to the echoes to locate or avoid objects.
		Pallid bats (Antrozous pallidus) often use such low intensity echolocation calls that they are said to "whisper." This is a common strategy for bats that pick their prey directly off the ground or from foliage.
		Echolocation calls of the Mexican free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) normally sweep from 60 to 40 kilohertz, but in traffic, this bat adds a lower frequency "honk" that sweeps from 40 to 25 kilohertz.
	www.batcon.org /avscripts/script9.html (2660 words)

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