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Topic: Human experimentation

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Nuremberg Code

Nazi human experimentation

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	human experimentation.html
		Usually the human beings used for experimental purposes were--and are-- the disenfranchised, populations of prisoners, orphans, the mentally retarded, charity patients of all kinds.
		Experimentation on human beings is not the work of a few aberrant doctors; it is systemic, because it is the system by which modern western medicine works.
		Animal experimentation is "the core to understanding the whole process of human experimentation," for if the poor, the mentally retarded, the homeless, the orphaned and the imprisoned have little voice, the animals have no voice, and it is voicelessness and rightlessness that invests the whole procedure from animal to orphan to the mentally retarded.
	www.micahbooks.com /readingroom/humanexperimentation.html (3763 words)

	Human experimentation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Much of the time, the subjects of human experimentation are prisoners, slaves, family members, or the experimenter himself.
		The concept of human rights emerged, and with it came discussions of various codes of ethics of scientific disciplines.
		Human volunteers can consent to be subjects for invasive experiments which may involve, for example, the taking of tissue samples (biopsies), or other procedures which require surgery on the volunteer.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Human_experimentation (1422 words)

	WMA - Policy
		The primary purpose of medical research involving human subjects is to improve prophylactic, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and the understanding of the aetiology and pathogenesis of disease.
		Medical research involving human subjects must conform to generally accepted scientific principles, be based on a thorough knowledge of the scientific literature, other relevant sources of information, and on adequate laboratory and, where appropriate, animal experimentation.
		In any research on human beings, each potential subject must be adequately informed of the aims, methods, sources of funding, any possible conflicts of interest, institutional affiliations of the researcher, the anticipated benefits and potential risks of the study and the discomfort it may entail.
	www.wma.net /e/policy/b3.htm (1881 words)

	Nazi human experimentation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Wounds inflicted on the experimental subjects were infected with bacteria such as streptococcus, gas gangrene, and tetanus.
		Experimental subjects were deliberately infected with epidemic jaundice, some of whom died as a result.
		After the war, these crimes were tried at what became known as the Doctors' Trial, and revulsion at the abuses perpetrated led to the development of the Nuremberg Code of medical ethics.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation (1153 words)

	Alleged North Korean human experimentation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		All of these allegations of human rights abuses are denied by the North Korean government, who claim that all prisoners in North Korea are humanely treated.
		The human rights charity Christian Solidarity Worldwide details on its website allegations of chemical experiments done to political prisoners, and an apparent eyewitnesses report about seven people who died a slow agonized death in two gas chambers, including a mother who held her youngest child as she died.
		In a report reminiscent of the earlier account of a family of seven, Kwon Hyok claims to have watched one family of 2 parents, a son and a daughter die from suffocating gas, with the parents trying to save the children using mouth-to-mouth resuscitation for as long as they had the strength.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Alleged_North_Korean_human_experimentation (786 words)

	Conspiracy Article: A History Of Secret Human Experimentation
		200 fl men diagnosed with syphilis are never told of their illness, are denied treatment, and instead are used as human guinea pigs in order to follow the progression and symptoms of the disease.
		The director of the agency admits it had known for at least 20 years that Pellagra is caused by a niacin deficiency but failed to act since most of the deaths occured within poverty-striken fl populations.
		Human subjects (both civilian and military) are used with and without their knowledge.
	www.focusdep.com /articles/Conspiracy/A_History_of_Secret_Human_Experimentation (2087 words)

	A History Of US Secret Human Experimentation
		200 fl men diagnosed with syphilis are never told of their illness, are denied treatment, and instead are used as human guinea pigs in order to follow the progression and symptoms of the disease.
		The director of the agency admits it had known for at least 20 years that Pellagra is caused by a niacin deficiency but failed to act since most of the deaths occured within poverty-striken fl populations.
		Human subjects (both civilian and military) are used with and without their knowledge.
	www.rense.com /general36/history.htm (1745 words)

	USCCB - Human Experimentation and the Sanctity of Life (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Experimental medical treatment for humans already born became a topic for nationwide discussion with the first clinical use of new organ transplant techniques.
		Since the human subject has an inherent right to life and bodily integrity, a researcher has no right to risk harm to this person for the benefit of mankind—unless that person freely volunteers to undergo such risk to serve others.
		Regarding Barney Clark and William Schroeder, the first human recipients of the artificial heart, there is less disagreement because it seems clear they exposed themselves to the risk of an experimental procedure after giving informed consent and considering the risks and benefits of other proposed therapies.
	www.usccb.org /prolife/issues/fetalresearch/rlpdoerf85.htm (3645 words)

	California Laws on Human Experimentation
		The Legislature hereby finds and declares that medical experimentation on human subjects is vital for the benefit of mankind, however such experimentation shall be undertaken with due respect to the preciousness of human life and the right of individuals to determine what is done to their own bodies.
		It is, therefore, the intent of the Legislature, in the enacting of this chapter, to provide minimum statutory protection for the citizens of this state with regard to human experimentation and to provide penalties for those who violate such provisions.
		As used in the chapter, "experimental subject's bill of rights," means a list of the rights of a subject in a medical experiment, written in a language in which the subject is fluent.
	biotech.law.lsu.edu /research/ca/ca.htm (1748 words)

	Chapter 5: Human Experimentation Continues
		It is not clear from the note, however, whether in explaining about the experimental nature of the procedure the physicians told the patient about the potential effects of the injection, as required by the Wilson letter, or that the injection was not intended to be of medical benefit to the patient.
		Human experiments conducted to measure the excretion and distribution of atomic weapons materials did not stop with the last of the injections at the University of California.
		The Boston Project human uranium-injection experiments were conducted from 1953 to 1957 at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) as part of a cooperative project between the hospital and the Health Physics Division of Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
	www.eh.doe.gov /ohre/roadmap/achre/chap5_4.html (3931 words)

	INVOLUNTARY HUMAN EXPERIMENTATION
		This must be combined with the past history of the U.S. Federal Government of conducting unethical and involuntary human research, as well as with the lack of sufficient protection for human research subjects in U.S. federal law and policies.
		The effect of beamed energy on the human body is deserving of the highest levels of understanding and accountability.
		The technology she is investigating opens the door to the possibility that humans are being used as subjects in a massive, worldwide experiment to test mind control techniques.
	www.patrickcrusade.org /INVOLUNTARY_HUMAN.html (5635 words)

	Human Experimentation on the Web
		Web pages on the subject abound; here are some relating to the subject of human experimentation and in particular to these two incidents.
		He provides a broad set of links on the subject of human experimentation in general, and goes on to look at six specific instances, among them the Tuskegee syphilis study and the Atomic Energy Commission's radiation studies, where researchers may have overstepped the bounds of proper ethics in their research.
		He explores many specific examples of human experiments performed under AEC sanction, and is quick to point out the ethical lapses in each case.
	www.mit.edu /~dmaze/human_experimentation.html (2219 words)

	MVEC - History of Human Experimentation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The current claim by the FDA and the DOD that animal data are sufficient to prove the safety and efficacy of the vaccine flies in the face of the fact that no correlate between animal data and human data exists.
		Many other bioterrorism vaccines are also in the pipeline, and fast-track procedures are being put in place to have these vaccines bypass the "normal" rigorous safety standards and testing.
		Unfortunately, there is a long history of experimentation by the U.S. military which is already well known and documented.
	www.milvacs.org /Experiments/HumanExper.cfm (403 words)

	Yale Law School \| Human Sacrifice and Human Experimentation: Reflections at Nuremberg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The early fruits of medical research were spectacular. The bacterial etiology of many diseases was proved, resulting in cures never before the lot of mankind. Investigations of the use of X-rays to see the previously invisible revolutionized diagnostic techniques. Experiments with various anesthetic agents led to remarkable advances in surgery.
		Human research and its contributions to the advancement of knowledge captured the imagination of doctors. The promise that omnipotence would replace the earlier struggle against impotence, and the promise of fame, academic advancement, and perhaps even economic fortune, loomed large in physicians’ minds.
		Human Sacrifice and Human Experimentation: Reflections at Nuremberg, by Jay Katz, Elizabeth K. Dollard Professor Emeritus of Law, Medicine, and Psychiatry and Harvey L. Karp Professiorial Lecturer in Law and Psychoanalysis, Yale University.
	www.law.yale.edu /outside/html/Publications/pub-katz.htm (651 words)

	PANNA: Human Experimentation: EPA’s Flawed Proposal
		Yet pesticides are by definition chemicals that are toxic to organisms, and the intentional exposure of human subjects to a pesticide necessarily involves some risk of harm.
		Unethical experiments by definition must not be reproduced, and therefore are neither reliable nor acceptable as a basis for safety regulations, especially when conducted by corporations that claim them as "confidential business information" and refuse to make public their results.
		PAN's position is that scientific questions involving human pesticide exposure should be addressed to the fullest extent possible through studies that pose no additional risk to subjects.
	www.panna.org /resources/panups/panup_20051128.dv.html (632 words)

	The absurdity of animal experimentation - 4 (Part 1) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		One notable case in human experimentation involved an Irish servant girl, Mary Rafferty, who entered the Good Samaritan Hospital in Cincinnati in 1874, with an ulcerated tumor on the side of her head, caused by a bad burn.
		Experimentation on human beings is not the work of a few aberrant doctors; it is systematic, because it is the system by which modern western medicine now operates.
		This identification of human with animal was an explicit element in the pseudo-science of Nazism.
	vivisection-absurd.org.uk /abs04.html (13382 words)

	Human Experimentation
		At this meeting it was decided that Dr. Warren would be responsible for the medical care and protection, against health hazards of all individuals who were to be working on the Manhattan Project for the development of the atomic bomb.
		The need for knowledge regarding the effects of plutonium on humans was information important to the needs of the United States during the 1940s.
		This situation was groundbreaking in establishing the basis of informed consent by a conscientious approach to human experimentation carried out by ethical health professionals.
	www.burtonreport.com /InfForensic/HumanExperPlutonium.htm (934 words)

	Nazi human experimentation Did You Mean nazi_human_experimentation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Wounds deliberately inflicted on the experimental subjects were infected with bacteria such as streptococcus, gas gangrene, and tetanus.
		From about June 1943 to about January 1945 experiments were conducted at the Sachsenhausen and Natzweiler concentration camps, for the benefit of the German Armed Forces, to investigate the causes of, and inoculations against, epidemic jaundice.
		From about December 1941 to about February 1945 experiments were conducted at the Buchenwald and Natzweiler concentration camps, for the benefit of the German Armed Forces, to investigate the effectiveness of spotted fever and other vaccines.
	www.did-you-mean.com /Nazi_human_experimentation.html (1167 words)

	CAHRA - Experimentation Law
		National and international human experimentation law does nothing to protect human subjects from classified unlawful government experiments and actually protects the government from prosecution for criminal behavior.
		It must be mentioned that one of the most eminent experts in the field of human rights law, M. Cherif Bassiouni, has developed a draft convention for the prevention and suppression of unlawful human experimentation.
		Given the powerful medical and pharmaceutical lobbies and the lack of political clout of human subjects of experiments, the chances of passing human experimentation protections legislation, let alone effective legislation or an international protocol or convention on human experimentation protections are remote.
	www.raven1.net /cwfinalmkzine2002.htm (5120 words)

	Secret US Human Biological Experimentation
		The order authorized use of experimental vaccines -- those not approved by the FDA and therefore illegal -- to be administered to members of the armed forces without informed consent.
		Yet Clinton signed EO13139 to use experimental vaccines on U.S. troops despite the scandals created by exposure of the secret use of experimental vaccines ranging from administering LSD in the 1950s to the drug pyriostigmine bromide, or PB, given to troops bound for the Persian Gulf War.
		Many were designed to measure the effects of radiation on humans, and according to Markey, American citizens thus became nuclear calibration devices for experimenters run amok.
	www.apfn.org /apfn/experiment.htm (9481 words)

	A Chronology of Human Research - Vera Sharav (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		AHRP is a national network of lay people and professionals dedicated to advancing responsible and ethical medical research practices, to ensure that the human rights, dignity and welfare of human subjects are protected, and to minimize the risks associated with such endeavors.
		One woman was made to endure 34 experimental operations for a prolapsed uterus.
		Experimental Hepatitis B vaccine trials, conducted by the CDC, begin in New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco.
	www.ahrp.org /history/chronology.php (3638 words)

	Human Experimentation
		No one should be the subject of medical or genetic experimentation even if it is therapeutic, unless the person or surrogate first has given free and informed consent.
		In addition to this Directive, there are several documents that have been created in response to horrendous violations of human rights in the use of human research subjects.
		The Helsinki Declaration, the Nuremberg Code, and the Belmont Report are all documents intended to explicitly govern human experimentation.
	www.ascensionhealth.org /ethics/public/issues/human_experiment.asp (254 words)

	Human and Animal Experimentation
		To the extent that human experimentation exposes subjects to risks -- as it generally does -- it requires justification
		Discussion of human experimentation focuses on the question of under what conditions it is ethically permissible
		All human experimentation must be a joint venture, freely undertaken by two autonomous persons.
	www.wutsamada.com /alma/medethic/mappes4.htm (907 words)

	Blogcritics.org: The Slippery Slope: "Human" Experimentation
		As barbaric and inhumane as we may envision the Nazis, the above are just a few of the reasons for their human experimentation.
		I believe human life begins at conception." Just to clarify, that statement implies that life at conception, in the form of an embryo is deserving of the same value and protection as a five-year old boy or a 60-year old woman.
		human experimentation is not bad at all.because of it, many people, especially children were vaccinized against diseases.we were benefited from those products of human experimentaion.it provides an assurance and safety to a certain drug before it is published to the people.it connotes utilitarianism.
	blogcritics.org /archives/2005/08/02/085620.php (1175 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Programmes \| This World \| Within prison walls
		There have been many rumours of human experimentation on political prisoners in North Korea.
		I took one of the documents to a Korean expert in London who examined it and confirmed that there was nothing to suggest it was not genuine.
		Sadly, as long as these reports continue from defectors, and as long as the North Korean government continues to deny all allegations of human rights abuse, while refusing to allow access to its prisons, such allegations cannot be dismissed or ignored.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/programmes/this_world/3440771.stm (669 words)

	A History Of US Secret Human Experimentation
		3-25-3: (Health News Network) 1931 Dr. Cornelius Rhoads, under the auspices of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Investigations, infects human subjects with cancer cells.
		The director of the agency admits it had known for at least 20 years that Pellagra is caused by a niacin deficiency but failed to act since most of the deaths occured within poverty- striken fl populations.
		1940 Four hundred prisoners in Chicago are infected with Malaria in order to study the effects of new and experimental drugs to combat the disease.
	www.informationclearinghouse.info /article3511.htm (1751 words)

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