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Topic: Human experimentation in Nazi Germany

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	History of Human Research
		The intellectual and philosophical rationalizations, as well as much of the practice of human experimentation, was well advanced by the end of the nineteenth century, and presents a continuing danger to human rights today, particularly when faced with the stimulus of crisis and war.
		The evolution from animal experimentation to human experimentation is a logical consequence of laws governing the experimental process, whether in Nazi Germany, or elsewhere, and not the result of preferring humans to animals.
		Usually the human beings used for experimental purposes were--and are-- the disenfranchised, populations of prisoners, orphans, the mentally retarded, charity patients of all kinds.
	www.ahrp.org /history/history.php (1526 words)

	Nazi human experimentation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nazi human experimentation occurred during World War II, the Nazi regime in Germany conducted human medical experimentation on large numbers of people held in its concentration camps.
		Wounds inflicted on the experimental subjects were infected with bacteria such as streptococcus, gas gangrene, and tetanus.
		Experimental subjects were deliberately infected with epidemic jaundice, some of whom died as a result.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation (1250 words)

	Nazi Medicine and Public Health Policy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Nazi Germany also pioneered what we now call experimental epidemiology: two striking papers -- a 1939 article by Franz H. Müller of Cologne, and a 1943 paper by Eberhard Schairer and Erich Schöniger of Jena -- presented the most convincing demonstrations up to that time that cigarettes were a major cause of lung cancer.
		The Nazi state was supposed to be a hygienic state; Nazism was supposed to be "applied biology" (Fritz Lenz coined this phrase in 1931).
		Nazi legal philosophy tended to blur the distinction between insanity and criminality, but it is a distinction we must keep clear.
	www.adl.org /Braun/dim_14_1_nazi_med.asp (3820 words)

	The Badger Herald - California Dreamin’
		Humans in the early stages of development (embryos) are not any less human.
		When embryonic stem cell research destroys a human life every time, these same ethical concerns should be raised, and “thousands of new jobs” and “millions of dollars” do not outweigh the destruction of human life.
		We are taught to regard the embryo stage as merely one stage in the sequence of human development, not that the embryo is pre-human.
	www.badgerherald.com /oped/2004/11/11/california_dreamin.php (1444 words)

	human
		The ever-increasing number of cases of horrific human experimentation is a direct consequence of the vivisection mentality.
		Experimentation on human beings is not the work of a few aberrant doctors; it is systemic, because it is the system by which modern western medicine works.
		Animal experimentation is "the core to understanding the whole process of human experimentation," for if the poor, the mentally retarded, the homeless, the orphaned and the imprisoned have little voice, the animals have no voice, and it is voicelessness and rightlessness that invests the whole procedure from animal to orphan to the mentally retarded.
	marcussternum.tripod.com /human.htm (8673 words)

	nazi
		In Germany, traditional culture is perceived as being threatened, partially by the Catholic church, which is seen as favoring slavic interests.
		Later, using a U.S. model, he is the architect of Nazi Germany's sterilization law, and is supported in his work by a large grant from the Rockefeller Foundation.
		Herbert Linden, commissioner of all the psychiatric institutions in Germany, represents the Ministry of the Interior.
	www.geocities.com /savepenry/nazi.html (7730 words)

	Human Subjects
		The decision to conduct a study with human subjects carries both ethical and regulatory responsibilities to protect the welfare and interests of those subjects, to design the study so as to minimize risks to subjects, and to obtain adequate training for protecting the interests and welfare of the research subjects.
		A prerequisite for the responsible research involving humans is a realistic examination of the probability and magnitude of both the risks and the benefits of the research.
		Investigators conducting a research study with human subjects have an absolute responsibility to ensure that consent to participate has been given freely and is based on an understanding of the risks and benefits.
	www.uaf.edu /ori/RCR_Course/assignments/human.html (2519 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Human dignity in the Nazi era: implications for contemporary bioethics
		They asked, "Is there human life which has so utterly forfeited its claim to worth that its continuation has forever lost all value both for the bearer of that life and for society?" [2].
		When humans are viewed as simply part of the continuum of animal life, and as having no inherent value, their worth is estimated on a curve.
		Without a robust adherence to the notion that all human life is dignified, and that human dignity is inherent and endowed, destruction of human life will increasingly be seen as the ethical answer to moral quandaries in medicine, nursing and biotechnology.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1472-6939/7/2 (8448 words)

	Germany Hopes to Block Deadly Human Embryo Experimentation in the EU
		Germany is working to rally a coalition of predominantly Catholic countries to block EU funding of embryonic stem cell research.
		Germany itself has effectively banned all research using embryonic stem cells, arguably in part on account of the nation’s sensitivity to any hint of eugenics motivated research, following the disastrous consequences of the country’s early 20th century period of Nazi-led genetic experimentation.
		In 2005 Germany and Italy joined with Austria, Poland and Slovakia in authoring a joint declaration petitioning the EU to cancel plans for funding research using human embryos.
	www.lifesite.net /ldn/2006/jul/06072101.html (537 words)

	Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code: Human Rights in Human Experimentation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The atrocities committed by Nazi physicians and researchers during World War II prompted the development of the Nuremberg Code to define the ethics of modern medical experimentation utilizing human subjects.
		The book sheds light on keenly debated issues of both science and jurisprudence, including the ethics of human experimentation; the doctrine of informed consent; and the Code's impact on today's international human rights agenda.
		The editors conclude with a chapter on foreseeable future developments and a proposal for an international covenant on human experimentation enforced by an international court.
	www.ftrbooks.net /psych/nazi/doctors_code.htm (427 words)

	Citizen Exploitation Isn't New (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Another more recent example of medical experimentation condoned by even the U.S. Supreme Court is described in the case "United States, et al.
		These experiments are conducted on the same evil premises that motivated the terrible human experimentation conducted in Nazi Germany.
		Those who are advocating a national health system should reevaluate their ideas and wonder what safeguards, if any, are to be imposed to protect future victims from unwanted experimentation.
	www.fff.org /freedom/0894d.asp (550 words)

	Nazis & Psychiatry - Ideological & Practical Similarities, Eugenics, Genocide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This notion is not some abstract idea, but extensive research has shown that the primary force behind the Nazi ideas and practices of racial superiority, sterilization, and genocide have their direct roots in the theories and practices of psychiatry.
		The same ideas which directly led to and justified the Nazi atrocities never disappeared but were cloaked in other nomenclatures and exist today.
		In fact, many of the Nazi psychiatrists and human experimenters were let off and absorbed into the corporate and university structures of Europe and the United States.
	www.ftrbooks.net /psych/nazi.htm (523 words)

	The Nazi Persecution of Homosexuals
		In the early nineteenth century Germany was a loose confederation of individual separate states, and homosexuality was legal in all of them except the kingdom of Bavaria.
		Some were used for biological experimentation: in the Klosterstrasse brothel in Stuttgart, for example, the women wore special sheathes to collect their partner's semen, which was then gathered for tests to devise a plasma substitute.
		The Nazis believed so strongly in the myth of the "mother instinct" in all women that lesbians — although treated with contempt — were not outlawed or sent to the camps.
	www.infopt.demon.co.uk /nazi.htm (4371 words)

	The human medical experimentation comparison chart: Nazi Germany vs. present-day Big Pharma
		Historians usually refer to Nazi Germany's IG Farben as the epitome of bad medicine, where horrifying medical experiments were routinely carried out on innocent civilians.
		In this comparison chart, we take a closer look at the similarities between the medical experimentation carried out in Nazi Germany vs. the practices of Big Pharma in the United States today.
		Be sure to also read the Human Medical Experimentation Timeline to get the big picture on the true history of human experiments in modern medicine.
	www.newstarget.com /z019190.html (604 words)

	History of Sex: Adolf Hitler: Nazi Virus Projects: Did the Third Reich Create Hepatitis G and HIV?
		The Nazi doctors began all sorts of unethical, cruel and genocidal experiments on the Jews, homosexuals, gypsies and fls, many of which were Fischer's SS trained doctors (2, 9, 39, 44, 50).
		The Nazi doctors and those working in the camps just tried to claim that the Jews, gypsies, gays, fls, and soldiers of other nations supposedly got sick on their own.
		Hepatitis G was manufactured in a laboratory, a cross between rabbit virus Nephritis and Hepatitis and the Nazis were the only known group to experiment with such viruses and to have succeeded with it (40).
	www.bigeye.com /sexeducation/nazivirusprojects.html (4724 words)

	The Nexus Seven meet the Cassiopaeans by Laura Knight-Jadczyk
		Though it may require a large leap of faith for most humans to accept the truth of what the Guardians are saying, if that leap is not made and appropriate actions taken, humans will have no one but themselves to blame for the consequences of their choices.
		The concept of a "master race" put forward by the Nazis was merely a 4th density STS effort to create a physical vehicle with the correct frequency resonance vibration for 4th density STS souls to occupy in 3rd density.
		Humanity is hitchiking back into human genetics and our current time registration to catch a new direction on the coming wave.
	www.cassiopaea.org /cass/wave11k.htm (15412 words)

	Canadian Jewish News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In the latter years of the Third Reich, Nazi doctors such as Josef Mengele used human beings as guinea pigs for a range of medical experiments.
		Although various national and international models of bioethics and jurisprudence arose in the immediate postwar era, those measures “are no longer relevant to the requirements of modern scientific realities,” according to Haifa Professor Amnon Carmi, the conference chair.
		Subject areas include The Nazi Doctor, Experimentation in Nazi Germany, Euthanasia and the Hippocratic Oath, Research and Ethics in Russia and the Former Soviet Union, and Genetic Research.
	www.cjnews.com /viewarticle.asp?id=6382 (352 words)

	Nazi Medicine and the Nuremberg Trials: From Medical War Crimes to Informed Consent -- Lichterman 331 (7513): 408 -- BMJ
		Nazi Medicine and the Nuremberg Trials: From Medical War Crimes to Informed Consent
		Paul Weindling is a renowned expert on medicine in Nazi Germany.
		All human experimentation in the concentration camps needed
	bmj.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/331/7513/408 (825 words)

	THE NAZI-UFO CONNECTION
		Even stranger still, it is a known fact that Adolph Hitler read a book by Rosecrucian Grandmaster E. Bulwer Lytton, titled The Coming Race, about a subterraneous race which possessed supernatural technology and who, according to the novel, were intent on one day claiming the surface world for their own.
		Apparently, at least in some cases [according to certain sources], these 'Nazi' collaborators in Antarctica and elsewhere were themselves taken over by reptilian poltergeists, sort of like the reptilian 'parasite' depicted in the movie STARGATE, which took over the body of an Egyptian boy.
		The 'Nazis', he was told, use human children abducted from the surface to indulge their twisted sexual perversions, the Sirians [who are apparently descended from 'ancient astronauts' from earth who colonized nearby star systems] use the children for genetic research, and the dracos for 'sustenance'.
	www.angelfire.com /ut/branton/nazi.html (1255 words)

	Codes of Medical and Human Experimentation Ethics
		Among other things, the code stipulates that experimenter must intend to produce fruitful results for the good of society, avoid unnecessary physical and mental suffering, protect the subject against against injury, disability, or death, and be sure that the subject should be free to stop participating in the experiment.
		Walter Reed did experimental work on humans in which he proved that Yellow Fever was transmitted by mosquitoes and not by contact with infected people or their belongings.
		The responsibility for the human subject must always rest with a medically qualified person and never rest on the subject of the research, even though the subject has given his or her consent.
	wisdomtools.com /poynter/codes.html (8756 words)

	STEM CELL RESEARCH, Cynthia M. Peterson M.D.
		This is the same logic used to allow human experimentation in Nazi Germany.
		The embryo is the earliest stage of the human life cycle.
		The killing of one human for the benefit of another is never morally justifiable.
	www.wf-f.org /PetersonStemCell.html (1102 words)

	GERMANY ALLOWS EXPERIMENTATION ON IMPORTED HUMAN EMBRYO STEM CELLS
		In a close vote ending months of heated debate, 340 of 618 deputies voted to allow imports of human embryo stem cells for research.
		German law still forbids the destructive use of human embryos in Germany, but the new law encourages that destruction in other countries in order to service the German market for embryonic stem cells.
		Government leaders were split on the measure with Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder in favour of the imports and President Johannes Rau and Justice Minister Herta Daeubler-Gmelin against.
	www.lifesite.net /ldn/2002/jan/02013102.html (264 words)

	President Bush vs. Dr. Frist vs. Nuremburg Code by Terence P. Jeffrey
		The next year, announcing his support for banning all human cloning (including cloning embryos to kill them for their stem cells), Bush crystallized the issue: “Research cloning would contradict the most fundamental principle of medical ethics: that no human life should be exploited for the benefit of another.”
		At Nuremburg, the judges who sentenced Brandt and other Nazi doctors to death issued a code of principles they believed ought to govern research on human subjects.
		When researchers take a human embryo from an in vitro fertilization clinic to extract its stem cells, their intention is to kill it.
	www.humanevents.com /article.php?id=16003 (761 words)

	Murderous medicine: Nazi doctors, human experimentation, and Typhus -- Shuster 115 (12): 3305 -- Journal of Clinical ...
		Murderous medicine: Nazi doctors, human experimentation, and Typhus -- Shuster 115 (12): 3305 -- Journal of Clinical Investigation
		of the Nazi doctors at the Doctors’ Trial (2).
		Typhus prevention was one of the many pretenses used by Nazis
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/115/12/3305 (762 words)

	Skalman.nu - Bookstore: Holocaust
		Nazi Population Policy and the Murder of the European Jews
		of Germany and Austria, Poland, and the Soviet Union
		Nazi Death Squads' Campaign against the Jews July 1941-January 1943
	www.skalman.nu /bookstore-holocaust.htm (243 words)

	Student Research Projects
		Her students have also conducted research with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation and human service agencies in the Capital District of New York State.
		There are opportunities to engage in supervised and collaborative research with faculty over the summer through the Dana Foundation Summer Fellowships.
		Human Experimentation in Nazi Germany, Japan and the United States - It’s Societal and Ethical Implications
	www.union.edu /PUBLIC/SOCDEPT/student.htm (509 words)

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