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Topic: Human genome

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Celera Genomics

Craig Venter

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	Human genome - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The human genome is the genome of Homo sapiens sapiens.
		Comparative genomics studies of mammalian genomes suggest that approximately 5% of the human genome has been conserved by evolution since the divergence of those species approximately 200 million years ago, containing the vast majority of genes and regulatory sequences.
		The chimpanzee genome is approximately 95% identical to the human genome.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Human_genome (1470 words)

	Human Genome Project - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Human Genome Project (HGP) endeavoured to map the human genome down to the nucleotide (or base pair) level and to identify all the genes present in it.
		While the human DNA sequence offers the most tangible benefits, important developments in biology and medicine are predicted as a result of the sequencing of model organisms, including mice, fruit flies, zebrafish, yeast, nematodes, and many microbial organisms and parasites.
		The sequencing of the human genome was made possible, in part by the development of a new technology, termed Rolling Circle Amplification Technology, that amplified the number of copies of DNA in the samples being sequenced, thereby facilitating the analysis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Human_Genome_Project (2253 words)

	Database Mining Tools in the Human Genome Initiative
		Genome database mining is the identification of the protein-encoding regions of a genome and the assignment of functions to these genes on the basis of sequence similarity homologies against other genes of known function.
		The Human Genome Initiative is an international research program for the creation of detailed genetic and physical maps for each of the twenty four different human chromosomes and the elucidation of the complete deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence of the human genome.
		The objective of human genome database analysis is the elucidation of structural and functional maps of the human genome.
	biodatabases.com /whitepaper01.html (702 words)

	Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Press Releases
		Human genome data has attracted a huge number of enquiries from researchers around the world, with weekly hits on the Ensembl website [3] - co-run by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute - rising from 30,000 in June 2000, when the draft sequence was announced, to almost 600,000 today.
		The sequence of the human genome will underpin biomedical research for decades: one of the demands of the research community was that the reference human sequence should be finished to the highest standards possible.
		The Institute is responsible for the completion of the sequence of approximately one-third of the human genome and one-fifth of the mouse, The Institute is also a major contributor to the mapping and sequencing of the zebrafish genome and genomes of a range of pathogens.
	www.sanger.ac.uk /Info/Press/2003/030414.shtml (1675 words)

	Introduction - The Human Genome Project
		goal of the Human Genome Project is to provide scientists with powerful new tools to help them clear the research hurdles that now keep them from understanding the molecular essence of other tragic and devastating illnesses, such as schizophrenia, alcoholism, Alzheimer's disease, and manic depression.
		For a human being or any organism to develop normally, a specific gene or sets of genes must be switched on in the right place in the body at exactly the right moment in development.
		Information generated by the Human Genome Project will shed light on how this intimate dance of gene activity is choreographed into the wide variety of organs and tissues that make up a human being.
	www.accessexcellence.org /AB/IE/Intro_The_Human_Genome.html (1070 words)

	The Human Transcript Map (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		he Human Genome Project is expected to produce a sequence of DNA representing the functional blueprint and evolutionary history of the human species.
		Thus an important part of basic and applied genomics is to identify and localize these genes in a process known as transcript mapping.
		This mapping data was integrated relative to the human genetic map and then cross-referenced to cytogenetic band maps of the chromosomes.
	www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /SCIENCE96 (315 words)

	Human Genome Project on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		HUMAN GENOME PROJECT [Human Genome Project] international scientific effort to map all of the genes on the 23 pairs of human chromosomes and, to sequence the 3.1 billion DNA base pairs that make up the chromosomes (see nucleic acid).
		Begun in 1990 with the goal of enabling scientists to understand the basis of genetic diseases and to gain insight into human evolution, the project was largely completed in 2000 when 85% of the human genome was decoded, and ended in 2003 with 99% decoded.
		Early in 2001 scientists from both teams jointly announced the "completion" of the mapping of the human genome, indicating that they had identified an estimated 30,000 genes (instead of the expected 100,000), constituting just 1% of the total human DNA.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/h/humang1.asp (840 words)

	NewsHour Extra: Mapping the Human Genome - February 12, 2001
		In humans (and in all cellular organisms) DNA is the substance from which genes-- the basic units of heredity-- are made.
		And a genome is all the genetic material in the chromosomes of a particular organism.
		Genome researchers remind us that we don't know how genes actually work and there is no telling what we can learn about ourselves from these studies.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/extra/features/jan-june00/genome.html (1482 words)

	CNN Specials - Blueprint of the Body: Overview
		Collins heads the Human Genome Project, a consortium of 1,100 scientists from four large genetic centers in the United States, the Sanger Center near Cambridge, England, and labs in France, Germany, China and Japan.
		Before the sequencing of the genome, scientists studying genetics were essentially "watching a soap opera on a TV screen with only two or three pixels illuminated," Kay said.
		The sequencing of the human genome is expected to eventually lead to more effective therapies for everything from cancer to overeating.
	www.cnn.com /SPECIALS/2000/genome/story/overview (1596 words)

	Genome Project - Bioethics Resources on the Web - NIH
		The Human Genome Organisation (HUGO) - is the international organisation of scientists involved in the Human Genome Project (HGP), the global initiative to map and sequence the human genome.
		Human Genome Project Information from the Department of Energy -- features an extensive list of links on the HGP including the progress and goals of the HGP and information for educators and students.
		Report: Genetics and Human Behaviour: The Ethical Context -- published by the Nuffield Council on Bioethics in 2002, this report considers the ethical, legal and social issues that are raised by research on behavioral genetics.
	www.nih.gov /sigs/bioethics/genomics.html (398 words)

	Stanford - Morrison Institute - HGDP Frequently Asked Questions
		The Human Genome Diversity Project (the "HGD Project") is an international project that seeks to understand the diversity and unity of the entire human species.
		The Human Genome Project is an ongoing international effort to map the positions of each of the human genes on the chromosomes and to find the sequence of the chemical building blocks that make up the genes.
		The Human Genome Project aims to sequence "the" human genome, with DNA taken mainly from individuals likely to be of European ancestry in North America and Europe.
	www.stanford.edu /group/morrinst/hgdp/faq.html (5154 words)

	Human Genome Project Publications
		The Microbial Genome Program was initiated by the U.S. Department of Energy in 1994 to study the DNA, or genetic material, of microbes that may be useful in helping DOE fulfill its missions.
		Your Genes, Your Choices (1997), a booklet describing the Human Genome Project, the science behind it, and the ethical, legal, and social issues that are raised by the project.
		The New Genetics: Medicine and the Human Genome (2001) is a multimedia CD-ROM for those interested in the impact of genetics and genomics on healthcare and society.
	www.ornl.gov /TechResources/Human_Genome/publicat/publications.html (1465 words)

	A Brief History of the Human Genome Project
		When specific markers for human genes such as molecular probes for sequences in that gene or for their protein products were used, the nearby genes on that remaining human chromosome could be identified and assigned to that chromosome.
		The aim of the Lander group, for example, was to characterize 10,000 STS's in the human genome and 4,000 to 6,000 in the mouse.
		Again, the "genome" movement is accelerating at a totally unexpected pace and the sequencing and characterization of the entire human genome will probably be achieved before the year 2000, if not sooner.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~cbbc/courses/bio4/bio4-1997/16-HumanGenome.html (10145 words)

	Human Genomics: Web focus : Nature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The goal of the International HapMap Project is to develop a haplotype map of the human genome, the HapMap, which will describe the common patterns of human DNA sequence variation.
		The papers presented here serve as the definitive historical record for the sequences and analyses of human chromosomes, the ultimate results of the Human Genome Project, and the first edition of the HapMap — a massive catalogue of human genetic variation.
		Just over three years ago, it was announced that a first draft of the human genome sequence had been completed.
	www.nature.com /nature/focus/humangenome (359 words)

	Genome Research
		The Human Genome Program was initiated by DOE in 1986 to map and determine the complete DNA sequence of the human genome.
		The principal goal of this international program is to determine a representative human DNA sequence of all 3 billion base pairs in the human genome.
		The U.S. Human Genome Project is jointly managed by DOE and the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
	www.er.doe.gov /production/ober/genome.html (202 words)

	The human genome. Overview. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The nucleus of a human cell contains between 30 000 and 40 000 genes.
		This is the map for a human being.
		The bulk of a human cell is made from cytoplasm and in the centre is the nucleus.
	www.schoolscience.co.uk /content/4/biology/abpi/genome (329 words)

	Human genome definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Human genome: All of the DNA that a person possesses.
		The human genome is made up of all of the DNA in our chromosomes as well as that in our mitochondria.
		This feat was achieved by the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium which included hundreds of scientists at 20 sequencing centers in China, France, Germany, Great Britain, Japan and the United States.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3818 (399 words)

	Wired News: Humans Aren't So Complicated
		A government-funded project launched in 1990, the Human Genome Project, and Celera, a privately funded company, raced neck and neck in a competitive and sometimes contentious contest to find the true number of human genes first.
		Researchers over-counted the number of human genes in the past, Collins said, because the human genome has many DNA regions that look like they could be genes, but are actually defunct.
		The Human Genome Project and Celera each claimed their gene-sequencing techniques were superior.
	www.wired.com /news/business/0,1367,65382,00.html?tw=wn_tophead_4 (990 words)

	World Mysteries - Science Mysteries - DNA and Human Genome
		Analysis of the ethical, legal, and social implications of genetic knowledge, and the development of policy options for public consideration are therefore yet another major component of the human genome research effort.
		Human genes, with the same functions, were found to be identical to genes of other vertebrates, as well as invertebrates, plants, fungi, even yeast.
		The human genome is made up of about three billion neucleotides (the “letters” A-C-G-T which stand for the initials of the four nucleic acids that spell out all life on Earth); of them, just a little more than one percent are grouped into functioning genes (each gene consists of thousands of "letters").
	www.world-mysteries.com /sci_1.htm (5015 words)

	The Human Genome Project-Key text
		The idea of the Human Genome Project first began in a vague way in the 1970s when biologists started to investigate human genes at the molecular level.
		Various countries started to map parts of the human genome in the 1980s but the international project really got under way when the USA became involved.
		There is no doubt that information from the Human Genome Project will provide huge benefits to human health with the diagnosis and possible treatment of genetic diseases (eg, cystic fibrosis and Huntington's chorea).
	www.science.org.au /nova/006/006key.htm (559 words)

	Human Genome Resources Fact Sheet
		Human Genome Sequencing - sequencing progress of the Human Genome Project; links to chromosome views in the Map Viewer, including sequence maps assembled from contigs that were constructed from international sequencing center data; list of genome sequencing centers.
		In the case of projects that rely on a Whole Genome Shotgun (WGS) strategy, the Trace Archive will be the sole source of raw sequence data.
		Entrez Genomes - whole genomes of over 1100 organisms as well as representation of both completely sequenced organisms and those for which sequencing is in progress.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /pubs/factsheets/humangenome.html (1121 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Special reports \| Human code fully cracked
		It was likened at the time to the landing on the moon, the sonnets of Shakespeare and the invention of the wheel, but there was a problem: they had raced through the 3bn chemical letters of the code of life, leaving bits incomplete and regions strewn with errors.
		The challenge was then to complete the entire text of a representative human, with an error rate of less than one in 100,000 letters, before April 25, the 50th anniversary of the publication of the double helix structure of DNA.
		The race for the human genome has been dogged by arguments about the patenting of genes.
	www.guardian.co.uk /genes/article/0,2763,936331,00.html (750 words)

	Amazon.com: Genome: Books: Matt Ridley (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Genome: The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters delves deep within your body (and, to be fair, Ridley's too) looking for dirt dug up by the Human Genome Project.
		He believes that the Human Genome Project will be as world-changing as the splitting of the atom; if so, he is helping us prepare for exciting times--the hope of a cure for cancer contrasts starkly with the horrors of newly empowered eugenicists.
		Matt Ridley unfolds the human genome for us in a crisply written and precise "Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters." OK, I don't know what the Hades that means, but this guy is a good writer, a smart scientist, and a friendly teacher of what is a really cool, but intimidating, branch of learning.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0060932902?v=glance (2160 words)

	CNN Specials - Blueprint of the Body
		Two separate groups of researchers have published the results of their quest to produce the master blueprint of a human in scientific journals.
		The massive database of the tens of thousands of genes in the human body, collectively known as the genome, promises to revolutionize medicine in the coming decades.
		The promise and perils of the human genome
	www.cnn.com /SPECIALS/2000/genome (96 words)

	BBC NEWS \| In Depth \| Human genome
		The sequencing of the human genome will be finished by next year, a leading scientist says at a conference in China.
		Researchers produce a rough draft of the three billion letters of genetic code that describe human life.
		All the rows and all the money spent in pursuing the human code for life will be well worth it if it fulfils even some of its medical promise.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/in_depth/sci_tech/2000/human_genome/default.stm (100 words)

	New Scientist Breaking News - Final human genome sequence released
		Much publicity was given to the announcements of the draft human genome, and then its formal publication, but the final version will be officially launched on Monday in Washington DC.
		"What we've got now is what we'll have for all eternity," says Francis Collins, director of the US National Human Genome Research Institute and the head of the consortium of 16 international institutions that collaborated to sequence the code.
		Its director, Allan Bradley, says: "Completing the human genome is a vital step on a long road but the eventual health benefits could be phenomenal.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn3621 (441 words)

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