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Topic: Human perception

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	Human Perception of Sound with Pulsed EM Waves
		A psychophysical study of the perception of "sound" induced by illumination with pulse-modulated, ultrahigh-frequency electromagnetic energy indicated that perception was primary dependent upon peak power and secondarily dependent upon pulse width.
		Perception occurred when the subject was illuminated with energy from approximately that portion of the EM spectrum defined as the UHF band, that is from 0.3 to 3 GHz (6) This is the portion of the spectrum at which EM energy passes into and through the head.
		The perception had the following characteristics, (.i) it did not involve an energy transduction of EM to acoustic energy, for example, by fillings in the teeth; (ii) it differed from the electrophonic effect; and (iii) it could not be accounted for by an explanation involving radiation pressure against the skin (3, 4).
	www.angelfire.com /or/mctrl/frey2.htm (1963 words)

	Human - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Human children are born after a nine-month gestation period, with typically 3-4 kilograms (6-9 pounds) in weight and 50-60 centimetres (20-24 inches) in height in developed countries.
		Human beings are one of five species to pass the mirror test — which tests whether an animal recognizes its reflection as an image of itself — along with chimpanzees or bonobos, orangutans, and dolphins.
		Humanism as a philosophy defines a socio-political doctrine the bounds of which are not constrained by those of locally developed cultures, but which seeks to include all of humanity and all issues common to human beings.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Human (6269 words)

	Perception - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Methods of studying perception range from essentially biological or physiological approaches, through psychological approaches to the often abstract 'thought-experiments' of mental philosophy.
		This confusing ambiguity of perception is exploited in human technologies such as camouflage, and also in biological mimicry, for example by Peacock butterflies, whose wings bear eye markings that birds respond to as though they were the eyes of a dangerous predator.
		This (with reference to perception) is the claim that sensations are, by themselves, unable to provide a unique description of the world.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Perception (601 words)

	Perception - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was the study of perception that gave rise to the Gestalt school of psychology, with its emphasis on holistic approaches.
		That is, we sense the objective world, but our sensations map to percepts, and these percepts are provisional, in the same sense that scientific hypotheses are provisional (cf.
		Gibson rejected the assumption of a poverty of stimulus by rejecting the notion that perception is based in sensations.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Perceive (601 words)

	Perception
		While these are controversial, it is known that animals of other species possess senses that are not found in humans: for example, some fish can detect electric fields, while pigeons have been shown to detect magnetic fields and to use them in homing.
		The subjective nature of perception, and hence of cognition, has attracted the attention of philosophers since antiquity, for example in the qualia which have been known since the Sufi thinkers, or in the extreme idealism of George Berkeley.
		These confusing ambiguity of perception is exploited in human technologies such as camouflage, and also in biological mimicry, for example by Peacock butterflies, whose wings bear eye markings that birds respond to as though they were the eyes of a dangerous predator.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/p/pe/perception.html (521 words)

	Visual Expert Human Factors: Attorney's Guide to Perception
		Human Factors is defined as "the application of scientific data to make the world compatible with human abilities, fitting the product to the sensory, information processing, and motor attributes of the user." It is a mix of psychology and engineering that arose 60 years ago in the aviation industry.
		Human factors uses scientific knowledge of human capabilities, such perception and attention, memory and behavior, to understand how people interact with the world.
		The role of the human factors expert is to determine the contributions of the individual and the circumstances.
	www.visualexpert.com /why.html (647 words)

	Effects of galvanic vestibular stimulation on human posture and perception while standing -- Wardman et al. 551 (3): ...
		Perception of movement during GVS was determined in standing and immobilised subjects.
		Congruence of body alignment with perception of the vertical would support the theory that GVS alters an vertical reference that is used to align the body.
		Perception of the upright in the absence of a visual field.
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/551/3/1033 (7932 words)

	Perceptualization: Are we fully using human perception? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The visual channel is dominant in human perception but other senses are also very important and can be used to parallelize the presentation.
		Generally we don’t and the perception is of a cold or neutral system.
		Human cognition is something of which we need to take advantage in our systems.
	www.isdale.com /jerry/InfoVis/noframes/IEEE_InfoVis98-Percept.html (199 words)

	Question #3 - Relation to Human Perception
		In a sense, in active object perception we have the potential for full access to the state of the object, since given sufficient viewing time we can scan the perceptual apparatus to an arbitrary set of locations and obtain the highest resolution information everywhere on the object.
		Perception of action is therefore a more challenging task, or at least more unforgiving to the errant active observer.
		Several approaches to understanding sequences of humans in motion have been based upon the idea of maximizing rigidity (motivated by the observation that limbs are piece-wise rigid).
	vismod.media.mit.edu /conferences/nsf-action-97/q3.html (2029 words)

	Perception (from human behaviour) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Relations found between various types of stimulation (e.g., light waves and sound waves) and their associated percepts suggest inferences that can be made about the properties of the...
		There are two major determinants of human sexual behaviour: the inherited sexual response patterns that have evolved as a means of ensuring reproduction and that are a part of each individual's genetic inheritance, and the degree of restraint or other types of influence exerted on the...
		Space perception provides cues, such as depth and distance, that are important for locomotion and orientation to the environment.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=24916 (825 words)

	David Dickins reviews Perception of Faces, Objects, and Scenes: Analytic and Holistic Processes edited by M. A Peterson ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Although this dispute seems a separate issue, in relation to the near consensus that object perception is analytic whilst face perception is (fairly uniquely) holistic, there is some tendency to regard viewpoint-independent representations as analytic in contrast with viewpoint-dependence that may entail holistic, template-like representations.
		Passive or active movement were more helpful than being shown a series of still shots, and participants were able to generalise to views they had been restricted from seeing during their exploration, and to distinguish these from views of environments distorted in some way from the training environment, even including simple mirror inversions.
		Anyone researching on human perception, or taking an interest in this from nearby areas, should persuade their library to add this to its collection, or somehow get to read this admirable collection of articles.
	human-nature.com /nibbs/04/faces.html (3542 words)

	Human Depth Perception (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		It is probably the most important cue for depth perception, the amount of the displacement depends on the relative distance of the objects from the eye.
		If disparity of corresponding images on the two retinas is small enough, the visual system can "melt" them to the perception of a three dimensional object, are the corresponding images distorted too much (for example while squinting), there can really be two different pictures in our perception (also see the picture).
		As a final remark it is to be pointed out that under normal perception conditions all of these different cues to depth perception lead to a single, coherent, three dimensional interpretation of our environment.
	www2.iicm.edu /0x811bc833_0x000dacca (1063 words)

	The Physiology of Perception
		We have found that perception depends on the simultaneous, cooperative activity of millions of neurons spread throughout expanses of the cortex.
		The images suggest that an act of perception consists of an explosive leap of the dynamic system from the "basin" of one chaotic attractor to another; the basin of an attractor is the set of initial conditions from which the system goes into a particular behavior.
		Without the protection of the doors of perception-that is, without the self-controlled chaotic activity of the cortex, from which perceptions spring-people and animals would be overwhelmed by eternity.
	sulcus.berkeley.edu /FLM/MS/Physio.Percept.html (5261 words)

	5 Minute Whitepaper: Human Perception, Computer Vision, and CAPTCHA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Much of our understanding of perception comes from Gestalt Psychology, which was a movement in psychology developed around the turn of the century by researchers that resulted in a set of principals explaining how people organize and understand the information they sense.
		The human perception system determines that the white-space is foreground and fills in the triangle’s shape based on the gestalt principles of proximity, continuity, and closure, which try to simplify and complete bits of partial information.
		Thus, the perception problem is that computers can not squeeze enough information out of the number matrix to make a determination about the contents of an image.
	newsletter.refinery.com /e_article000279051.cfm (562 words)

	Depth Cues in the Human Visual System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The human visual system interprets depth in sensed images using both physiological and psychological cues.
		Human visual system is very sensitive to these differences, and binocular parallax is the most important depth cue for medium viewing distances.
		This happens because human visual system can extract depth information in two similar images sensed after each other, in the same way it can combine two images from different eyes.
	www.hitl.washington.edu /scivw/EVE/III.A.1.c.DepthCues.html (603 words)

	Human Perception of Brilliance
		The necessity of taking into account the psychophysiological factors of human perception of the appearance of a diamond has changed the modeling methods used in gemological studies.
		The human perception tends to grade this stone as bad.
		The second key feature of human perception is that when grading a stone the observer pay more attention to the "crown up" position.
	www.pricescope.com /MSU/perception.asp (557 words)

	Human Perception of Objects - Sinauer Associates, Inc. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Human Perception of Objects is a detailed and systematic treatment of how we see objects and discriminate their shapes.
		Chapter 1 explains the concepts that are necessary to understand modern psychophysical vision research, making a sharp distinction between research on human visual system function and research on visual system physiology (“psychophysics is not physiology”;), and treating psychophysics as a branch of nonlinear systems analysis.
		The book will be of interest to researchers in basic and clinical visual psychophysics, human factors specialists, optometrists, graduate and advanced undergraduate students, physiologists, and biologists interested in the visually guided behavior of animals.
	www.sinauer.com /detail.php?id=7536 (471 words)

	Reflections from Perception Panel Discussion at ASCE Structures Congress 2002
		However, the rapid growth of high-rise construction worldwide has insured that the issue of motion perception will remain an urgent concern to designers, prompting the formation of this panel of experts to address the efficacy of habitability criteria and the appropriateness of the two most popular perception criteria: peak and RMS accelerations.
		However, the frequency dependence of perception thresholds becomes critical, since there is evidence that, with decreasing frequency of oscillation, there is an increase in perception levels.
		As a result, basing perception criteria on a measure of jerk, or the rate of change of acceleration, may better capture the stimulus defining perception thresholds under random motion.
	www.nd.edu /~nathaz/perception/abstract.html (856 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: A Second Way of Knowing: The Riddle of Human Perception (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Perception, as he defines it, is a creative faculty by which we keep ourselves oriented, evaluate experience and pick out meaningful qualities from the sensory deluge.
		Interjecting his personal experiences, he takes readers on a conversational tour through the maze of perception, throwing fresh light on visualization, optical illusions, theories of dreaming, color vision, cultural differences in perception and the pervasive roles of pleasure, pain, emotion and awareness in determining how we perceive and construct reality.
		This is an interesting account of theories about the nature of human perception, conflicts between those who account for everything in purely physical terms, and the humanists who emphasize mystery.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0134715829 (318 words)

	SOLVING THE "REAL" MYSTERIES OF VISUAL PERCEPTION: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		An additional defect of the human retina is related to the fact that the axons and blood vessels come together into a sort of cable that leaves the ocular globe at a place which is about 10-13 degrees on the nasal side of the retina, where there can be no photosensitive cells.
		My tactile perception of the bottle is provided by my exploration of it with my fingers, that is by the sequence of changes in sensation that are provoked by this exploration, and by the relation between the changes that occur and my knowledge about what bottles are like.
		The idea of visual perception involving component extraction is also compatible with Ivo Kohler's (1951) findings, according to which after training with spectacles that transform the visual world in various ways (inverting, reflecting), subjects re-establish normal upright perception in a fragmentary way, with aspects of the environment being corrected, and others not.
	nivea.psycho.univ-paris5.fr /CanJ/CanJ.html (8771 words)

	'Perception' gene tracked humanity's evolution, scientists say
		A gene thought to influence perception and susceptibility to drug dependence is expressed more readily in human beings than in other primates, and this difference coincides with the evolution of our species, say scientists at Indiana University Bloomington and three other academic institutions.
		"Humans have the ability to turn on this gene more easily and more intensely than other primates," said IU Bloomington computational biologist Matthew Hahn, who did the brunt of the population genetics work for the paper.
		The scientists decided to examine the prodynorphin gene in human beings around the world and in non-human primates to see whether such variation was commonplace and whether that variation affected gene expression.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-11/iu-gt111405.php (614 words)

	UTD - Face Perception and Recognition Laboratories at UTD
		To determine which of these strategies was a better model of human performance, we compared the performance of the two models with that of human subjects at the level of individual faces.
		The results suggest that humans judge the sex of adults' and children's faces using feature sets derived from the appropriate face age category, rather than applying features derived from another age category or from a combination of age categories.
		More formally, face age judgements made by human observers were ordered according to the level of caricature, with anti-caricatures judged younger than veridical faces, and veridical faces judged younger than caricatured faces.
	www.utdallas.edu /~otoole/face_try.html (2064 words)

	Idaho National Laboratory - Adaptive Robotics - Behavior-Based Robotics
		The humanoid robot COG is designed to have modes of perception similar to those of a human.
		Perception influences learning, and if we want a robot to be able to learn from humans – either through emulation or through some other exchange of knowledge and skills – it must be able to relate its view of the universe to ours and map its body to ours.
		In an attempt to model human perception, researchers at MIT have given COG proprioception – a feeling of where and how body parts are oriented.
	www.inl.gov /adaptiverobotics/behaviorbasedrobotics/perception.shtml (714 words)

	Amazing enhanced human perception abilities are emerging, say researchers
		Anomalous cognition is a term that refers to various kinds of human perception, which can be highly effective and useful in a wide range of endeavors and activities.
		Professional research into these kinds of human abilities and perception is very useful and seems to dovetail with other accepted aspects of psychology studies.
		That knowledge and understanding might be very useful in ongoing human development and in achieving a very bright future for all of us, our children and future generations.
	www.alienseekernews.com /writers/hammons/hammonsblogs/enhancedhumanperception.html (1523 words)

	Basic human perception and awareness
		The perception of the Divine is almost impossible with these means of perception.
		Most of the time even the slightest perception of Divinity of your surrounding is missing - the vibration, purity and capabilities of your physical body, astral body and causal body is far to dense, to slow for such a Divine perception of the absolute.
		Spiritual parents may protect this Divine perception of their newborn and facilitate their life by helping their new guest to keep their Divine perception of the worlds beyond alive during the first many years of childhood.
	www.kriyayoga.com /english/on_your_wings/perceptionbasics.htm (1825 words)

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