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Topic: Human races

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Race

Human physical appearance

Vagina gentium

Multiregional hypothesis

Human migration

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Vienna Township, Montmorency County, Michigan

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	Race - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Conceptions of race, as well as specific racial groupings, vary by culture and time and are often controversial due to their impact on social identity hence identity politics.
		However, many scientists believe that race is a valid and useful concept Moreover, since the 1990s, data and models from genomics and cladistics have resulted in a revolution in our understanding of human evolution, which has led some to propose a new "lineage" definition of race.
		In the face of these issues, some evolutionary scientists have simply abandoned the concept of race in favor of "population." What distinguishes population from previous groupings of humans by race is that it refers to a breeding population (essential to genetic calculations) and not to a biological taxon.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Race (12784 words)

	[No title]
		We argue that human races, in the biological sense of local populations adapted to particular environments, do in fact exist; such races are best understood through the common ecological concept of ecotypes.
		Indeed, because the folk conception of human races is well-entrenched, politically and socially loaded, and does not for the most part align with the biological uses, we suggest that avoiding the term ‘race’ with respect to the human case would be advisable in order to prevent confusion.
		Human Races: Definitions and Problems Given the variety of ways in which ‘race’ is used in the biological literature, it is hardly surprising that a significant element of the debates surroundings the existence of biological human races is the particular definition of ‘race’ used.
	philsci-archive.pitt.edu /archive/00001078/00/Kaplan-RaceFinalVersionPSA.doc (4091 words)

	Cavalli-Sforza on Human Races
		Races are, in fact, generally very far from pure and, as a result, any classification of races is arbitrary, imperfect, and difficult.
		However human races are defined, there is no evidence of any decrease in fertility in crosses between even the most distant human races (for instance, between Africans and native American Indians).
		It is quite possible that increases in geographic mobility during the past few centuries have reduced isolation of various human population sufficiently to reverse the trend toward racial differentiation in the human species.
	www.goodrumj.com /CavalliS.html (2910 words)

	Non-Human Races
		Humans tend to favor individuality and personal freedoms more than anything else, but they do not hesitate to work together to reach a common goal or to protect themselves from attack.
		Humans are one of the most open and accepting of the known races.
		Human psychologists blame this on the Vrusks' resemblance to a giant insect (many Humans dislike insects, and some are actually afraid of them).
	starfrontiers.20m.com /custom.html (1558 words)

	NOVA Online \| Mystery of the First Americans \| A proponent's perspective
		Where I stand today in the "great race debate" after a decade and a half of pertinent skeletal research is clearly more on the side of the reality of race than on the "race denial" side.
		Their motivation (a positive one) is that they have come to believe that the race concept is socially dangerous.
		Although recognizing that embracing the race concept can have risks attached, we were (and are) more fearful of the form of racism likely to emerge if race is denied and dialogue about it lessened.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/first/gill.html (1640 words)

	V.84 No.9 Pages 669-678/May 2003: Mukhopadhyay
		When contemporary scientists, including anthropologists, assert that races are not scientifically valid, they are rejecting at least three fundamental premises of this old racial ideology: 1) the archaic subspecies concept, 2) the divisibility of contemporary humans into scientifically valid biological groupings, and 3) the link between racial traits and social, cultural, and political status.
		Human prehistory and history, then, are a continuing story of fusion and fission, of a myriad of populations, emerging and shifting over time and space, sometimes isolated temporarily, then fusing and producing new formations.
		Race was historically equated with intelligence and, on that basis, was used to justify slavery and educational discrimination; it later provided the rationale that supported the genocide of Jews, fls, Gypsies, and other "inferior" races under Hitler.
	www.pdkintl.org /kappan/k0305muk.htm (6231 words)

	Human Races of Anoria
		Humans are by far the most populous of all the races on Valusia.
		The humans have continued to expand their feudal domains over the last few centuries, and in return, the other races of the Inner Sea Region have been forced to recede from their ancestral lands.
		To the other races of the planet, this has come to mean giving up their dominance to the ever-expanding human race.
	home.nycap.rr.com /valusia/human_races.htm (2043 words)

	Sewall Wright on Human Races (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		There is no question that all mankind constitutes a single species in view of the absence of any physiological bar to hybridization between the most diverse races or of any recognizable loss of vigor in the first or later generations.
		There is also no question, however, that populations that have long inhabited separated parts of the world should, in general, be considered to be of different subspecies by the usual criterion that most individuals of such populations can be allocated correctly by inspection.
		It is, however, customary to use the term race rather than subspecies for the major subdivisions of the human species as well as for minor ones.
	www.goodrumj.com /Wright.html (294 words)

	Science & Technology at Scientific American.com: The Reality of Race -- There's hardly any difference in the DNA of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		He had not been aware of DNA sequences that could identify race, and it shocked him that the information can be used to investigate crimes.
		Put another way, the genetic difference between two individuals of the same race can be greater than those between individuals of different races--table sugar may look like salt, but it has more similarities with corn syrup.
		Race is a social reality, Duster observes, and he warns that science itself is a social institution susceptible to essentialist perceptions of race.
	www.sciam.com /article.cfm?articleID=0002A353-C027-1E1C-8B3B809EC588EEDF&catID=2 (795 words)

	sciforums.com - Human Races
		there is no more variation from one race to another than there is from one family within a given race to another of the same race.
		Genetically there is no basis for different "races" but in terms of strict definitions (ie accordint to Merriam-Webster) socially humans do seem to segregate themselves into " a class or kind of people unified by community of interests, habits, or characteristics" but there is no biological requirement for this.
		I guess what I don't understand is that some people feel the need to believe there are different races, that we shouldn't be free to move between, they really seem to want that sort of restriction to justify their prejudices.
	www.sciforums.com /showthread.php?t=36083 (803 words)

	sciforums.com - Do Different Human Races Exist?
		Race is a term historically used to describe a human population distinguishable from others based on shared biological traits.
		The concept of race stems from the idea that the human species can be naturally subdivided into biologically distinct groups.
		Throat color, voice, plummage and habitat preference all vary geographically in yellow-rumped warblers, but the variation of those three traits is "concordant"--that is, voice differences or habitat differences lead to the same racial classification as differences in throat color because the same populations that differ in throat color also differ in voice and habitat.
	www.sciforums.com /showthread.php?t=6925 (1678 words)

	Appendix Q: Classification of Human Races (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Humans are the only large creature with a world-wide distribution that has so little genetic variation.
		Every human (and every other living being) is a very complex mosaic of genetic traits inherited from both parents as newly mixed during conception.
		Something similar works in humans: most of us look wildly different to each other and most of us can recognize a friend or relative immediately from quite a distance, long before we can recognize details of his or her face.
	www.andaman.org /book/app-q/textq.htm (689 words)

	Antnor Firmin / The Equality of the Human Races
		This is the first paperback edition of the only English-language translation of the Haitian scholar Anténor Firmin's The Equality of the Human Races, a foundational text in critical anthropology first published in 1885 when anthropology was just emerging as a specialized field of study.
		Marginalized for its "radical" position that the human races were equal, Firmin's lucid and persuasive treatise was decades ahead of its time.
		Arguing that the equality of the races could be demonstrated through a positivist scientific approach, Firmin challenged racist writings and the dominant views of the day.
	www.press.uillinois.edu /f02/firmin.html (231 words)

	Race: no such thing by Paul R. Gross
		They will maintain that for humans the concept of “race” is meaningless: that there are no biologically significant human group differences, hence no human races.
		They argue that the recognition of group differences, of races, among humans is very ancient, a cognitive capability (i.e., not an invention of capitalism or colonialism, as is claimed by all politically correct commentators), of a piece with other category-making competences we share.
		It is an effort to define for the general reader, in broadest terms, those features of human genetics and anthropology testifying to a surprisingly recent origin of our lineage, but also to a long interval (before the present) of sufficient geographic separation of human subpopulations to have given rise to the currently recognizable races.
	www.newcriterion.com /archive/22/apr04/race.htm (1413 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Life \| Human races
		When Indonesian archaeologists uncovered the remains of several ancient skeletons in a remote island cave, the discovery was hailed as introducing modern humans to an unfamiliar two-legged cousin: Homo floresiensis.
		The existence of Florence and her fellow hobbits challenges any dogmatic ideas of sapiens superiority, that human history is an upwardly rising scale of bigger and brainier people.
		Darwin and Wallace would be delighted to see their theories illustrated in a manner showing that humans are not immune to natural selection.
	www.guardian.co.uk /life/science/story/0,12996,1340665,00.html (463 words)

	The origin of the human races (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A human race is defined as a group of people with certain common inherited features that distinguish them from other groups of people.
		All men of whatever race are currently classified by the anthropologist or biologist as belonging to the one species, Homo sapiens.
		The current states of culture of the races, which varies from space age to stone age, from animal worship and spirit worship to Christianity, is not a result of innocent, ignorant people searching for improvement.
	www.answersingenesis.org /docs/3811.asp (2057 words)

	Alien and Human Races in Traveller
		All minor human races derive from two sources: either they were removedfrom Terra about 300K years ago by the Ancients and left in various places(and managed to survive after the destructive fratricidal war thatdestroyed the Ancients) or they were developed some time during the last2000 years by Solomani genetic engineering techniques (geneering).
		Humans geneered by Imperial research scientists for existence underwater,featuring large webbed hands and feet, no body hair, flat or external ear, wide noses that seal (I guess like a seal's), and unpigmented skin,leaving them the color of alabaster.
		Humans geneered by Ancients as labor; designed to be non-interfertile ("profound biochemical differences") to avoid contamination by wild warriorstrains of humaniti.
	www.urbin.net /EWW/RPG/SV/TRAV/aliens.html (2849 words)

	The Origin of Human Races and the Antiquity of Man, by Alfred Russel Wallace
		As the competing races by which they are surrounded, the climate, the vegetation, or the animals which serve them for food, are slowly changing, they must undergo a corresponding change in their structure, habits, and constitution, to keep them in harmony with the new conditions--to enable them to live and maintain their numbers.
		The very fact of the race being gradually brought into harmony with the climate of the country in which it is, gives it a superior power, and an inherent capacity to maintain it.
		We are a mixed race to a very great extent, and therefore we have the capacities and powers of a great many; therefore, when we come into contact with the lower races, we are enabled in the same manner to drive them out.
	www.wku.edu /~smithch/wallace/S093.htm (7095 words)

	Creation Bits Number 18
		Races there are; how to delimit them, how to draw the line between them is not only difficult, it is impossible." (Ernst Mayr, in Science and the Concept of Race, American Association for the Advancement of Science, New York: Columbia University Press, 1968, page 16).
		Members of this race share common characteristics that are different from those of descendants of some different isolated group, whose gene pool has a different makeup.
		Conversely, if two "races" that had previously been isolated for many generations are brought together and then intermarry, later members of this newly merged broader society lose the sharp differences of the original races, and get characteristics that cover a wider range of shared average appearances.
	www.rae.org /bits18.htm (1203 words)

	Can computers cope with human races
		One common problem is that humans are able to deal with fuzzy concepts but computers are not -- they need precise representations and it is hard to represent a fuzzy concept in a precise way.
		In answer to the race question on the security form, I decided to put “mongrel.” It would have been slightly less provocative had I said “human,” but I've always enjoyed diddling forms a bit.
		Given that human genetic codes are now in the process of being unraveled, it will soon be possible to accurately classify people into racial groups.
	www.stanford.edu /~learnest/mongrel.htm (7264 words)

	Myth of Human Races (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The idea that human races exist is a socially constructed myth that has no ground in science.
		Nonetheless, scientists, social scientists, and pseudo-scientists have for three centuries, tried vainly to prove that distinctive and separate "races" of humanity exist.
		The Myth of Human Races systematically dispels these fallacies and unravels the web of flawed research that has been woven to demonstrate the superiority of one group over another.
	www.msu.edu /user/corcosa/myth.html (91 words)

	New Study Questions Human Races (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The new theory also argues that there is nothing like the fl race and the white race.
		"The use of skin colour to define the human race is a major mistake scientists have made in the last several years because there are no genetic based races," says DR Jablonski.
		Their findings have been published in leading journals such as Human Evolution and science publications like Scientific America and New Scientist.
	www.awcfs.org /health1.html (480 words)

	Wallace on the Origin of Human Races - Stormfront White Nationalist Community (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Of course, Gould HATED the word race and fanatically insisted that biological principles don't apply to humans.
		He even denied that there was any difference between human races at all.
		He wrote that evolution in a cold climate "has developed the wonderful intellect of the Germanic races." He even went so far as to say that the "weeds" of Europe were superior and quickly supplanted native species in North America and Australia.
	www.stormfront.org /forum/showthread.php?t=36319 (646 words)

	More Info on Human Races - EgyptSearch Forums
		posted 12 March 2005 08:30 AM For those who were unable (unwilling?) to grasp the differences between human races the first and second times I posted about them, here's yet more information -- to clarify or confound, depending on you.
		Whether race exists or not, the fact is such discussions do not even fit into the current debate.
		humans cannot be accurately classified in discrete ethnic groups or races on a genetic basis.
	www.egyptsearch.com /forums/Forum8/HTML/001711.html (4239 words)

	Where did the human races come from? - ChristianAnswers.Net
		ccording to the Bible, all humans on earth today are descended from Noah and his wife, his three sons and their wives, and before that from Adam and Eve (Genesis 1-11).
		But today we have many different groups, often called "races," with what seem to be greatly differing features.
		In a similar way, the human blueprint is written in a code (or language convention) which is carried on very long chemical strings of DNA.
	www.christiananswers.net /q-aig/race-definition.html (1978 words)

	MFO: Article: Non-human races
		One of the main choices you must make early in the game is deciding which non-human race you want to construct — you are only allowed one.
		Thus, by having the maximum number of gnomes (9), you create at least two additional houses in your kingdom (one house appears for every four heroes you have).
		The main disadvantage of choosing gnomes over the other non-human races is the space limitations gnomes impose.
	www.mrfixitonline.com /readPosting.asp?PostingId=53034 (1200 words)

	Michigan State University Press \| Myth of the Human Races, The \| Alain F. Corcos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Regardless of skin, hair, or eye color, stature or physiognomy, we are all of one species.
		human groups or "races" are by their very nature unequal and, therefore, they can be ranked in order of intellectual, moral, and cultural superiority.
		The Myth of Human Races systematically dispels these fallacies and unravels the web of flawed research that has been woven to demonstrate the superiority of one group of people over another.
	msupress.msu.edu /bookTemplate.php?bookID=469 (192 words)

	Origin of Human Races - Conclusions
		The origin of the races was not thought to be important enough to put in the Bible
		Biological changes required to produce human races are well within those possible through microevolutionary processes
		Science tells us that the genetic differences among the races are very small.
	www.godandscience.org /evolution/sld106.html (88 words)

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